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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (11): 3100-3109.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21070

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

氮肥和播种量互作对冬小麦产量、生长发育和生态场特性的影响

周琦(), 李岚涛, 张露露, 苗玉红, 王宜伦()   

  1. 河南农业大学资源与环境学院, 河南郑州450046
  • 收稿日期:2022-11-04 接受日期:2023-02-21 出版日期:2023-11-12 网络出版日期:2023-03-07
  • 通讯作者: 王宜伦, E-mail: wangyilunrl@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: zhouqi7374@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1901001-08)

Effects of interaction of nitrogen level and sowing rate on yield, growth, and ecological field characteristics of winter wheat

ZHOU Qi(), LI Lan-Tao, ZHANG Lu-Lu, MIAO Yu-Hong, WANG Yi-Lun()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
  • Received:2022-11-04 Accepted:2023-02-21 Published:2023-11-12 Published online:2023-03-07
  • Supported by:
    14th Five-Year National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1901001-08)

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摘要：

探究施氮量和播种量互作对冬小麦产量、生长发育和生态场特性的影响, 利用生态场理论揭示不同小麦群体竞争力差异及其与产量的关系, 明确冬小麦适宜的氮肥用量和播种量, 为冬小麦高产高效生产提供依据。2020年10月至2022年6月于河南省温县设置冬小麦氮肥用量和播种量双因素交互田间试验, 研究了施氮量(0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm-2)和播种量(135、180、225、270 kg hm-2)对冬小麦籽粒产量、氮积累量等的影响, 测定小麦株高、冠幅和单株分蘖等生长发育指标, 计算个体生态势和群体生态场并分析其与产量间关系。结果表明, 两年取得最高产量的播种量均为225 kg hm-2, 施氮量分别为270 kg hm-2和180 kg hm-2, 较其他处理平均增产7.5%和18.1%; 施氮后小麦氮积累量提高57.3%, 生态势提高72.7%; 提高播种量后群体茎蘖数提高34.7%, 单株小麦发育水平下降, 生态势下降11.4%。施氮量和播种量通过共同影响株高和冠幅影响生态势影响距离, 其他处理较135 kg hm-2播种量不施氮处理影响距离提高23.0%。冬小麦群体生态场面积与产量呈一元二次函数关系, 施氮和提高播种量, 冬小麦群体生态场面积分别提高116.7%和52.5%。本试验条件下, 通过氮肥用量和播种量调控冬小麦群体发育质量, 控制群体竞争力, 构建了理想群体, 实现了冬小麦高产与高效生产; 冬小麦氮密优化组合施氮量239.8 kg hm-2、播种量228.7 kg hm-2, 具有适宜的生态场和理想群体, 产量较高, 可在豫北地区推广应用。

关键词: 冬小麦, 氮肥, 播种量, 产量, 生态场, 相互作用

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to study the effects of different nitrogen level and sowing rate on the yield, growth and development, and ecological field characteristics of winter wheat, to explore the relationships between the wheat population competitiveness and its yield based on the ecological field theory, and to find a balance between nitrogen level and sowing dates for high yield and high efficiency in winter wheat. Field experiments were established as a split-plot design of five nitrogen levels (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg hm-2) and four sowing rates (135, 180, 225, and 270 kg hm-2) from 2020 to 2022 at Wen County, Henan Province. The grain yield, nitrogen accumulation, growth and development indexes (i.e., plant height, crown width, and tillering) were measured and calculated for the aforementioned treatments. Results showed that the optimal sowing rate were both 225 kg hm-2 for the two growing seasons, and the correspondingly nitrogen rates were 270 kg hm-2 and 180 kg hm-2, respectively, which achieving the highest grain yield. Compared to the other treatments, the yield increased by 7.5% and 18.1% with the optimal nitrogen and sowing rate treatment combinations. Moreover, nitrogen accumulation increased by 57.3% for nitrogen application treatments, and the potential energy of growth was increased by 72.7%. However, the tillering increased by 34.7%, and the development level per plant decreased with the sowing rates increased, the potential energy of growth decreased by 11.4%. Plant height and crown width were also significantly influenced by nitrogen level and the sowing rate. Compared to the 135 kg hm-2 sowing rate and without nitrogen, the scope of ecological field increased by 23.0% in the other treatments. The relationship between winter wheat population ecological field area and yield was a quadratic function. When nitrogen was applied and seeding rate was increased, the population ecological field area of winter wheat increased by 116.7% and 52.5%, respectively. The appropriate N level and sowing rate in winter wheat for improved growth, yield, and ecological field characteristics in the experimental area was 239.8 kg N hm-2 and 228.7 kg hm-2, respectively, which could be extended to the application in the northern of Henan.

Key words: winter wheat, nitrogen fertilizer, sowing rate, yield, ecological field, interact with each other

表1

供试地土壤基础理化性质"

年份
Year		 有机质
Organic matter (g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N (g kg-1)		 有效磷
Available P (mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K (mg kg-1)
2021 14.75 0.50 16.43 171.88
2022 9.45 0.49 17.42 175.31

表2

播量处理出苗情况"

年份
Year		 播种量Sowing rate (kg hm-2)
135 (D1) 180 (D2) 225 (D3) 270 (D4)
2021 2.01 3.02 3.81 4.55
2022 2.23 2.79 3.27 3.87

图1

施氮量和播种量对冬小麦产量的影响"

图2

施氮量和播种量对冬小麦成熟期地上部氮积累量的影响 N0、N90、N180、N270、N360分别代表施氮0、90、180、270和360 kg hm-2。D1、D2、D3、D4分别代表播种量135、180、225和270 kg hm-2。不同小写字母表示同一播种量下不同施氮水平间在5%概率水平差异显著。"

表3

施氮量和播种量对冬小麦生长指标的影响"

处理
Treatment		 越冬期 Z18
Overwintering stage		 拔节期 Z31
Jointing stage		 扬花期 Z60
Flowering stage
播种量
Sowing rate		 施氮量
N rate		 株高
Plant height
(mm)		 冠幅
Canopy width
(cm)		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 冠幅
Canopy width
(cm)		 单株分蘖
Tillering		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 冠幅
Canopy width
(cm)		 单株分蘖
Tillering
D1 N0 31.7 b 24.2 a 9.4 b 29.3 a 2.7 b 75.3 a 23.6 b 2.2 b
N90 33.6 ab 24.8 a 10.8 ab 30.5 a 2.8 b 76.6 a 27.0 ab 2.6 a
N180 33.8 ab 25.4 a 11.0 a 31.5 a 3.3 ab 80.8 a 27.5 a 2.7 a
N270 35.5 a 22.4 a 11.5 a 31.5 a 3.3 ab 80.8 a 27.7 a 2.6 a
N360 36.4 a 25.0 a 10.3 ab 31.3 a 3.4 a 80.2 a 27.9 a 2.5 a
D2 N0 32.2 c 23.7 a 10.7 a 31.3 a 2.6 b 77.2 a 21.7 c 1.6 c
N90 35.1 bc 24.3 a 10.9 a 31.4 a 3.3 a 78.7 a 23.2 bc 1.8 ab
N180 37.6 ab 24.8 a 11.2 a 32.2 a 3.4 a 80.9 a 23.9 bc 1.9 a
N270 39.4 a 23.7 a 11.6 a 32.5 a 3.0 ab 81.4 a 24.8 b 1.9 a
N360 40.2 a 23.5 a 11.0 a 33.1 a 2.7 b 80.3 a 27.5 a 1.7 b
D3 N0 33.0 c 23.6 a 10.8 b 30.6 b 2.2 b 78.2 a 21.3 c 1.3 b
N90 36.1 b 23.9 a 11.0 ab 30.9 b 2.3 b 79.0 a 23.1 b 1.5 ab
N180 38.5 ab 24.3 a 11.2 ab 32.3 a 2.3 b 81.3 a 23.7 ab 1.6 a
N270 40.1 a 22.3 a 12.0 a 31.1 b 2.8 a 82.6 a 23.8 ab 1.7 a
N360 40.2 a 22.1 a 10.7 b 31.0 b 2.4 b 81.5 a 24.8 a 1.6 ab
D4 N0 32.5 d 23.3 a 10.8 a 29.6 b 2.5 a 78.2 a 18.7 c 1.1 b
N90 35.5 c 23.6 a 12.0 a 31.5 ab 2.7 a 80.3 a 22.7 b 1.4 a
N180 37.8 b 23.8 a 12.1 a 32.5 a 2.9 a 82.8 a 23.5 ab 1.4 a
N270 38.5 ab 25.2 a 12.2 a 33.0 a 2.8 a 83.1 a 23.6 ab 1.5 a
N360 40.6 a 22.4 a 10.9 a 32.0 ab 2.6 a 82.1 a 24.4 a 1.4 a

图3

施氮量和播种量对冬小麦个体生态势的影响 处理同图2。Z18、Z31和Z60分别代表冬小麦越冬期、拔节期和扬花期(Zadoks标准)。"

图4

不同施氮量和播种量下冬小麦群体生态场与产量的关系 Z18、Z31和Z60分别代表冬小麦越冬期、拔节期和扬花期(Zadoks标准)。"

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