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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (10): 1978-1987.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04226

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

大豆种植密度对玉米/大豆间作系统产量形成的竞争效应分析

任媛媛1(), 张莉2, 郁耀闯1, 张彦军1, 张岁岐3,*()   

  1. 1宝鸡文理学院地理与环境学院 / 陕西省灾害监测与机理模拟重点实验室, 陕西宝鸡 721013
    2潍坊医学院药学院, 山东潍坊 261053
    3中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所 / 黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2020-10-12 接受日期:2021-01-13 出版日期:2021-10-12 网络出版日期:2021-02-20
  • 通讯作者: 张岁岐
  • 作者简介:E-mail: renyuanyuan0410@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    陕西省科技厅自然科学基础研究项目(2019JQ-895);国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(41901025);黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室开放基金(A314021402-1712);宝鸡文理学院博士科研启动费项目(ZK2017042)

Competitive effect of soybean density on yield formation in maize/soybean intercropping systems

REN Yuan-Yuan1(), ZHANG Li2, YU Yao-Chuang1, ZHANG Yan-Jun1, ZHANG Sui-Qi3,*()   

  1. 1College of Geography and Environment Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences / Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, Shannxi, China
    2School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China
    3State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau / Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2020-10-12 Accepted:2021-01-13 Published:2021-10-12 Published online:2021-02-20
  • Contact: ZHANG Sui-Qi
  • Supported by:
    Shaanxi National Science Foundation(2019JQ-895);Youth Foundation of National Natural Science Foundation of China(41901025);Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau(A314021402-1712);PhD Research Startup Foundation of Baoji University of Arts and Sciences(ZK2017042)

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摘要：

旱区作物间作系统是优化作物群体质量、提高产量的一种重要种植方式, 从产量构成因子角度探讨作物间作竞争优势机制还鲜见报道。本研究设置3个大豆密度梯度和4个种植比例(玉米与大豆以2∶0、0∶2、2∶2和2∶4间作), 分析间作系统的作物竞争指数、产量构成和最终产量的差异性变化, 探讨间作群体产量增加的作物竞争机制。结果表明, 不同大豆密度和种植比例组合下的间作系统产量提高14%~23%。玉米的实际产量损失大于0, 大豆的实际产量损失小于0。间作系统中玉米的穗重、穗长、穗粗、穗粒重、轴重和千粒重均显著高于单作; 除结荚长度和主茎节间长度外, 间作系统中大豆的单株粒重、单株荚数、单株总粒数、单株有效粒数、主茎节数和百粒重低于单作或与单作间无显著差异。间作系统中玉米的竞争比率大于1, 大豆的竞争比率小于1, 在3种大豆密度下玉米和大豆的竞争比率分别为2.08、1.84、1.68和0.49、0.56、0.63, 表明随着大豆密度的增加, 间作中玉米的竞争比率增加的同时大豆的竞争比率降低。玉米的侵占力大于0, 大豆的侵占力小于0。玉米产量与轴重、千粒重、穗重、穗粒重、穗长、行粒数呈正相关关系, 与秃尖长呈负相关关系。通径分析表明, 直接作用中, 穗粒重对玉米产量的贡献最大(2.18); 间接作用中, 轴重、千粒重通过每穗粒重对玉米产量的贡献较大(1.64和1.58)。综上所述, 大豆间作玉米有间作优势, 间作优势来源于每穗粒重。

关键词: 密度, 间作, 通径分析, 竞争比率

Abstract:

Crop intercropping system in arid areas is an important planting method for optimizing crop population quality and improving crop yield. There are few reports on the mechanism of crop intercropping competitive advantage in terms of yield components. In this study, to explore the mechanism of crop competition for increasing the yield of intercropping systems, three soybean densities and four row proportions (maize and soybean intercropping with 2:0, 0:2, 2:2, and 2:4) were used to investigate the changes of competition index, yield components, and yield of intercropping system. The results showed that the yield of intercropping system with different row proportion and soybean density was increased by 14%-23%. The actual yield loss of maize was greater than 0, the actual yield loss of soybean was less than 0. The ear weight, ear length, ear diameter, grain weight per ear, cob weight, and 1000-grain weight of maize in intercropping systems were significantly higher than those in monoculture. Except pod length and internode length of main stem, the grain weight per plant, pod number per plants, grain number per plant, effective grain number per plants, nodes on main stem, and 100-grain weight of soybean in intercropping systems were lower than that of monoculture. And there was no significant difference between intercropping and monoculture. The competition ratio of maize was greater than one, and the competition ratio of soybean was less than one. The competition ratio of maize and soybean was 2.08, 1.84, 1.68 and 0.49, 0.56, 0.63, respectively, with three soybean densities, indicating that with the increase of soybean density competition ratio of maize increased while competition ratio of soybean decreased in intercrops. The aggressivity of maize was positive value, and that of soybean was less than zero in intercropping system. Maize yield was positively correlated with cob weight, 1000-grain weight, ear weight, grain weight per ear, ear length, and row kernel number negatively correlated with barren tip length. Path analysis revealed that in the direct effect, grain weight per ear contributed the most to maize yield (2.18); in indirect effect, cob weight and 1000-grain weight contributed more to maize yield 1000-grain weight per ear (1.64 and 1.58). In conclusion, maize intercropped with soybean had intercropping advantages that derived from grain weight per ear.

Key words: density, intercropping, path analysis, competition ratio

图1

试验作物生育期内的降雨量和气温"

图2

不同间作方式对土地当量比的影响 MS1、MS2、MS3分别表示玉米与低密度(9株 m-2)、中密度(21株 m-2)、高密度(33株 m-2)的大豆间作。白色、灰色符号分别表示玉米与大豆以2:2、2:4种植比例的间作方式。"

图3

不同间作方式对实际产量损失的影响 处理同图2。白色、灰色符号分别表示玉米与大豆以2:2、2:4种植比例的间作方式。"

表1

不同间作方式对玉米产量构成的影响"

种植比例
Row
proportion		 密度
Density		 穗重
Ear
weight (g)		 穗长
Ear
length (cm)		 秃尖长
Barren tip
length (cm)		 穗粗
Ear
diameter (cm)		 行数
Ear row
number (No.)		 行粒数
Row kernel
number (No.)		 穗粒重
Grain weight
per ear (g)		 轴粗
Cob
diameter (cm)		 轴重
Cob
weight (g)		 千粒重
Thousand-
grain weight (g)
单作
Single crop		 M 215 b 15.6 c 0.40 a 4.68 b 15.3 b 36.8 c 161 c 2.82 c 149 c 306 b
MS1 252 a 16.7 ab 0.49 a 4.87 a 15.5 ab 37.4 bc 184 b 2.92 ab 183 b 328 a
2:2 MS2 252 a 16.5 b 0.41 a 4.85 a 15.6 ab 38.0 ab 186 ab 2.90 b 191 ab 329 a
MS3 256 a 16.8 ab 0.41 a 4.84 a 15.4 ab 37.7 abc 186 ab 2.94 ab 202 a 329 a
MS1 267 a 17.2 a 0.49 a 4.93 a 15.9 a 39.3 a 197 a 2.93 ab 200 a 336 a
2:4 MS2 256 a 16.9 ab 0.48 a 4.96 a 15.7 ab 37.9 abc 187 ab 2.97 a 192 ab 332 a
MS3 256 a 16.6 b 0.43 a 4.82 a 15.8 ab 37.5 bc 189 ab 2.88 bc 199 ab 333 a

表2

不同间作方式对大豆产量构成的影响"

种植比例
Row
proportion		 密度
Density		 单株粒重
Grain weight
per plant
(g)		 单株荚数
Pods per plant		 单株总粒数
Grain
number
per plant		 单株有效粒数
Effective grain
number per plant		 结荚长度
Length of
podding (cm)		 主茎节间长度
Internode length (cm)		 主茎节数
Nodes on
main stem (No.)		 百粒重
Hundred grain
weight
(g)
单作
Single crop		 S1 23.5 aA 53.3 aA 105 aA 101 aA 51.0 aB 58.4 bB 16.7 aA 23.7 aA
S2 15.9 bA 36.1 bA 70.0 bA 68.4 bA 54.5 aA 66.9 aA 16.7 aA 24.1 aA
S3 10.8 cA 25.3 cA 47.2 cA 46.1 cA 53.8 aA 66.8 aA 15.3 bA 24.1 aA
MS1 20.2 aA 43.0 aB 85.1 aB 82.2 aB 55.5 aA 63.9 bA 15.2 aB 23.9 aA
2:2 MS2 12.3 bC 28.1 bB 56.2 bB 54.0 bB 54.7 aA 68.9 aA 15.1 aB 24.1 aA
MS3 11.5 bA 25.0 bA 49.8 bA 47.9 bA 54.7 aA 72.1 aA 14.4 bB 24.3 aA
MS1 21.6 aA 48.4 aAB 94.2 aAB 89.4 aAB 51.9 aB 61.7 bAB 15.8 aB 24.0 aA
2:4 MS2 14.0 bB 31.0 bB 60.1 bB 58.5 bB 52.4 aA 66.4 aA 15.5 aB 24.2 aA
MS3 11.2 cA 24.9 cA 48.3 cA 46.3 cA 51.4 aA 68.4 aA 14.6 bB 24.4 aA

图4

不同间作方式对作物侵占力和竞争比率的影响 处理同图2。不同小写字母表示同一种植比例下不同密度梯度间的差异显著, 不同大写字母表示同一密度梯度下不同种植比例之间的差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表3

玉米产量与产量构成之间的相关性"

性状
Traits		 产量
Yield		 穗重
Ear
weight		 穗长
Ear
length		 秃尖长
Barren
tip length		 穗粗
Ear
diameter		 行数
Ear row
number		 行粒数
Row kernel
number		 穗粒重
Grain weight
per ear		 轴粗
Cob
diameter		 轴重
Cob
weight		 千粒重
1000-
grain weight
产量Yield 1.00
穗重Ear weight 0.80** 1.00
穗长Ear length 0.71** 0.89** 1.00
秃尖长Barren tip length -0.48** -0.53** -0.43** 1.00
穗粗 Ear diameter -0.01 0.29** 0.38** -0.09 1.00
行数 Ear row number 0.09 0.22** 0.06 -0.08 0.29** 1.00
行粒数 Row kernel number 0.61** 0.76** 0.79** -0.52** 0.10 -0.03 1.00
穗粒重 Grain weight per ear 0.73** 0.66** 0.58** -0.34** 0.09 0.17** 0.51** 1.00
轴粗Cob diameter 0.02 0.06 0.08 -0.06 0.07 0.02 0.09 0.05 1.00
轴重 Cob weight 0.89** 0.81** 0.74** -0.44** 0.09 0.11* 0.63** 0.75** 0.15** 1.00
千粒重 1000-grain weight 0.82** 0.74** 0.69** -0.33** 0.10 0.11 0.58** 0.72** 0.07 0.83** 1.00

表4

间作玉米产量决定因子的通径分析"

自变量
Independent
variable		 直接通径系数(直接作用)
Direct path coefficient
(direct action)		 间接通径系数(间接作用) Indirect path coefficient (indirect action)
穗重
Ear
weight		 穗长
Ear
length		 秃尖长
Barren
tip length		 行粒数
Ear row
number		 穗粒重
Grain weight
per ear		 轴重
Cob
weight		 千粒重
1000-
grain weight
穗重Ear weight -1.71 -0.11 -0.50 0.39 1.43 0.19 0.04
穗长Ear length -0.13 -1.53 -0.41 0.40 1.26 0.17 0.03
秃尖长Barren tip length 0.94 0.91 0.05 -0.26 -0.75 -0.10 -0.02
行粒数Ear row number 0.51 -1.31 -0.10 -0.48 1.11 0.15 0.03
穗粒重Grain weight per ear 2.18 -1.13 -0.07 -0.32 0.26 0.18 0.04
轴重Cob weight 0.24 -1.39 -0.09 -0.41 0.32 1.64 0.04
千粒重1000-grain weight 0.05 -1.27 -0.09 -0.31 0.29 1.58 0.20
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