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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (11): 3090-3099.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.34029

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

播期、密度对带状间作大豆茎叶生长及产量形成的影响

高超(), 陈平, 杜青, 付智丹, 罗凯, 林萍, 李易玲, 刘姗姗, 雍太文(), 杨文钰   

  1. 四川农业大学农学院 / 农业农村部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室 / 四川省作物带状复合种植工程技术研究中心, 四川成都 611130
  • 收稿日期:2023-02-17 接受日期:2023-05-24 出版日期:2023-11-12 网络出版日期:2023-06-02
  • 通讯作者: 雍太文, E-mail: yongtaiwen@sicau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1768161945@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(Soybean, CARS-04-PS20);四川省科技计划项目(21NZZH0063)

Effects of sowing date and density on stem, leaf growth, and yield formation in strip intercropping soybean

GAO Chao(), CHEN Ping, DU Qing, FU Zhi-Dan, LUO Kai, LIN Ping, LI Yi-Ling, LIU Shan-Shan, YONG Tai-Wen(), YANG Wen-Yu   

  1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2023-02-17 Accepted:2023-05-24 Published:2023-11-12 Published online:2023-06-02
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(Soybean, CARS-04-PS20);Sichuan Science and Technology Plan(21NZZH0063)

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摘要：

基于西南地区油菜收获后大豆-玉米带状间作种植存在的弱光环境、品种和密度筛选等问题, 选择2个不同熟期的品种南夏豆25号(ND25, 中晚熟, 多分枝)、齐黄34 (QH34, 早熟, 少分枝), 分析播期(2021年, S1: 5月17日, S2: 5月27日, S3: 6月6日; 2022年, S1: 5月10日, S2: 5月25日, S3: 6月9日)及密度(D1: 81,000株 hm-2, D2: 101,000株 hm-2, D3: 140,000株 hm-2, D4: 171,000株 hm-2)对带状间作大豆茎叶生长及产量形成的影响。结果表明: 同一密度, 随着播期的推迟, 2个品种始粒期的叶面积指数逐渐减小, 冠层内部透光率逐渐增加, ND25对荚的分配比率逐渐增加, 倒伏率逐渐降低, QH34对荚的分配比率逐渐减少, 倒伏率逐渐增加; 同一播期, 随着密度的增加, 2个品种始粒期的叶面积指数逐渐增加, 透光率逐渐减小, 对荚的干物质分配比率逐渐减少, 倒伏率逐渐上升。光环境及干物质分配差异对不同品种的产量影响不同, ND25同一密度不同播期间, S3>S2>S1, 同一播期不同密度间, D1>D2>D3>D4, ND25品种S3播期D1密度产量最优, 为1752.89 kg hm-2; QH34同一密度不同播期间, S1>S2>S3, 同一播期不同密度间, D3>D2>D1>D4, QH34品种S1播期D3密度产量最优, 为1538.64 kg hm-2。因此, 中晚熟品种应适当晚播, 早熟品种应适当早播, 多分枝品种适度稀植, 少分枝品种适度密植, 各品种通过播期、密度协同可提高大豆产量。

关键词: 大豆-玉米带状间作, 播期, 密度, 光合特性, 干物质分配, 产量

Abstract:

Based on the problems of weak light environment, variety and density selection in soybean-maize strip intercropping after rapeseed harvest in Southwest China, two varieties with different of maturity periods, Nanxiadou 25 (ND25, intermediate-late maturing, multi-branched) and Qihuang 34 (QH34, early maturing, less branched) were selected to explore the effects of sowing date (2021, S1: May 17, S2: May 27, S3: June 6; 2022, S1: May 10, S2: May 25, S3: June 9) and density (D1: 81,000 plants hm-2, D2: 101,000 plants hm-2, D3: 140,000 plants hm-2, D4: 171,000 plants hm-2) on the stem and leaf growth and yield formation of soybeans in strip intercropping. The results showed that at the same density, as the sowing date was delayed, the leaf area index of the two varieties decreased gradually at the beginning seed stage and the light transmittance inside the canopy increased gradually, the distribution ratio to pods of ND25 increased gradually and the lodging rate gradually decreased, while the distribution ratio to pods of QH34 to pods gradually decreased and the lodging rate gradually increased. At the same sowing date, with the increase of density, the leaf area index of the two varieties at the beginning seed stage gradually increased, the light transmittance gradually decreased, the dry matter distribution ratio of the pods gradually decreased, and the lodging rate gradually increased. Differences in light environment and dry matter distribution had different effects on the yield of different varieties. For ND25, S3 > S2 > S1 and D1 > D2 > D3 > D4, optimum yield was obtained with the yield of 1752.89 kg hm-2 at S3 and D1. For QH34, S1 > S2 > S3 and D3 > D2 > D1 > D4, optimum yield was obtained with the yield of 1538.64 kg hm-2 at S1 and D3. Therefore, intermediate-late maturing varieties should be appropriately sown later, while early maturing varieties should be appropriately sown earlier. Multi-branched varieties should be appropriately thinly planted, while less-branched varieties should be appropriately densely planted. The yield of soybeans can be increased through the synergy of sowing date and density for each variety.

Key words: soybean-maize strip intercropping, sowing date, density, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter allocation, yield

图1

大豆-玉米带状间作田间种植图"

图2

不同播期、密度下大豆冠层内部透光率 ND25: 南夏豆25号; QH34: 齐黄34。播期(S) 2021, S1: 5/17; S2: 5/27; S3: 6/6; 2022, S1: 5/10; S2: 5/25; S3: 6/9。密度(D) D1: 8.1×104株hm-2; D2: 10.1×104株 hm-2; D3: 14×104株 hm-2; D4: 17.1×104株 hm-2。V5: 第5片三出复叶展开; R5: 鼓粒期。图上不同小写字母表示同一播期不同密度在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图3

不同播期、密度下大豆叶片SPAD值 缩写和处理同图2。图上不同小写字母表示同一播期不同密度在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图4

不同播期、密度下大豆叶面积指数 缩写和处理同图2。LAI: 叶面积指数。图上不同小写字母表示同一播期不同密度在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图5

不同播期、密度下大豆干物质分配 缩写和处理同图2。图上不同小写字母表示同一播期不同密度间相同指标在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图6

不同播期、密度下大豆倒伏率 缩写和处理同图2。图上不同小写字母表示同一播期不同密度在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

表1

不同播期、密度下大豆的产量构成"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety		 播期
Sowing		 有效株数NEP (plant m-2) 单株粒数 GNP 百粒重 GW (g) 产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4
2021 ND25 S1 6.99 c 8.21 b 8.59 ab 8.85 a 64.63 a 48.90 b 41.33 c 38.70 c 24.52 b 25.28 ab 25.56 a 25.92 a 1107.67 a 1014.10 ab 906.74 bc 887.55 c
S2 7.31 d 8.43 c 9.10 b 10.35 a 75.60 a 58.43 b 48.15 c 41.30 d 24.90 a 25.31 a 25.45 a 25.82 a 1375.87 a 1246.59 b 1115.39 c 1103.14 c
S3 7.72 d 9.07 c 10.48 b 11.25 a 88.47 a 66.53 b 49.90 c 43.93 d 25.28 a 25.40 a 25.59 a 26.23 a 1727.28 a 1533.45 b 1339.71 c 1296.28 c
QH34 S1 7.69 c 9.10 b 11.47 a 12.08 a 62.17 a 57.87 b 52.42 c 35.20 d 23.60 b 24.11 b 24.37 b 25.88 a 1127.71 c 1268.98 b 1465.43 a 1100.25 c
S2 7.50 d 8.65 c 10.71 b 11.35 a 53.00 a 49.67 a 41.70 b 27.67 c 22.78 b 23.22 b 23.49 ab 24.53 a 904.09 b 994.67 ab 1047.10 a 770.26 c
S3 7.28 c 8.37 b 10.16 a 10.71 a 38.36 a 37.58 a 33.27 b 22.77 c 20.62 b 21.54 b 22.97 a 23.64 a 575.86 c 677.40 b 775.76 a 575.99 c
2022 ND25 S1 7.05 d 8.56 c 9.20 b 10.00 a 68.77 a 55.67 b 46.23 c 42.25 c 25.32 a 25.87 a 25.31 a 25.17 a 1229.29 a 1231.40 a 1079.87 b 1066.96 b
S2 7.40 d 8.94 c 9.81 b 11.06 a 84.58 a 66.50 b 50.85 c 42.25 d 25.04 a 25.39 a 25.24 a 25.94 a 1567.65 a 1509.12 a 1258.34 b 1211.40 b
S3 7.79 d 9.26 c 10.42 b 11.76 a 89.93 a 69.10 b 51.85 c 45.06 d 25.38 a 25.45 a 25.79 a 25.87 a 1778.49 a 1628.73 b 1392.63 c 1369.61 c
QH34 S1 7.63 c 9.46 b 12.02 a 12.53 a 68.65 a 60.86 b 55.63 b 37.97 c 23.16 b 23.25 b 24.16 b 25.47 a 1212.16 c 1335.79 b 1611.85 a 1212.30 c
S2 7.34 d 9.17 c 11.03 b 11.63 a 55.12 a 49.59 a 43.19 b 30.25 c 22.70 b 23.07 b 23.54 ab 24.48 a 918.30 b 1047.43 a 1121.88 a 861.43 b
S3 7.08 c 8.94 b 10.48 a 10.96 a 46.88 a 44.93 a 38.75 b 22.70 c 21.33 c 22.52 b 23.22 ab 23.74 a 707.10 b 904.46 a 941.89 a 588.74 c
有效株数 单株粒数 百粒重 产量 有效株数 单株粒数 百粒重 产量
NEP (plant m-2) GNP GW (g) Yield (kg hm-2) NEP (plant m-2) GNP GW (g) Yield (kg hm-2)
F值
F-value		 ND25 年份Y 31.81** 38.26** 0.10 ns 53.63** 9.78** 26.47** 0.00 ns 43.17**
播期S 105.71** 127.12** 1.43 ns 181.24** 46.22** 229.72** 40.94** 493.83**
密度D 344.54** 644.65** 5.10** 60.05** 493.53** 241.61** 35.36** 85.48**
Y×S 2.60ns 2.89 ns 0.05 ns 3.49* 0.10 ns 2.53 ns 3.05 ns 2.17 ns
Y×D 4.14* 1.89 ns 1.30 ns 0.85 ns 2.64 ns 1.36 ns 0.06 ns 0.89 ns
S×D 7.45** 15.06** 0.47 ns 2.55* 3.19* 2.59* 1.41 ns 3.42**
Y×S×D 0.77 ns 0.91 ns 0.73 ns 0.32 ns 0.14 ns 0.95 ns 0.36 ns 1.50 ns
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