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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7): 1372-1382.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02055

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量及氮肥利用的影响

柯健1, 陈婷婷1, 徐浩聪1, 朱铁忠1, 吴汉1, 何海兵1, 尤翠翠1, 朱德泉1, 武立权1,2,*()   

  1. 1安徽农业大学农学院, 安徽合肥 230036
    2江苏省现代作物生产协同创新中心, 江苏南京 210095
  • 收稿日期:2020-08-15 接受日期:2020-12-01 出版日期:2021-07-12 网络出版日期:2021-01-05
  • 通讯作者: 武立权
  • 作者简介:E-mail: Kej@ahau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300608);本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0300904);安徽省教育厅重点项目资助(KJ2019A0176)

Effects of different application methods of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and nitrogen utilization of indica-japonica hybrid rice in pot-seedling mechanically transplanted

KE Jian1, CHEN Ting-Ting1, XU Hao-Cong1, ZHU Tie-Zhong1, WU Han1, HE Hai-Bing1, YOU Cui-Cui1, ZHU De-Quan1, WU Li-Quan1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
    2Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2020-08-15 Accepted:2020-12-01 Published:2021-07-12 Published online:2021-01-05
  • Contact: WU Li-Quan
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300608);This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0300904);the Key Research Fund of the Education Department of Anhui Province(KJ2019A0176)

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摘要：

研究籼粳杂交稻钵苗摆栽超高产栽培模式下适宜的控释氮肥运筹。试验于2016—2017年在安徽庐江进行, 以当地高产籼粳杂交稻甬优1540为供试品种, 设置控释氮肥一次性基施(single basal application of CRNF, BC)、与尿素分蘖肥配施(basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at the tillering stage, BC+TU)、与尿素穗肥配施(basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at panicle initiation, BC+PU)三种运筹模式, 以尿素分次施肥(conventional high-yield fertilization, SU)和不施氮肥(0N)为对照, 研究控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻产量、氮肥吸收利用及相关农艺指标的影响。结果表明, 控释氮肥阶段释放基蘖肥: 穗肥比例为7∶3, 较传统优化氮肥运筹SU (6∶4)整体表现基蘖肥冗余, 穗肥不足, 因而BC和BC+TU处理显著降低了钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻产量和氮肥利用效率。与BC和BC+TU处理相比, BC+PU通过基肥减量和尿素穗肥配施, 在保证水稻营养生长期基本氮素供应的同时, 显著增加了穗分化至成熟期氮素吸收, 促进了穗分化至成熟期光合物质生产能力, 在稳定有效穗数和千粒重的同时, 显著提高了钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻每穗粒数、结实率和产量, 很好的匹配了钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻全生育期氮素需求。BC+PU两年的产量和氮肥利用率分别为12.2~13.1 t hm -2和43.8%~44.1%, 分别较BC显著提高7.4%~9.2%和48.5%~59.9%, 较BC+TU显著提高8.0%~11.9%和63.9%~74.5%。另外, BC+PU的产量和氮肥利用率与SU无显著差异, 但由于大幅降低了施氮人工成本, 最终提高净收益6.5%~12.3%。在籼粳杂交稻钵苗摆栽超高产栽培模式下, 采用70%控释氮肥+30%尿素穗肥处理可有效取代常规尿素分次施肥, 获得无显著差异的水稻产量和氮肥利用效率, 同时进一步提高经济效益。

关键词: 籼粳杂交稻, 钵苗摆栽, 控释氮肥运筹, 产量, 氮素吸收

Abstract:

To investigate the optimal application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) under the super-high-yield cultivation of indica-japonica hybrid rice in pot-seedling mechanically transplanted, the field experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of three application methods of CRNF [one-time basal application of polymer-coated urea (BC), basal application of polymer-coated urea combined with urea top-dressing at the tillering stage (BC+TU, 8:2), and basal application of polymer-coated urea combined with urea top-dressing at panicle initiation (BC+PU, 7:3)] on grain yield, nitrogen utilization (NRE), and agronomic traits of Yongyou 1540, a high-yield indica-japonica hybrid rice variety, with the pot-seedling mechanically transplanted in 2016 and 2017. Conventional high-yield fertilization of urea at 280 kg hm -2 (SU) and 0 N treatments were set as the controls. The cumulative release ratio of basal tiller fertilizer to panicle fertilizer for CRNF was 7:3, which was higher than that of SCU (6:4), leading to N redundancy at tillering stage and deficit during the following growth stages. Therefore, BC and BC+TU presented lower rice yields and NRE compared with SU. In comparison with BC and BC+TU, BC+PU was applied in combination with CRNF basal fertilizer reduction and urea fertilizer application at panicle initiation stage, and increased N uptake and photosynthetic capacity from panicle initiation stage to maturity stage ensured the basic N supply during the vegetative growth period in rice, leading to significantly higher spikelets per panicle, grain filling percentage, and grain yield while an equal panicles per m 2 and 1000-grain weight. Meanwhile, N application rates can be well matched with rice N uptake patterns during the whole growth period. The grain yield of BC+PU was 12.2-13.1 t hm -2 in 2016 and 2017, which were 7.4%-9.2% and 8.0%-11.9% higher than those of BC and BC+TU, respectively. Moreover, the NRE of BC+PU were 43.8%-44.1% in 2016-2017, which were 48.5%-59.9% and 63.9%-74.5% higher than those of BC and BC+TU, respectively. In addition, compared with SU, there was not significant differences of grain yield and NRE in BC+PU, and net income was higher by 6.5%-12.3% due to the significant reduction of labor cost of N application. In conclusion, the basal application of CRNF combined with urea top-dressing at panicle initiation stage at ratios of 7:3 was the simplified fertilization method that could effectively replace conventional simplified fractional fertilization, and exhibit no significant differences in rice yield, NRE, and higher economic benefits.

Key words: indica-japonica hybrid rice, pot-seedling mechanically transplanted, controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, grain yield, nitrogen uptake

图1

2016年和2017年试验期间的气象数据"

表1

氮肥运筹方式"

处理
Treatment		 施氮量
Nitrogen application rate
(kg hm-2)		 氮肥施用比例Ratio of N fertilizer (%)
基肥
Basal
fertilizer		 分蘖肥
Tillering
fertilizer		 促花肥
Panicle initiation fertilizer		 保花肥
Spikelet differentiation fertilizer
0N 0 — — — —
SU 280 40 Urea-N 20 Urea-N 20 Urea-N 20 Urea-N
BC 280 100 CRNF-N
BC+TU 280 80 CRNF-N 20 Urea-N
BC+PU 280 70 CRNF-N 30 Urea-N

图2

控释氮肥田间养分累计释放特征(2016-2017) TS代表移栽, PI代表穗分化期, HS代表抽穗期, MS代表成熟期。图柱上的不同小写字母表示年际间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表2

控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻产量及其构成因素的影响(2016-2017)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有效穗数
Panicles
per m2		 每穗粒数Spikelets
per panicle		 结实率
Grain-filling percentage (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 实收产量
Actual grain yield (t hm-2)
2016 0N 165.9 b 291.6 a 94.7 bc 23.38 a 10.2 c
SU 233.4 a 271.3 b 97.0 ab 22.70 b 13.1 a
BC 235.6 a 252.7 c 92.9 c 22.72 b 12.0 b
BC+TU 239.9 a 249.7 c 92.0 c 22.80 b 12.2 b
BC+PU 235.1 a 280.7 b 98.6 a 22.86 b 13.1 a
2017 0N 207.1 b 272.8 a 93.1 a 23.41 a 9.5 c
SU 282.0 a 243.0 bc 85.9 bc 22.34 b 12.0 a
BC 275.3 a 223.0 d 83.2 cd 22.70 b 10.9 b
BC+TU 283.6 a 232.0 cd 81.1 d 22.51 b 11.3 b
BC+PU 280.1 a 249.5 b 87.5 b 22.35 b 12.2 a
F-value 年份Year (Y) 268.7** 83.0** 197.0** 6.2* 41.9**
处理Treatment (T) 122.6** 34.9** 20.6** 11.5** 50.6**
Y×T 0.4ns 1.1ns 8.5** 1.2ns 0.2ns

表3

控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻干物质积累和收获指数的影响(2016-2017)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 地上部干物质重Dry matter accumulation (t hm-2) 收获指数
Harvest index (%)
穗分化期PI 抽穗期HS 成熟期MS
2016 0N 4.2 c 13.2 c 18.7 c 55.0 a
SU 5.9 b 16.4 a 22.8 a 57.4 a
BC 6.0 b 15.1 b 20.6 b 58.2 a
BC+TU 6.9 a 15.2 b 20.9 b 58.5 a
BC+PU 5.6 b 16.8 a 23.6 a 55.6 a
2017 0N 4.6 b 10.0 c 16.4 c 57.1 a
SU 6.1 a 13.0 a 20.5 a 60.1 a
BC 6.2 a 11.9 b 19.0 b 57.6 a
BC+TU 7.1 a 12.0 b 18.8 b 59.9 a
BC+PU 6.0 a 13.1 a 20.7 a 59.2 a
F-value 年份Year (Y) 5.1** 511.4** 147.9** 3.9ns
处理Treatment (T) 24.6** 62.7* 79.6** 1.5ns
Y×T 0.5ns 0.7ns 1.9ns 0.6ns

图3

阶段干物质积累与产量构成因素的关系(2016-2017) 缩写同图2。**表示在0.01水平显著相关。"

表4

控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻叶面积指数和光合势的影响(2016-2017)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 叶面积指数Leaf area index 光合势Leaf area duration (m2 m-2 d)
穗分化期
PI		 抽穗期
HS		 成熟期
MS		 移栽-穗分化期
TS-PI		 穗分化-抽穗期
PI-HS		 抽穗-成熟期
HS-MS
2016 0N 3.4 b 7.4 c 2.6 c 67.1 c 215.9 d 271.1 c
SU 6.3 ab 12.2 a 6.1 a 125.8 b 368.9 ab 492.9 a
BC 6.6 a 10.3 b 4.2 b 134.3 ab 340.2 c 391.4 b
BC+TU 7.4 a 10.7 b 4.0 b 148.9 a 356.9 b 397.9 b
BC+PU 6.7 a 12.1 a 6.4 a 133.1 ab 374.0 a 498.1 a
2017 0N 4.1 c 5.8 c 2.4 c 81.0 c 196.8 c 221.1 c
SU 7.1 b 10.7 a 5.5 a 142.7 b 357.5 ab 438.6 a
BC 7.4 a 9.5 b 2.9 b 148.5 b 339.1 b 335.5 b
BC+TU 8.2 ab 9.6 b 3.1 b 164.6 a 349.5 ab 342.5 b
BC+PU 7.3 ab 10.8 a 5.8 a 145.3 b 361.7 a 448.7 a
F-value 年份Year (Y) 17.9** 92.3** 25.89** 17.9** 8.7** 230.4**
处理Treatment (T) 68.4** 186.9** 4.63* 68.4** 300.3** 563.2**
Y×T 0.1ns 1.3ns 0.51ns 0.1ns 0.7ns 0.2ns

表5

控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻氮素吸收和利用的影响(2016-2017)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮积累量 N uptake (kg hm-2) 氮素利用效率
N apparent recovery efficiency (%)
穗分化期
PI		 抽穗期
HS		 成熟期
MS
2016 0N 75.4 c 140.4 c 195.1 c —
SU 170.4 b 265.5 a 314.0 a 42.5 a
BC 174.5 b 238.4 b 278.2 b 29.7 b
BC+TU 189.4 a 232.6 b 270.4 b 26.9 b
BC+PU 169.0 b 267.0 a 318.7 a 44.1 a
2017 0N 96.2 c 130.0 c 171.0 c —
SU 195.7 b 245.2 a 284.7 a 40.6 a
BC 199.6 b 226.3 b 247.7 b 27.4 b
BC+TU 220.5 a 224.4 b 241.3 b 25.1 b
BC+PU 194.6 b 255.2 a 293.5 a 43.8 a
F-value 年份Year (Y) 254.5** 24.1** 151.6** 2.9ns
处理Treatment (T) 693.8** 315.7** 381.9** 97.0**
Y×T 1.1ns 0.6ns 0.3ns 0.2ns

图4

阶段氮素积累与干物质积累的关系(2016-2017) 缩写同图2。**表示在0.01水平上显著相关。"

表6

控释氮肥运筹对钵苗摆栽籼粳杂交稻氮素经济效益的影响(2016-2017)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 总收入
Economic income
(Yuan hm-2)		 氮肥支出
N fertilizer cost
(Yuan hm-2)		 施氮工费
Cost of N application
(Yuan hm-2)		 其他成本
Other costs
(Yuan hm-2)		 净收益
Net income
(Yuan hm-2)
2016 0N 26,555 c 0 0 21,000 5555 c
SU 33,939 a 588 1500 21,000 10,851 ab
BC 31,087 b 700 300 21,000 9087 b
BC+TU 31,755 b 678 900 21,000 9177 b
BC+PU 34,121 a 666 900 21,000 11,554 a
2017 0N 24,813 c 0 0 21,000 3813 c
SU 31,295 a 588 1500 21,000 8207 ab
BC 28,427 b 700 300 21,000 6427 b
BC+TU 29,259 b 678 900 21,000 6681 b
BC+PU 31,781 a 666 900 21,000 9214 a
F-value 年份Year (Y) 42.0** 42.0**
处理Treatment (T) 50.6** 28.4**
Y×T 0.2ns 0.2ns
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