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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (9): 2572-2581.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21067

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    下一篇

复种绿肥在不同灌水水平下对小麦籽粒品质和产量的影响

张刁亮(), 杨昭, 胡发龙, 殷文, 柴强, 樊志龙()   

  1. 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2022-10-13 接受日期:2023-02-21 出版日期:2023-09-12 网络出版日期:2023-03-06
  • 通讯作者: *樊志龙, E-mail: fanzl@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:张刁亮, E-mail: zhangdl0320@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1700204-04);甘肃省科技计划项目(22JR5RA860)

Effects of multiple cropping green manure on grain quality and yield of wheat with different irrigation levels

ZHANG Diao-Liang(), YANG Zhao, HU Fa-Long, YIN Wen, CHAI Qiang, FAN Zhi-Long()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2022-10-13 Accepted:2023-02-21 Published:2023-09-12 Published online:2023-03-06
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1700204-04);Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Program(22JR5RA860)

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摘要：

探明麦后复种绿肥在不同灌水水平下对小麦籽粒品质和产量的影响, 对构建干旱灌区基于绿肥的小麦稳产丰产与优质生产模式具有重要的理论和实践支撑作用。本研究采用裂区试验设计, 主区设2种种植模式: 麦后复种绿肥(W-G)和麦后休闲(W); 副区设小麦生育期3个灌水水平: 低灌水(I1: 190 mm)、中灌水(I2: 240 mm)、高灌水(I3: 290 mm), 于2020年和2021年测定分析了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、淀粉含量、容重等品质指标, 产量表现及土壤有机质含量变化。结果表明: 在同一灌水水平下, W-G较W小麦籽粒蛋白质含量增加了5.8%~26.5%、湿面筋含量增加了9.3%~26.4%、容重增加了0.4%~2.1%; 同一种植模式不同灌水水平之间, 小麦籽粒蛋白质含量随灌水水平的降低呈增加趋势, 而籽粒淀粉含量和湿面筋含量随灌水水平的降低呈减少趋势, I2小麦籽粒容重显著大于I1和I3; 各组合处理之间, 麦后复种绿肥中灌水水平(W-GI2)的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量与麦后复种绿肥低灌水水平(W-GI1)之间差异不显著, 均高于其他处理, 较麦后休闲高灌水水平(WI3)增加了15.1%~35.0%, W-GI2的小麦籽粒淀粉含量、湿面筋含量均与麦后复种绿肥高灌水水平(W-GI3)差异不显著。W-G较W籽粒产量增加了7.0%~13.2%; 小麦籽粒产量随灌水水平的降低呈减少趋势, 但W-GI2小麦籽粒产量与W-GI3差异不显著, 较WI3平均增加了6.0%。W-G较W使小麦播前土壤有机质含量增加了5.6%~31.5%, 但W-GI2土壤有机质含量在20~40 cm土层与W-GI3差异不显著, 较WI3平均增加了7.8%。总之, 麦后复种绿肥较麦后休闲处理能够显著增加麦田土壤有机质含量, 使小麦在中灌水条件下获得较高籽粒产量的同时, 改善籽粒蛋白质、淀粉、湿面筋含量等品质, 可作为干旱灌区限量灌溉条件下小麦持续稳产丰产与品质优化的推荐农艺措施。

关键词: 绿肥, 灌水水平, 籽粒品质, 产量, 小麦

Abstract:

It is proved that the effect of multiple cropping green manure after wheat harvest on wheat grain quality and yield with different irrigation levels has an important theoretical and practical supporting role in building a stable and high-yield and high-quality production mode of wheat based on green manure in arid irrigation areas. In this study, a split plot design was adopted. Two cropping patterns were set up in the main area: wheat with multiple cropping green manure (W-G) and wheat with autumn fallow (W). Three irrigation levels were set in the sub district during wheat growth period: low irrigation quota (I1: 190 mm), medium irrigation quota (I2: 240 mm), and high irrigation quota (I3: 290 mm). The quality indexes, such as protein content, starch content, unit weight, and other quality, and yield performance of wheat were measured and analyzed in 2020 and 2021. The results showed that with the same irrigation level, compared with W, the grain protein content of W-G wheat increased by 5.8%-26.5%, the wet gluten content increased by 9.3%-26.4%, and the unit weight increased by 0.4%-2.1%. Between different irrigation levels in the same cropping pattern, the protein content of wheat grains increased with the decrease of irrigation level, while the starch content and wet gluten content of wheat grains decreased with the decrease of irrigation level. The grain unit weight of I2 wheat was significantly greater than I1 and I3. Among the treatments of each combination, the protein content of wheat grain at the medium irrigation level of multiple cropping green manure (W-GI2) and the low irrigation level of multiple green manure (W-GI1) had no significant difference, which were higher than other treatments, increased by 15.1%-35.0% compared with the high irrigation level of wheat with autumn fallow (WI3), and the starch content and wet gluten content of wheat grain at W-GI2 had no significant difference compared with the high irrigation level of wheat with multiple cropping green manure (W-GI3), which were 3.2%-3.4% and 7.5%-12.9% higher than WI3, respectively. The unit weight of wheat grains was maximized. Compared with leisure after wheat harvest treatment, wheat grain yield of W-G increased by 7.0%-13.2%. The grain yield of wheat decreased with the decrease of irrigation level, but the grain yield of W-GI2 wheat was not significantly different from that of W-GI3, and increased by 6.0% on average compared with that of WI3. Compared with W, W-G increased the content of soil organic matter before wheat sowing by 5.6%-31.5%, but the content of soil organic matter of W-GI2 was not significantly different from that of W-GI3 in 20-40 cm soil layer, and increased by 7.8% on average compared with that of WI3. In conclusion, multiple cropping green manure after wheat harvest can significantly increase the content of soil organic matter in wheat field compared with leisure after wheat harvest treatment, enable wheat to obtain higher grain yield with medium irrigation conditions, and improve grain protein, starch, wet gluten content, and other qualities, which can be used as a recommended agronomic measure for sustainable and stable yield and high yield and quality optimization of wheat under limited irrigation in arid irrigation areas.

Key words: green manure, irrigation level, grain quality, yield, wheat

图1

2020年和2021年试区小麦季月平均降雨量和月平均气温"

表1

不同处理代码及具体措施"

种植模式
Cropping pattern		 灌水水平
Irrigation level		 处理组合代码 Treatment
combined code		 具体措施
Concrete measure
麦后复种绿肥 Wheat multiple cropping with green manure (W-G) 低灌水
Low irrigation quota (I1)		 W-GI1 小麦收获后浅旋灭茬复种绿肥, 在10月中旬落霜后(绿肥开花期), 将绿肥全量翻压还田, 翻压深度25 cm。
After wheat harvest, shallow rotation stubble killing and replanting of green manure were carried out. After frost fell in mid-October (the green manure flowering period), the full amount of green manure was turned over and returned to the field, with a turning depth of 25 cm.
中灌水
Medium irrigation quota (I2)		 W-GI2
高灌水
High irrigation quota (I3)		 W-GI3
麦后休闲
Wheat with autumn fallow (W)		 低灌水
Low irrigation quota (I1)		 WI1 小麦收获后夏休闲, 在10月中旬落霜后, 与复种绿肥处理同时进行耕翻, 耕翻深度25 cm。
Summer leisure after wheat harvest, after frost fell in mid-October, ploughing was carried out at the same time as green manure treatment, and the ploughing depth was 25 cm.
中灌水
Medium irrigation quota (I2)		 WI2
高灌水
High irrigation quota (I3)		 WI3

表2

小麦复种绿肥的灌水定额及灌溉定额"

灌水水平Watering standard 小麦 Wheat 箭筈豌豆 Common vetch 灌溉定额Irrigation quota
苗期
Seedling stage		 孕穗期
Booting stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 苗期
Seedling stage		 现蕾期
Squaring stage
I1 60 70 60 60 70 320
I2 75 90 75 60 70 370
I3 90 110 90 60 70 420

表3

不同种植模式及灌水水平对小麦籽粒品质的影响"

种植模式
Cropping pattern		 灌水水平
Irrigation level		 蛋白
Protein (%)		 淀粉
Starch (%)		 湿面筋
Wet gluten (%)		 灰分
Ash content (%)		 容重
Unit weight (g L-1)
2020
W-G I1 13.71 a 59.93 b 29.12 a 0.49 a 786.33 b
I2 13.17 ab 61.92 a 29.55 a 0.48 ab 796.71 a
I3 12.85 b 61.91 a 29.73 a 0.49 a 796.64 a
W I1 11.95 c 59.89 b 23.03 c 0.48 ab 783.43 c
I2 11.73 c 61.81 a 25.87 b 0.48 ab 785.84 b
I3 10.16 d 59.87 b 26.17 b 0.45 c 785.83 b
2021
W-G I1 14.52 a 60.55 b 28.49 b 0.52 b 781.02 d
I2 13.98 a 61.22 a 30.25 a 0.51 b 807.33 a
I3 12.85 b 61.12 a 30.95 a 0.53 a 790.85 b
W I1 13.14 b 59.58 c 26.06 c 0.51 b 775.71 e
I2 12.63 bc 61.01 ab 26.93 c 0.51 b 791.11 b
I3 12.15 c 59.28 c 28.14 b 0.50 c 785.87 c
种植模式 (C) ** ** ** ** **
灌水水平 (I) ** ** ** NS **
C×I NS ** * ** **

图2

不同种植模式及灌水水平下小麦籽粒产量表现 W-G: 麦后复种绿肥; W: 麦后休闲; I1、I2、I3分别表示低、中、高灌水水平。图柱上不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图3

不同种植模式及灌水水平下小麦产量构成 图上处理字母含义同图2。图柱上不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

图4

不同种植模式及灌水水平下土壤有机质含量 图上处理字母含义同图2。图柱上不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

表4

不同种植模式及灌水水平下小麦籽粒品质、产量及其构成和土壤有机质的相关性"

性状
Trait		 穗数 Panicle number 穗粒数 Kernel number
per ear		 千粒重1000-kernel weight 蛋白 Protein 淀粉 Starch 湿面筋
Wet gluten		 灰分
Ash content		 容重
Unit weight		 土壤有机质Soil organic matter
产量Grain yield 0.957** -0.081 0.499* 0.158 0.677** 0.909** 0.220 0.845** 0.774**
穗数Panicle number -0.090 0.442 0.147 0.622** 0.866** 0.286 0.812** 0.784**
穗粒数Kernel number per ear 0.777** 0.914** 0.323 0.222 0.606** 0.130 0.319
千粒重1000-kernel weight 0.839** 0.626** 0.705** 0.462 0.643** 0.372
蛋白Protein 0.350 0.497* 0.626** 0.258 0.554*
淀粉Starch 0.603** 0.492* 0.789** 0.565*
湿面筋Wet gluten 0.397 0.750** 0.908**
灰分Ash content 0.140 0.600**
容重Unit weight 0.628**
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