作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7): 1372-1382.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02055
柯健1, 陈婷婷1, 徐浩聪1, 朱铁忠1, 吴汉1, 何海兵1, 尤翠翠1, 朱德泉1, 武立权1,2,*(
)
KE Jian1, CHEN Ting-Ting1, XU Hao-Cong1, ZHU Tie-Zhong1, WU Han1, HE Hai-Bing1, YOU Cui-Cui1, ZHU De-Quan1, WU Li-Quan1,2,*(
)
摘要:
研究籼粳杂交稻钵苗摆栽超高产栽培模式下适宜的控释氮肥运筹。试验于2016—2017年在安徽庐江进行, 以当地高产籼粳杂交稻甬优1540为供试品种, 设置控释氮肥一次性基施(single basal application of CRNF, BC)、与尿素分蘖肥配施(basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at the tillering stage, BC+TU)、与尿素穗肥配施(basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at panicle initiation, BC+PU)三种运筹模式, 以尿素分次施肥(conventional high-yield fertilization, SU)和不施氮肥(0N)为对照, 研究控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻产量、氮肥吸收利用及相关农艺指标的影响。结果表明, 控释氮肥阶段释放基蘖肥: 穗肥比例为7∶3, 较传统优化氮肥运筹SU (6∶4)整体表现基蘖肥冗余, 穗肥不足, 因而BC和BC+TU处理显著降低了钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻产量和氮肥利用效率。与BC和BC+TU处理相比, BC+PU通过基肥减量和尿素穗肥配施, 在保证水稻营养生长期基本氮素供应的同时, 显著增加了穗分化至成熟期氮素吸收, 促进了穗分化至成熟期光合物质生产能力, 在稳定有效穗数和千粒重的同时, 显著提高了钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻每穗粒数、结实率和产量, 很好的匹配了钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻全生育期氮素需求。BC+PU两年的产量和氮肥利用率分别为12.2~13.1 t hm -2和43.8%~44.1%, 分别较BC显著提高7.4%~9.2%和48.5%~59.9%, 较BC+TU显著提高8.0%~11.9%和63.9%~74.5%。另外, BC+PU的产量和氮肥利用率与SU无显著差异, 但由于大幅降低了施氮人工成本, 最终提高净收益6.5%~12.3%。在籼粳杂交稻钵苗摆栽超高产栽培模式下, 采用70%控释氮肥+30%尿素穗肥处理可有效取代常规尿素分次施肥, 获得无显著差异的水稻产量和氮肥利用效率, 同时进一步提高经济效益。
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