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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (11): 3074-3089.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.33009

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

浅埋滴灌下水氮运筹对春玉米根系衰减特性及产量的影响

张玉芹1,2(), 杨恒山1,2,*(), 张瑞富1, 李从锋3, 提俊阳1, 葛选良1, 杨镜宏1   

  1. 1内蒙古民族大学农学院, 内蒙古通辽028042
    2内蒙古自治区饲用作物工程技术研究中心, 内蒙古通辽028042
    3中国农业科学院作物科学研究所, 北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2023-02-16 接受日期:2023-05-24 出版日期:2023-11-12 网络出版日期:2023-06-14
  • 通讯作者: 杨恒山, E-mail: yanghengshan2003@aliyun.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: zhyq369@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31960382);国家自然科学基金项目(32160509)

Effects of water and nitrogen application on root attenuation characteristics and yield of spring maize under shallow buried drip irrigation

ZHANG Yu-Qin1,2(), YANG Heng-Shan1,2,*(), ZHANG Rui-Fu1, LI Cong-Feng3, TI Jun-Yang1, GE Xuan-Liang1, YANG Jing-Hong1   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028042, Inner Mongolia, China
    2Engineering Research Center of Forage Crops of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao 028042, Inner Mongolia, China
    3Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2023-02-16 Accepted:2023-05-24 Published:2023-11-12 Published online:2023-06-14
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31960382);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160509)

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摘要：

为探明浅埋滴灌下水氮运筹对春玉米产量及吐丝后根系衰减特性的影响, 2017—2020年在通辽市科尔沁区农牧业高新科技示范园区, 以传统畦灌常规施氮(W: 4000 m3 hm-2, N: 300 kg hm-2)为对照(CK), 以滴灌定额为主处理, 设传统畦灌常规灌量40% (W1: 1600 m3 hm-2)、50% (W2: 2000 m3 hm-2)、60% (W3: 2400 m3 hm-2) 3个水平, 以施氮量为副处理, 设常规施氮量50% (N1: 150 kg hm-2)、70% (N2: 210 kg hm-2)和常规施氮量(N3: 300 kg hm-2) 3个水平, 测定不同水氮运筹下春玉米产量的变化, 2019年和2020年采用BTC-100微根监测系统对春玉米吐丝后0~50 d时段内0~100 cm土层的根系进行定点连续动态监测。结果表明, 春玉米产量连续4年均为W3N3显著高于CK, 与W3N2、W2N3、W2N2处理差异不显著, 氮肥农学效率连续4年均为W3N2较高。与CK相比, 浅埋滴灌W3N3 0~60 cm土层根长密度、总根表面积和根系平均直径增加, 80~100 cm土层根长密度降低, 总根表面积和根系平均直径差异较小; 吐丝后0~50 d根长密度、总根表面积和根系平均直径衰减幅度较CK低, 其中20~40 cm土层根长密度吐丝后0~50 d时段W3N3 2年分别降低10.29%和8.83%, CK分别降低了15.04%和14.08%, 平均根系衰减率W3N3较CK降低5.23%和4.43%。浅埋滴灌下, 根长密度、总根表面积和根系平均直径W3N3、W3N2高于其他处理, 且吐丝后0~50 d时段内0~60 cm土层衰减幅度较低, 80~100 cm土层差异较小; 吐丝后0~50 d时段内0~100 cm土层平均根系衰减率W3N3与W3N2差异不显著, W3N2较W2N2和W1N2 2年分别低5.68%、5.44%和9.75%、11.98%, 较W3N1低7.16%和6.77%。方差分析表明, 滴灌量和施氮量对产量和氮肥农学效率均有显著影响, 滴灌量对吐丝后0~50 d时段内0~60 cm土层根长密度、总根表面积和平均根系衰减率影响显著, 施氮量对吐丝后0~50 d时段内0~60 cm土层根长密度、吐丝后0~30 d时段内0~60 cm总根表面积和吐丝后0~50 d时段内0~40 cm土层平均根系衰减率影响显著。综上, 浅埋滴灌下W3N3和W3N2 0~60 cm土层根长密度、总根表面积和根系平均直径较高, 且吐丝后0~50 d时段内降低幅度小, 平均根系衰减率低, 二者产量差异不显著, 但W3N2氮肥农学效率更高, 推荐W3N2为西辽河平原灌区玉米节水高产高效栽培适宜的水氮管理模式。

关键词: 玉米, 浅埋滴灌, 水氮运筹, 根系衰减, 产量

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of shallow drip irrigation on the yield and root decay characteristics of spring corn after silking, in the Agricultural and Animal Husbandry High Tech Demonstration Park of Horqin District, Tongliao City from 2017 to 2020, traditional border irrigation conventional nitrogen application (W: 4000 m3 hm-2, N: 300 kg hm-2) was used as the control (CK), and drip irrigation quotas were used as the main treatments. Three levels of traditional border irrigation conventional irrigation were set: 40% (W1: 1600 m3 hm-2), 50% (W2: 2000 m3 hm-2), and 60% (W3: 2400 m3 hm-2), Using nitrogen application rate as the secondary treatment, three levels of conventional nitrogen application rate [50% (N1: 150 kg hm-2), 70% (N2: 210 kg hm-2), and conventional nitrogen application rate (N3: 300 kg hm-2)] were set up to determine the changes in spring maize yield under different water and nitrogen treatments. In 2019 and 2020, the BTC-100 micro root monitoring system was used to continuously monitor root system of spring maize in the 0-100 cm soil layer at the 0-50 days stage after silking. The results showed that the yield of spring maize was significantly higher in W3N3 than CK for four consecutive years, and there was not significant difference compared with W3N2, W2N3, and W2N2 treatments. The nitrogen agronomic efficiency of W3N2 was also the highest at the same time. Compared with CK, root length density, the total root surface area, and the average root diameter of W3N3 all increased in 0-60 cm soil layer while root length density, the total root surface area, and the average root diameter were less in 80-100 cm soil layer; the decrease in root length density, the total root surface area, and the average root diameter was lower from 0 d to 50 d after silking in two years, in which the root length density of W3N3 and CK decreased by 10.29% and 8.83%, and 15.04% and 14.08% and the average root decay rate of W3N3 decreased by 5.23% and 4.43% compared with CK. Under the shallow buried drip irrigation, the root length density, the average diameter, and the total root surface area of W3N3 and W3N2 were both higher than those of other treatments, whose decrease extent of average root decay rate were lower in 0-60 cm soil layer and differences were less in 80-100 cm soil layer from 0 day to 50 days after silking; During the 0-50 day stage after silking, the difference of average root decay rate between W3N3 and W3N2 was not significant, and W3N2 decreased by 5.68% and 5.44%, 9.75% and 11.98%, 7.16% and 6.77%, respectively, compared with W3N1, W2N2, and W1N2 in two years. The variance analysis showed that both drip irrigation and nitrogen application had a significant impact on yield and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency. The drip irrigation amount had a significant impact on the root length density, the total root surface area, and the average root decay rate of the 0-60 cm soil layer at the 0-50 day stage after silking. Nitrogen application amount had a significant impact on root length density of the 0-60 cm soil layers at the 0-50 day stage after silking, the total root surface area of the 0-60 cm soil layers at the 0-30 day stage after silking, and the average root decay rate of the 0-40 cm soil layer at the 0-50 day stage after silking. In summary, the root length density, the total root surface area, and the average root diameter of the 0-60 cm soil layers of W3N3 and W3N2 under shallow burying drip irrigation were relatively higher, and the decrease was lower within the 0-50 day stage after silking, the average root decay rate was low, and the yield difference between the two was not significant, however, W3N2 had higher nitrogen agronomic efficiency, which could be recommended as a suitable water and nitrogen application mode for water-saving, high-yield, and efficient cultivation of corn for the irrigation area of the Xiliaohe plain.

Key words: maize, shallow buried drip irrigation, water and nitrogen application, root attenuation, yield

表1

不同生育阶段灌水和施氮情况"

生育期
Stage		 灌溉次数
Number of irrigation		 灌溉量Irrigation amount (m3 hm-2) 施氮量Nitrogen application rate (kg hm-2)
W1 W2 W3 CK N1 N2 N3 CK
播种Sowing seeds 1 550 550 550 550 35.10 35.10 35.10 35.1
拔节期Jointing stage 2 245 335 425 575 34.47 52.47 79.47 —
小喇叭口期Small bell stage 3 245 335 425 1150 — — — 264.9
大喇叭口期Big bell stage 4 200 270 350 575 68.94 104.94 158.94 —
吐丝期Silking stage 5 150 215 275 1150 11.49 17.49 26.49 —
灌浆期Filling stage 6 150 215 275 — — — — —
7 60 80 100 — — — — —
合计Total 1600 2000 2400 4000 150 210 300 300

图1

微根管空间布置图"

图2

微根管法监测吐丝期至吐丝后50 d玉米根系生长示意图"

图3

不同水肥运筹下春玉米根长密度的时空变化 W1N3: 传统灌量40% (1600 m3 hm-2), 常规施氮量(300 kg hm-2); W1N2: 传统灌量40% (1600 m3 hm-2), 常规施氮量70% (210 kg hm-2); W1N1: 传统灌量40% (1600 m3 hm-2), 常规施氮量50% (150 kg hm-2); W2N3: 传统灌量50% (2000 m3 hm-2), 常规施氮量(300 kg hm-2); W2N2: 传统灌量50% (2000 m3 hm-2), 常规施氮量70% (210 kg hm-2); W2N1: 传统灌量50% (2000 m3 hm-2), 常规施氮量50% (150 kg hm-2); W3N3: 传统灌量60% (2400 m3 hm-2), 常规施氮量(300 kg hm-2); W3N2: 传统灌量60% (2400 m3 hm-2), 常规施氮量70% (210 kg hm-2); W3N1: 传统灌量60% (2400 m3 hm-2), 常规施氮量50% (150 kg hm-2); CK: 传统灌量 (4000 m3 hm-2), 常规施氮量(300 kg hm-2)。"

表2

浅埋滴灌水氮运筹下根长密度方差分析"

土层
Soil layer (cm)		 差异源
Source of difference		 吐丝后天数 Days after silking
0 d 10 d 20 d 30 d 40 d 50 d
0-20 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 467.972** 405.180** 291.589** 320.021** 339.451** 360.644**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 56.785** 50.791** 39.140** 43.616** 50.555** 54.992**
年份Year (C) 7.274* 5.312* 3.610 3.344 2.903 3.281
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.916 0.841 0.630 0.636 0.588 0.513
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.077 0.027 0.021 0.126 0.025 0.037
20-40 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 252.027** 228.095** 256.931** 210.217** 240.367** 270.290**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 11.012** 11.663** 14.394** 13.045** 16.169** 19.200**
年份Year (C) 1.075 0.877 1.110 1.336 1.386 1.209
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.677 0.701 1.079 0.892 1.071 1.389
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.073 0.067 0.039 0.010 0.007 0.043
40-60 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 729.284** 734.078** 742.113** 601.307** 562.018** 686.459**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 69.194** 79.163** 80.761** 75.835** 76.808** 100.871**
年份Year (C) 8.746** 7.335* 7.401** 5.904* 5.505* 6.007*
灌量×施氮量A×B 4.963 5.256 5.890** 6.216** 7.158** 9.807**
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.084 0.028 0.017 0.007 0.001 0.003
60-80 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 2.121 2.301 3.539* 3.668* 3.711* 6.363**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 0.519 0.884 1.298 2.017 2.575 1.784
年份Year (C) 1.049 0.884 1.303 0.978 0.619 1.748
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.790 0.563 0.693 0.625 0.800 1.554
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0 0.005 0.017 0.002 0.017 0.163
80-100 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 0.293 1.106 3.366* 5.124* 0.615 3.146
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 0.891 0.764 1.471 2.351 0.277 1.363
年份Year (C) 2.907 1.802 1.919 0.881 0.176 1.191
灌量×施氮量A×B 2.675* 2.363 3.562* 3.961** 0.386 1.702
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.104 0.027 0.011 0.009 0.001 0.011

图4

水氮运筹对春玉米总根表面积的影响 处理同图3。"

表3

浅埋滴灌水氮运筹下总根表面积方差分析"

深度
Soil layer (cm)		 差异源
Source of difference		 吐丝后天数 Days after silking
0 d 10 d 20 d 30 d 40 d 50 d
0-20 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 1426.422** 3496.397** 2945.179** 1089.132** 109.027** 76.852**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 116.350** 273.314** 98.636** 26.146** 3.102 1.515
年份Year (C) 38.986** 167.959** 137.439** 32.360** 2.692 3.526
灌量×施氮量A×B 5.659** 7.782** 25.258** 7.706** 1.133 0.467
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 1.749 1.051 2.085 2.318 0.219 0.102
20-40 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 1972.932** 12,467.822** 3234.093** 7635.317** 47.932** 56.129**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 120.788** 907.160** 75.518** 386.436** 3.142 3.099
年份Year (C) 78.785** 392.604** 82.632** 1.393 0.157 0.759
灌量×施氮量A×B 7.740** 32.139** 15.076** 66.259** 0.408 0.300
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 2.693* 12.871** 5.714** 7.975** 0.019 0.004
40-60 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 1482.564** 11,612.839** 5572.517** 5804.497** 29.108** 31.819**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 116.235** 498.086** 316.128** 579.984** 2.852 3.195
年份Year (C) 86.850** 699.943** 309.187** 372.158** 1.821 2.241
灌量×施氮量A×B 15.678** 114.741** 105.435** 85.864** 0.425 0.390
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.002 0.746 0.016 0.013 0 0
60-80 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 59.806** 68.629** 34.183** 25.577** 16.703** 13.470**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 2.493 1.849 2.840 3.078 1.644 1.337
年份Year (C) 19.626** 19.517** 9.422** 6.854* 4.286* 3.227
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.755 2.721* 0.972 0.959 1.239 1.386
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0 0.106 0 0 0 0
80-100 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 37.468** 117.640** 24.667** 22.671** 21.148** 19.326**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 2.166 3.081 3.818* 2.587 1.774 3.197
年份Year (C) 21.698** 32.852** 10.246* 8.447** 8.442** 6.456*
灌量×施氮量A×B 1.556 4.534** 0.922 0 0.848 1.268
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0 0.473 0 0 0 0

图5

水氮运筹对春玉米根系平均直径的影响 处理同图3。"

表4

浅埋滴灌水氮运筹下根系平均直径方差分析"

土层
Soil layer (cm)		 差异源
Source of difference		 吐丝后天数 Days after silking
0 d 10 d 20 d 30 d 40 d 50 d
0-20 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 221.477** 104.306** 168.826** 67.514** 115.333** 16.726**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 12.078** 4.969** 3.715 1.704 3.096 0.418
年份Year (C) 0.275 1.617 0.578 0.938 1.235 0.029
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.657 0.379 0.329 0.367 0.46 0.088
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.976 0.281 0.661 0.331 0.205 0.068
20-40 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 76.94** 241.468** 264.564** 264.446** 207.159** 359.881**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 4.086* 14.935** 10.707** 14.892** 9.094** 18.946**
年份Year (C) 0.651 10.127** 83.468** 91.443** 50.204** 22.335**
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.473 1.795 0.895 2.889 1.474 2.456
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.045 0.228 0.601 0.157 0.237 0.896
40-60 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 67.514** 22.453** 264.463** 317.821** 558.274** 462.248**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 1.704 1.138 11.421** 14.964** 21.970** 17.927**
年份Year (C) 0.938 0.745 6.594* 0.940 8.119** 11.159**
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.367 0.439 5.674** 4.881** 11.302** 10.946**
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.331 0.057 0.526 1.153 1.886 1.587
60-80 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 11.025** 25.449** 9.037** 7.877** 6.008** 8.199**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 1.908 1.355 2.369 2.475 2.281 2.462
年份Year (C) 0.616 5.004* 0.039 1.308 0.731 0.188
灌量×施氮量A×B 2.133 3.068* 0.595 0.944 0.200 0.493
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.534 1.074 0.682 1.421 0.135 0.425
80-100 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 6.454** 36.900** 13.062** 15.291** 10.703** 11.594**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 1.026 4.290* 1.229 2.987 1.653 2.647
年份Year (C) 0.732 0.604 0 0.123 0.050 0.841
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.341 0.561 0.193 0.324 0.322 0.235
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.168 0.358 0.355 0.222 0.194 0.134

图6

水氮运筹下春玉米根系衰减速率的动态变化 处理同图3。"

图7

水氮运筹下春玉米平均根系衰减率变化 处理同图3。"

表5

浅埋滴灌水氮运筹下平均根系衰减率方差分析"

土层
Soil layer (cm)		 差异源
Source of difference		 吐丝后天数 Days after silking
0-10 d 10-20 d 20-30 d 30-40 d 40-50 d
0-20 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 17.074** 14.140** 34.225** 15.816** 17.767**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 3.460* 3.792* 4.803* 8.572** 3.336*
年份Year (C) 0.003 0.019 0.098 0.048 0.313
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.494 0.212 1.654 1.373 0.218
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.305 0.037 2.311 1.460 0.094
20-40 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 33.334** 41.379** 39.093** 44.169** 31.560**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 6.355** 5.656** 8.782** 6.856** 5.836**
年份Year (C) 0.051 1.012 2.098 0.001 0.185
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.501 1.598 2.465 0.585 0.727
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.450 1.371 2.087 0.360 0.689
40-60 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 15.753** 5.490** 4.798* 6.483** 9.718**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 4.747* 0.704 2.562 2.406 3.362*
年份Year (C) 0.013 0.087 0.040 0.071 0.005
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.745 0.293 0.332 0.561 0.307
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.475 0.100 0.027 0.032 0.036
60-80 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 5.857** 5.346** 1.714 1.279 3.367*
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 3.790* 1.450 2.434 0.650 0.610
年份Year (C) 0 0.958 0.008 0.047 1.177
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.507 0.775 0.632 0.429 1.056
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0 0.498 0.081 0.096 0.589
80-100 灌量Irrigation amount (A) 2.999 1.806 0.630 0.050 0.027
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 0.565 0.613 0.417 0.006 0.060
年份Year (C) 0 0.034 0.294 0.095 1.106
灌量×施氮量A×B 0.325 0.216 0.169 0.017 0.013
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 0.043 0.033 0.027 0.004 0.010

图8

不同水氮运筹对春玉米产量的影响 处理同图3。同一年份处理间不同小写字母表示差异显著P < 0.05。"

图9

不同水氮运筹对春玉米氮肥农学效率的影响 处理同图3。同一年份处理间不同小写字母表示差异显著P < 0.05。"

表6

浅埋滴灌水氮运筹下产量及氮肥农学效率方差分析"

差异源
Source of difference		 籽粒产量
Grain yield		 氮肥农学效率
Nitrogen agronomic efficiency
灌量Irrigation amount (A) 1158.184** 171.440**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B) 880.362** 285.551**
年份Year (C) 1187.540** 376.737**
灌量×施氮量A×B 21.014 1.587
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C 5.595 3.790
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