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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (6): 1554-1567.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34135

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

关键栽培措施对菜籽油综合品质的影响

宁宁1(), 余新颖1, 秦梦倩1, 娄洪祥1, 王宗铠1, 王春云1, 贾才华2, 徐正华1, 王晶1, 蒯婕1, 汪波1, 赵杰1, 周广生1,*()   

  1. 1华中农业大学植物科学技术学院 / 农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430070
    2华中农业大学食品科学技术学院 / 教育部环境食品学重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2023-08-06 接受日期:2024-01-30 出版日期:2024-06-12 网络出版日期:2024-02-20
  • 通讯作者: * 周广生, E-mail: zhougs@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1208299842@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1600502)

Effect of key cultivated measures on rapeseed oil comprehensive quality

NING Ning1(), YU Xin-Ying1, QIN Meng-Qian1, LOU Hong-Xiang1, WANG Zong-Kai1, WANG Chun-Yun1, JIA Cai-Hua2, XU Zheng-Hua1, WANG Jing1, KUAI Jie1, WANG Bo1, ZHAO Jie1, ZHOU Guang-Sheng1,*()   

  1. 1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Environmental Food Science, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2023-08-06 Accepted:2024-01-30 Published:2024-06-12 Published online:2024-02-20
  • Contact: * E-mail: zhougs@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1600502)

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摘要：

为明确关键栽培措施对菜籽油品质的影响, 本研究以“湘杂油518”和“大地199”为材料, 分别在武汉和兰州进行播期、密度及氮肥处理单因素试验, 籽粒成熟后收获冷榨, 测定菜籽油色泽、过氧化值、极性总酚及甾醇含量等关键品质指标, 综合评价各处理下菜籽油品质。结果表明: 本试验条件下, 播期、密度、氮肥均显著影响菜籽油关键品质指标, 但各指标在两品种、两试验点间的变化规律不尽相同。两试点、两品种均在早播条件下菜籽油的油酸含量较高, 且均随播期推迟, 色泽加深, 叶绿素含量升高, 综合品质下降。两试点的湘杂油518品种在D2密度(4.5×105 hm-2)下的菜籽油的酸价较低, 极性总酚、总植物甾醇和总生育酚含量较高, 综合品质较好。两试点的大地199品种则随密度增加菜籽油叶绿素含量增加, 色泽加深, 亚油酸含量降低, 综合品质下降。两试点、两品种均在低氮下(120 kg hm-2)有较高的籽粒含油量和出油效率, 且均随施氮量的增加菜籽油色泽加深, 综合品质下降。主成分分析表明, 播期对菜籽油综合品质的影响大于种植密度和施氮量处理, 酸价、叶绿素、极性总酚、抗氧化能力和总植物甾醇是影响菜籽油的关键品质指标; 相关性分析表明, 籽粒含油量与出油效率显著正相关, 叶绿素、类胡萝卜素与菜籽油色泽均呈显著正相关, 极性总酚与抗氧化性显著正相关。综上所述, 生产中适期早播、减少氮肥用量、降低种植密度, 可提高压榨菜籽油品质。本试验结果可为高品质菜籽油优质原料的生产提供技术支撑。

关键词: 油菜, 播期, 密度, 氮肥, 菜籽油, 品质

Abstract:

In order to clarify the influence of key cultivation measures on rapeseed oil quality, a single factor field experiments of sowing date, planting density, and nitrogen rate were carried out in Wuhan and Lanzhou with “Xiangzayou 518 (XZY518)” and “Dadi 199 (DD199)” as the experimental materials. The rapeseed was harvested at maturity stage, followed by cold pressing and oil content, oil extraction efficiency, color of rapeseed oil, peroxide value, total polar phenols, and phytosterol content were assessed, and rapeseed oil quality was evaluated comprehensively under each treatment. The results showed that sowing date, density, and nitrogen rate all significantly affected the key quality indexes of rapeseed oil, and the pattern of change of each index was not the same between the two varieties from two sites. Two varieties from two sites had higher oleic acid content in rapeseed oil under early sowing conditions, and as the sowing date was delayed, rapeseed oil color deepened, chlorophyll content increased, and the comprehensive quality decreased. The XZY518 from two sites at D2 density (4.5×105 hm-2) had a lower acid value, higher total polar phenol, total phytosterol, and total tocopherol contents, and better comprehensive quality. The DD 199 from two sites with increasing density, the chlorophyll content of rapeseed oil increased, the color deepened, the linoleic acid content decreased, and the comprehensive quality also decreased. Two varieties from two sites had higher oil content and oil extraction efficiency under low nitrogen (120 kg hm-2). With the increase of nitrogen rate, rapeseed oil color deepened, comprehensive quality declined. Principal component analysis showed that the effect of sowing date on the comprehensive quality of rapeseed oil was greater than that of planting density and nitrogen rate treatments, and that acid value, chlorophyll, total polar phenols, antioxidant power and total phytosterols were key quality indicators affecting rapeseed oils. Correlation analysis showed that seed oil content was significantly positively correlated with oil extraction efficiency, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and rapeseed oil color were all significantly positively correlated, and total polar phenols were significantly positively correlated with antioxidant power. In summary, early sowing at an appropriate date, reducing nitrogen fertilizer rate, and lowering planting density in production can improve the quality of pressed rapeseed oil. The findings of this study offer technical assistance to produce high-quality rapeseed oil raw materials.

Key words: rapeseed, sowing date, density, nitrogenous fertilizer, rapeseed oil, quality

图1

油菜角果期主要气候因子"

表1

各单因素处理水平及其他关键栽培参数设置"

处理
Treatment		 试验点
Experiment test		 参数及代号
Parameters and codes		 其他栽培参数
Other cultivation parameters
播期S 武汉Wuhan 9-20 (S1) 10-5 (S2) 10-20 (S3) N: 240 D: 45
兰州Lanzhou 4-6 (S1) 4-13 (S2) 4-20 (S3) N: 240 D: 45
密度D 武汉, 兰州Wuhan, Lanzhou 15 (D1) 45 (D2) 75 (D3) S: 10/5、4/13 N: 240
氮肥N 武汉, 兰州Wuhan, Lanzhou 120 (N1) 240 (N2) 360 (N3) S: 10/5、4/13 D: 45

表2

关键栽培措施与菜籽油品质的方差分析"

处理
Treatment		 OC OEE MC R CHL AV POV OA DPPH FRAP TPP CAR TP TT
武汉Wuhan (2020-2021)
品种V NS NS ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
播期S * * ** ** ** ** NS ** ** ** ** ** ** **
V×S NS NS NS NS ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS ** **
品种V ** ** ** ** * ** NS ** ** ** ** * ** **
密度D ** ** * * * ** NS ** NS ** ** NS ** **
V×D * * NS NS ** ** ** ** NS ** ** NS ** **
品种V ** ** NS NS ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
氮肥N ** ** * * ** ** ** ** * * ** ** ** **
V×N ** ** NS NS ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS ** **
兰州Lanzhou (2021)
品种V ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** NS * NS NS ** **
播期S * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS * ** ** ** **
V×S ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** * ** ** **
品种V ** ** NS NS ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS ** **
密度D ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS ** ** NS ** **
V×D ** ** NS NS ** ** ** ** * NS ** * ** **
品种V ** ** NS NS ** ** * ** ** ** NS ** ** **
氮肥N ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
V×N ** ** NS NS ** ** ** ** * ** NS * ** **

表3

关键栽培措施对籽粒含油量、出油效率及菜籽油脂肪酸组成的影响"

栽培措施 Cultivation measure 品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 武汉Wuhan (2020-2021) 兰州Lanzhou (2021)
OC OEE OA LA LNA OC OEE OA LA LNA
播期
Sowing date		 XZY518 S1 47.39 b 71.30 b 60.70 d 22.90 c 9.14 c 50.60 b 76.30 b 64.07 c 20.47 b 8.36 c
S2 48.93 a 73.04 a 60.42 e 23.30 b 9.21 b 49.76 bc 75.50 bc 62.35 d 21.91 a 8.67 b
S3 46.84 b 70.68 b 58.89 f 24.29 a 9.35 a 50.51 bc 76.22 bc 61.76 e 21.92 a 9.27 a
CV1 2.27 1.71 1.63 3.06 1.19 0.91 0.58 1.91 3.89 5.30
DD199 S1 47.37 b 71.29 b 67.20 a 17.32 e 8.07 f 52.18 a 77.76 a 67.67 a 16.71 e 7.96 e
S2 47.30 b 71.22 b 67.02 b 17.24 f 8.45 d 51.90 a 77.50 a 67.34 b 17.00 c 8.24 d
S3 46.46 b 70.23 b 66.62 c 17.70 d 8.39 e 49.53 c 75.27 c 67.54 a 16.88 d 8.19 d
CV2 1.08 0.84 0.44 1.42 2.42 2.84 1.78 0.24 0.86 1.80
密度
Density		 XZY518 D1 50.49 a 74.67 a 61.74 d 22.23 c 9.10 a 50.42 b 76.14 b 63.16 c 21.15 a 8.63 a
D2 48.97 c 73.08 c 60.22 f 23.20 a 9.11 a 49.06 c 74.79 c 62.20 d 21.26 a 8.52 ab
D3 49.65 b 73.80 b 60.88 e 22.78 b 9.24 a 50.19 b 75.91 b 63.03 c 21.26 a 8.59 a
CV1 1.53 1.08 1.25 2.13 0.85 1.46 0.95 0.84 0.31 0.66
DD199 D1 49.45 bc 73.59 bc 66.48 c 17.68 d 8.63 b 50.06 b 75.78 b 66.30 b 17.24 b 8.14 bc
D2 47.23 d 71.14 d 66.89 b 17.19 e 8.35 c 51.92 a 77.53 a 67.34 a 17.00 b 8.24 abc
D3 47.27 d 71.18 d 67.37 a 17.08 e 8.52 bc 52.16 a 77.74 a 67.44 a 16.84 b 8.08 c
CV2 2.65 1.95 0.67 1.84 1.68 2.24 1.39 0.94 1.19 0.99
氮肥Nitrogen XZY518 N1 50.87 a 75.05 a 61.97 d 22.07 d 9.05 c 51.53 a 77.17 a 62.78 d 21.07 c 8.81 b
N2 48.25 e 72.30 e 59.74 f 23.48 e 9.79 a 47.75 e 73.44 e 62.27 e 21.77 b 8.74 c
N3 47.98 f 71.99 f 59.42 e 23.79 f 9.65 b 45.35 f 70.75 f 61.69 f 22.22 a 8.88 a
CV1 3.25 2.31 2.30 3.95 4.15 6.47 4.37 0.88 2.66 0.81
DD199 N1 50.34 b 74.51 b 66.54 c 17.75 c 8.58 e 50.21 b 75.93 b 66.82 c 17.32 d 8.05 d
N2 49.13 c 73.25 c 67.45 a 17.07 a 8.48 f 48.28 d 74.00 d 67.89 b 16.70 e 7.77 e
N3 48.61 d 72.68 d 66.78 b 17.60 b 8.64 d 49.51 c 75.24 c 68.20 a 16.20 f 7.70 f
CV2 1.80 1.27 0.70 2.04 0.95 1.98 1.30 1.07 3.35 2.40

表4

关键栽培措施对菜籽油理化品质的影响"

栽培措施
Cultivation measure		 品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 武汉Wuhan (2020-2021) 兰州Lanzhou (2021)
MC
(‰)		 R CHL
(mg kg-1)		 AV
(mg g-1)		 POV
(g kg-1)		 MC
(‰)		 R CHL
(mg kg-1)		 AV
(mg g-1)		 POV
(g kg-1)
播期
Sowing date		 XZY518 S1 0.654 ab 2.78 d 2.42 d 1.01 c 0.76 a 0.615 bc 3.00 d 1.55 f 0.20 d 0.53 bcd
S2 0.627 cd 2.90 cd 2.58 d 0.90 d 0.73 a 0.608 ab 3.34 c 1.92 e 0.12 e 0.50 cd
S3 0.662 a 3.14 bc 3.52 c 1.38 b 0.60 c 0.625 a 3.68 a 6.63 b 0.36 b 0.55 b
CV1 (%) 2.87 6.27 20.83 22.86 11.70 1.40 10.11 84.06 54.35 5.51
DD199 S1 0.619 de 2.97 cd 2.24 d 0.47 e 0.55 d 0.566 c 2.55 e 2.85 d 0.19 d 0.54 bc
S2 0.632 bcd 3.33 b 5.00 b 1.40 b 0.66 b 0.596 ab 3.45 b 4.90 c 0.27 c 0.48 d
S3 0.649 abc 3.78 a 9.24 a 2.08 a 0.72 a 0.621 bc 3.50 b 7.49 a 0.40 a 0.67 a
CV2 (%) 2.38 11.97 64.19 61.09 13.63 4.62 16.88 45.72 36.92 17.69
密度
Density		 XZY518 D1 0.630 a 2.99 d 3.11 c 1.43 b 0.60 c 0.622 a 3.01 b 1.57 e 0.26 b 0.54 ab
D2 0.627 ab 3.06 cd 2.59 d 0.91 d 0.71 a 0.608 ab 3.15 ab 1.92 d 0.11 e 0.48 e
D3 0.627 ab 3.19 abc 3.59 b 1.68 a 0.70 a 0.593 bc 3.31 a 3.78 a 0.22 d 0.56 a
CV1 (%) 0.31 3.28 16.24 29.47 9.03 2.39 4.75 49.03 38.14 7.85
DD199 D1 0.609 b 3.16 bc 2.68 d 0.91 d 0.72 a 0.603 abc 3.00 b 3.02 c 0.58 a 0.49 de
D2 0.632 a 3.24 ab 2.91 c 1.40 b 0.65 b 0.596 bc 3.15 ab 3.16 c 0.27 b 0.51 cd
D3 0.616 ab 3.34 a 3.19 b 1.01 c 0.64 bc 0.585 c 3.30 a 3.46 b 0.23 c 0.53 bc
CV2 (%) 1.90 2.74 8.88 23.22 6.98 1.55 4.72 7.00 53.59 4.12
氮肥Nitrogen XZY518 N1 0.598 c 3.15 b 1.75 d 1.46 a 0.72 a 0.604 ab 3.29 d 2.71 e 0.21 e 0.44 d
N2 0.625 ab 3.34 b 2.67 b 0.78 b 0.63 c 0.618 ab 3.41 bc 3.24 c 0.21 e 0.63 ab
N3 0.648 a 3.45 ab 2.53 c 0.63 c 0.56 d 0.636 ab 3.54 a 3.35 b 0.26 d 0.64 a
CV1 (%) 4.04 4.57 21.44 46.00 12.58 2.58 3.66 11.14 10.69 20.14
DD199 N1 0.590 c 3.27 b 2.62 bc 0.57 d 0.68 b 0.599 b 3.34 cd 2.47 f 0.41 b 0.50 c
N2 0.626 ab 3.45 ab 2.61 bc 0.66 c 0.55 d 0.606 ab 3.37 cd 3.15 d 0.35 c 0.50 c
N3 0.614 bc 3.65 a 2.79 a 0.37 e 0.55 d 0.644 a 3.50 ab 5.50 a 0.55 a 0.58 b
CV2 (%) 2.99 5.57 3.67 28.10 12.55 3.89 2.43 42.93 23.95 8.09

表5

关键栽培措施对菜籽油营养成分含量的的影响"

栽培措施 Cultivation measure 品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 武汉Wuhan (2020-2021) 兰州Lanzhou (2021)
TPP
(mg kg-1)		 CAR
(mg 100 g-1)		 TP
(mg kg-1)		 TT
(mg kg-1)		 TPP
(mg kg-1)		 CAR
(mg 100 g-1)		 TP
(mg kg-1)		 TT
(mg kg-1)
播期
Sowing date		 XZY518 S1 22.83 c 2.75 c 10342.36 a 523.07 c 1.94 cd 2.15 d 8056.73 c 600.06 b
S2 19.15 d 2.45 c 9579.91 c 534.17 b 2.24 bc 2.41 cd 8291.83 b 614.26 a
S3 19.44 d 3.36 b 9642.13 b 540.77 a 3.85 a 4.43 a 8400.56 a 537.68 e
CV1 (%) 9.99 16.17 4.30 1.68 38.37 41.72 2.13 6.98
DD199 S1 21.50 c 3.28 b 7301.32 f 518.96 d 3.41 ab 2.66 c 7322.46 e 542.96 c
S2 46.36 b 3.56 b 7622.69 d 477.76 e 0.62 d 3.50 b 6679.71 f 542.30 d
S3 59.59 a 4.26 a 7350.13 e 467.76 f 2.98 abc 3.42 b 7376.21 d 512.04 f
CV2 (%) 45.52 13.67 2.33 5.56 64.29 14.59 5.44 3.32
密度
Density		 XZY518 D1 17.68 de 2.61 b 8560.91 b 524.20 c 0.47 c 3.60 a 8054.04 b 574.99 c
D2 19.45 d 2.56 b 9582.25 a 534.83 a 2.09 b 2.29 c 8289.09 a 614.67 a
D3 15.47 e 2.58 b 8485.58 c 530.55 b 0.91 c 2.72 c 7940.13 c 597.80 b
CV1 (%) 11.36 0.87 6.90 1.01 72.42 23.60 2.20 3.34
DD199 D1 31.06 c 2.77 b 7255.26 f 469.58 f 1.94 b 2.86 bc 6946.73 e 547.14 e
D2 46.65 a 3.61 a 7621.79 d 477.76 e 0.77 c 3.57 a 6679.12 f 542.46 f
D3 33.41 b 2.91 b 7289.21 e 487.09 d 5.62 a 2.80 c 7090.67 d 550.06 d
CV2 (%) 22.69 14.49 2.74 1.83 91.15 13.98 3.02 0.70
氮肥Nitrogen XZY518 N1 15.62 e 2.30 e 8423.95 c 523.35 c 2.24 b 2.92 e 8054.87 b 577.19 c
N2 17.24 d 2.76 d 8710.62 a 527.84 b 1.21 c 3.06 de 8349.79 a 582.72 b
N3 20.18 c 2.94 c 8592.32 b 543.07 a 4.15 a 3.40 c 7735.01 c 598.87 a
CV1 (%) 13.08 12.49 1.68 1.95 58.89 7.99 3.82 1.92
DD199 N1 33.21 b 2.85 cd 7474.87 d 492.36 d 2.09 bc 3.21 cd 6913.12 e 556.90 d
N2 34.00 b 3.13 b 7440.80 f 487.85 f 1.50 bc 3.68 b 7048.20 f 542.43 e
N3 35.33 a 3.47 a 7471.53 e 489.10 e 4.59 a 4.13 a 6549.51 d 509.78 f
CV2 (%) 3.16 9.86 0.25 0.48 60.16 12.54 3.77 4.50

表6

关键栽培措施对菜籽油抗氧化能力的影响"

栽培措施
Cultivation measure		 品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 武汉Wuhan (2020-2021) 兰州Lanzhou (2021)
DPPH FRAP DPPH FRAP
播期
Sowing date		 XZY518 S1 22.92 c 60.68 c 11.07 a 28.91 a
S2 17.15 d 48.46 e 9.04 b 24.20 c
S3 19.94 cd 56.18 d 9.52 b 23.91 c
CV1 (%) 14.43 11.22 10.72 10.94
DD199 S1 17.79 d 48.12 e 9.46 b 24.77 c
S2 30.62 b 76.92 b 11.14 a 26.75 b
S3 43.86 a 119.48 a 10.44 a 29.19 a
CV2 (%) 42.39 44.05 8.18 8.24
密度
Density		 XZY518 D1 18.76 b 55.56 c 8.02 d 25.73 b
D2 19.60 b 47.32 d 9.04 cd 24.65 c
D3 17.98 b 48.17 d 9.66 bc 23.80 d
CV1 (%) 4.31 9.00 9.27 3.92
DD199 D1 26.71 a 74.76 a 10.63 ab 27.66 a
D2 28.51 a 76.30 a 11.14 a 25.90 b
D3 26.89 a 72.10 b 9.66 bc 25.96 b
CV2 (%) 3.61 2.86 7.18 3.78
氮肥Nitrogen XZY518 N1 16.84 c 43.91 d 9.73 b 23.51 c
N2 16.62 c 47.95 c 10.59 a 24.71 b
N3 18.25 c 53.74 b 10.29 ab 21.98 d
CV1 (%) 5.12 10.18 4.28 5.84
DD199 N1 31.84 a 75.11 a 7.96 c 24.99 b
N2 27.87 b 73.46 a 10.13 ab 28.29 a
N3 26.88 b 72.49 a 9.69 b 28.40 a
CV2 (%) 9.09 1.79 12.42 7.11

图2

关键栽培措施与菜籽油品质的相关性分析 S、D和N分别表示播期、密度和氮肥。OC: 含油量; OEE: 出油效率; MC: 水分含量; R: 色泽; CHL: 叶绿素; AV: 酸价; POV: 过氧化值; OA: 油酸; LA: 亚油酸; LNA: 亚麻酸; DPPH: DPPH自由基清除能力; FRAP: 铁离子抗氧化能力; TPP: 极性总酚; CAR: 类胡萝卜素; TP: 总植物甾醇; TT: 总生育酚。*表示P < 0.05, **表示P < 0.01。"

图3

关键栽培措施与菜籽油品质的主成分分析 S、D和N分别表示品种、播期、密度和氮肥。MC: 水分含量; R: 色泽; CHL: 叶绿素; AV: 酸价; POV: 过氧化值; OA: 油酸; LA: 亚油酸; LNA: 亚麻酸; DPPH: DPPH自由基清除能力; FRAP: 铁离子抗氧化能力; TPP: 极性总酚; CAR: 类胡萝卜素; TP: 总植物甾醇; TT: 总生育酚。"

表7

各栽培措施下菜籽油品质的综合评价值"

处理
Treatment		 武汉Wuhan 兰州Lanzhou
XZY518 DD199 XZY518 DD199
S1 0.564 0.528 0.412 0.287
S2 0.523 0.522 0.206 0.117
S3 0.430 0.450 0.038 0.055
D1 0.470 0.607 0.193 0.192
D2 0.510 0.563 0.226 0.174
D3 0.384 0.561 0.154 0.191
N1 0.488 0.661 0.200 0.151
N2 0.482 0.601 0.150 0.140
N3 0.461 0.596 0.089 0.042
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