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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (8): 1230-1237.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.83080

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

有机肥配施氮肥对滴灌春玉米产量及土壤肥力状况的影响

王艳丽,吴鹏年,李培富(),王西娜,朱旭   

  1. 宁夏大学农学院, 宁夏银川750021
  • 收稿日期:2018-12-06 接受日期:2019-04-15 出版日期:2019-08-12 网络出版日期:2019-07-16
  • 通讯作者: 李培富
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 623544182@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由“十二五”农村领域国家科技计划项目资助(2015BAD22B05-03)

Effects of organic manure combined with nitrogen fertilizer on spring maize yield and soil fertility under drip irrigation

WANG Yan-Li,WU Peng-Nian,LI Pei-Fu(),WANG Xi-Na,ZHU Xu   

  1. School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
  • Received:2018-12-06 Accepted:2019-04-15 Published:2019-08-12 Published online:2019-07-16
  • Contact: Pei-Fu LI
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Science and Technology Projects for Rural Areas during the “12th Five-Year Plan”(2015BAD22B05-03)

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摘要：

针对宁夏扬黄灌区沙质土壤肥力贫瘠、养分利用率低以及农田生产力弱等问题。通过两年连续田间定位试验, 采用裂区试验设计, 主处理为不施有机肥(-M)处理和施有机肥3000 kg hm -2 (+M)处理, 副处理为施纯氮0 (N0)、75 (N75)、150 (N125)、225 (N225)和300 kg hm -2(N300) 5个不同氮肥用量, 进行滴灌条件下有机肥与氮肥配合施用对玉米产量及土壤肥力状况的研究, 探讨施肥对土壤养分、玉米产量的影响, 以选择最佳的肥料配比, 从而达到玉米高产、优质和土壤培肥的目的。结果表明, 有机肥配施氮肥能有效增加土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾和速效磷含量, 促进春玉米干物质累积并提高产量, 以有机肥配施纯氮300 kg hm -2和225 kg hm -2处理的培肥效果最佳。有机肥配施氮150、225和300 kg hm -2处理间的玉米产量无显著差异, 但较不施氮肥处理产量分别提高了74.21%、91.33%和81.23%, 施有机肥处理较不施有机肥处理平均增产24.28%。在试验区的推荐施肥量为3000 kg hm -2有机肥配施225~300 kg hm -2氮肥。

关键词: 滴灌, 有机肥, 氮肥, 玉米产量, 水肥状况

Abstract:

The study focused on the problems of poor fertility, low nutrient utilization and weak productivity in sandy soil of Ningxia provinces. A two-year of continuous field positioning experiment designed by split block, the main treatment for non-organic fertilizer (-M) and organic fertilizer 3000 kg hm -2(+M) treatment, and the secondary treatment for pure nitrogen of 0 (N0), 75 (N75), 125 (N125), 225 (N225), and 300 (N300) kg hm -2, total 5 different nitrogen fertilizer dosages. The aim for this study was to screen the best fertilizer combination for improving soil fertility and achieving high yield, high quality of corn. The application of organic fertilizer combined with nitrogen fertilizer could effectively increase the contents of soil organic matter, total N, total P, available K, and available P, the dry matter accumulation and grain yield of maize, and two treatments of applying organic fertilizer 3000 kg hm -2combined with pure nitrogen of 300 kg hm -2 and 225 kg hm -2 performed the best. There was no significant difference in yield among the treatments of organic fertilizer combined with pure nitrogen of 150, 225, and 300 kg hm -2, these three treatments increased maize yield by 74.21%, 91.33%, and 81.23% respectively compared with that of the treatment without organic fertilizer, and the average yield of organic fertilizer treatments was 24.28% higher than that of non-organic fertilizer treatments. Organic fertilizer combined with pure nitrogen of 225 kg hm -2 to 300 kg hm -2 is recommended in the test area.

Key words: drip irrigation, organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, maize yield, water-fertilizer status

图1

2016-2017年生育期内降雨量和平均气温"

表1

玉米不同生育期灌水和施肥情况"

播种
Sowing
period		 苗期
Seeding
period		 拔节期
Jointing
period		 抽雄期
Tasseling
period		 吐丝期
Silking
period		 灌浆期
Filling
period		 成熟期
Mature
period
灌水日期 Irrigation date (month/day) 4/27 5/18 6/7, 6/22 7/3, 7/14 7/26 8/5, 8/22 9/3
灌水量Irrigation quantity (m3 hm-2) 225 150 225, 375 375, 300 375 300, 225 225
尿素Urea - 15% 20%, 20% 15%, 15% 5% 5%, 5% -
磷酸二氢钾KH2PO4 - 25% -, 25% -, 25% - 25%, - -

表2

2016年和2017年成熟期有机肥配施氮肥对耕层(0~40 cm)土壤养分的影响"

处理
Treatment		 有机质
SOM
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 全磷
Total P
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkaline N
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1）
2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017
-M-N0 4.59 e 5.36 e 0.33 e 0.57 e 0.34 d 0.56 e 25.32 c 30.26 e 5.04 d 6.81 e 68.65 e 73.52 e
-M+N75 4.87 d 5.62 d 0.42 d 0.68 d 0.38 d 0.63 d 25.48 c 31.32 d 5.20 c 7.06 d 78.10 d 83.40 d
-M+N150 5.14 c 5.79 c 0.55 c 0.83 c 0.45 c 0.69 c 25.67 b 33.74 c 5.34 b 7.34 c 97.01 c 106.91 c
-M+N225 5.42 b 5.96 b 0.68 b 0.92 b 0.55 b 0.77 b 25.79 ab 36.06 b 5.55 a 7.52 b 133.75 a 176.77 a
-M+N300 5.77 a 6.17 a 0.83 a 0.97 a 0.59 a 0.82 a 25.96 a 36.47 a 5.54 a 7.66 a 123.56 b 134.93 b
+M-N0 4.62 e 5.51 e 0.38 e 0.65 e 0.35 d 0.59 e 25.43 c 32.60 e 5.14 d 6.94 d 70.14 e 82.91 e
+M+N75 5.00 d 5.71 d 0.45 d 0.76 d 0.42 c 0.66 d 25.57 bc 33.62 d 5.30 c 7.21 c 87.21 d 98.73 d
+M+N150 5.26 c 5.80 c 0.66 c 0.88 c 0.51 b 0.74 c 25.74 b 34.81 c 5.45 b 7.40 b 104.62 c 107.86 c
+M+N225 5.56 b 6.08 b 0.78 b 0.95 b 0.59 a 0.81 b 26.01 a 36.86 b 5.68 a 7.83 a 149.20 a 186.62 a
+M+N300 5.93 a 6.39 a 0.89 a 0.99 a 0.63 a 0.88 a 26.10 a 39.32 a 5.43 b 7.80 a 135.88 b 154.98 b
M * * * * * * * * * * * *
N * * * * * * * * * * * *
M×N ns * ns ns * * ns ns ns * * *

表3

有机肥配施氮肥对玉米关键生育期地上部干物质的影响"

处理
Treatment		 2016年 2017年
拔节期
Jointing
period		 抽雄期
Tasseling period		 灌浆期
Filling
period		 成熟期
Mature
period		 拔节期
Jointing period		 抽雄期
Tasseling period		 灌浆期
Filling
period		 成熟期
Mature
period
-M-N0 1689 e 8154 d 9981 d 22748 c 2614 c 10080 b 11214 b 23355 d
-M+N75 1830 d 8511 c 11373 c 23346 bc 2885 b 10377 b 11625 b 24148 c
-M+N150 2108 c 8757 c 11631 bc 23734 ab 2903 b 10539 b 13062 a 24786 c
-M+N225 2311 b 9519 ab 11940 ab 24127 a 3330 a 11265 a 13431 a 25519 b
-M+N300 2525 a 10197 a 12240 a 24222 a 3511 a 11205 a 13704 a 26537 a
+M-N0 2440 d 10656 d 12804 d 24158 d 2655 c 11403 b 13815 c 25372 d
+M+N75 2577 c 11370 c 13869 c 25531 c 2673 bc 11625 b 14697 bc 27062 c
+M+N150 2606 c 11628 bc 14508 b 25859 c 2866 bc 12282 a 15114 b 28788 b
+M+N225 2863 b 11790 b 14979 ab 28355 a 2902 bc 12633 a 16788 a 29664 a
+M+N300 3056 a 12132 a 15234 a 27384 b 3159 a 12447 a 16731 a 30384 a
M ns ns * * ns * * *
N * * * * * * * *
M×N ns ns ns * ns * * *

图2

2016年和2017年有机肥配施氮肥对玉米产量的影响 标以不同小写字母的柱值在0.05水平差异显著。*表示差异显著(P < 0.05), ns表示差异不显著(P > 0.05)。缩写同表1。"

表4

有机肥配施氮肥对玉米水肥利用效率的影响"

处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)		 氮肥偏生产力
NPFP		 氮肥农学效率
AE		 耗水量
ET (mm)		 水分利用效率
WUE (kg hm-2 mm-1)
2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017
-M-N0 7246 c 8556 d 576 a 602 a 12.58 d 14.21 c
-M+N75 9585 b 9956 cd 127.79 a 137.18 a 31.18 a 23.10 a 563 b 583 b 17.02 c 17.65 b
-M+N150 10972 ab 11276 bc 73.15 b 72.95 b 24.84 b 15.91 c 557 b 579 c 19.70 bc 18.90 b
-M+N225 12407 a 12620 ab 55.14 c 56.09 c 22.94 b 18.06 b 549 c 572 c 22.60 a 22.06 a
-M+N300 11918 a 13880 a 39.73 d 46.27 c 15.57 c 17.75 b 548 c 565 d 21.75 ab 24.57 a
+M-N0 11575 c 9612 b 537 a 549 a 21.55 d 17.51 d
+M+N75 12498 bc 13054 a 166.63 a 174.05 a 12.30 b 37.01 a 531 ab 537 b 23.54 c 23.07 c
+M+N150 13562 ab 13966 a 90.41 b 93.11 b 13.25 ab 30.80 b 523 b 529 c 25.93 b 26.90 b
+M+N225 14875 a 15359 a 66.11 c 68.26 c 16.15 a 28.51 b 513 c 518 d 29.65 a 30.94 a
+M+N300 14275 ab 14363 a 47.58 d 48.87 d 8.56 c 19.17 c 504 d 510 e 28.06 a 30.12 a
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