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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (3): 696-712.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43031

所属专题： 玉米：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响

李翔宇(), 季欣杰(), 王雪莲, 龙安燃, 王峥宇, 杨子慧, 宫香伟(), 姜英, 齐华   

  1. 沈阳农业大学农学院, 辽宁沈阳 110866
  • 收稿日期:2024-07-18 接受日期:2024-10-25 出版日期:2025-03-12 网络出版日期:2024-11-11
  • 通讯作者: *宫香伟, E-mail: gongxiangwei@syau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:李翔宇, E-mail: 15524309277@163.com;
    季欣杰, E-mail: ji17852955510@163.com

    **同等贡献

  • 基金资助:
    沈阳市中青年科技创新人才培育专项(RC230899);沈阳农业大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(D202406091411428680)

Effects of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer on yield and grain quality of spring maize

LI Xiang-Yu(), JI Xin-Jie(), WANG Xue-Lian, LONG An-Ran, WANG Zheng-Yu, YANG Zi-Hui, GONG Xiang-Wei(), JIANG Ying, QI Hua   

  1. College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
  • Received:2024-07-18 Accepted:2024-10-25 Published:2025-03-12 Published online:2024-11-11
  • Contact: *E-mail: gongxiangwei@syau.edu.cn
  • About author:

    **Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    Shenyang Science and Technology Talent Special Project(RC230899);Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of Shenyang Agricultural University(D202406091411428680)

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摘要：

明确不同秸秆还田方式下氮肥对春玉米籽粒产量与品质的影响, 分析玉米淀粉糊化特性与热特性, 探究不同秸秆还田方式的玉米最佳施肥量, 为完善玉米高品质的农田栽培措施提供科学依据。针对东北地区春玉米产量不稳、产质难以协同等问题, 于2015年在辽宁省铁岭县蔡牛镇沈阳农业大学试验基地建立长期定位试验, 于2021—2022年研究了2种秸秆还田方式(旋耕秸秆还田, RTS; 翻耕秸秆还田, PTS)和5个施氮水平(0、112、187、262和337 kg hm-2)下玉米籽粒产量和品质的变化规律。结果表明, 与RTS处理相比, PTS处理籽粒产量提高6.09%, 且增加籽粒总淀粉、直链淀粉含量和直链/支链淀粉, 有效降低脂肪含量, 促进玉米淀粉的糊化与回升。同时, PTS处理的糊化焓(?H)增加14.09%, 有利于优化淀粉的相对结晶度和组织度。相比耕作方式, 施氮对玉米籽粒蛋白质、脂肪和糖含量的影响更为显著, 262 kg hm-2的施氮量使其达到最大值。与不施氮相比, 氮肥处理下的玉米籽粒粗蛋白、粗脂肪、蔗糖、可溶性糖、直链淀粉的含量和直链/支链淀粉增幅分别为17.99%~31.20%、3.19%~14.91%、32.88%~45.41%、13.93%~23.73%、6.80%~21.02%和10.26%~33.77%。但过高施氮(337 kg hm-2)会削弱玉米淀粉和脂肪含量, 降低总淀粉和支链淀粉含量, 导致玉米淀粉峰值黏度、最终黏度和破损值下降, 影响玉米淀粉加工过程中糊化。施氮使玉米淀粉峰值时间和糊化温度上升, 分别升高1.42%和6.79%, 有助于提高食品的黏稠性、口感和烹饪稳定性。相关性分析表明, 玉米籽粒总淀粉含量与峰值、谷值及最终黏度之间存在显著的正相关关系, 而蛋白质含量则与这些指标呈显著负相关。此外, 不同耕作方式与氮肥施用量的交互作用对玉米产量、籽粒蔗糖含量、淀粉热焓特性及糊化特性均产生显著影响, 进一步证明两者的协同作用能够有效提升玉米产量与品质。综上所述, 翻耕秸秆还田(PTS)配施262 kg hm-2氮肥, 能有效提升玉米产量, 促进玉米籽粒淀粉积累, 改善热特性与糊化特性, 从而实现春玉米品质的全面提升。

关键词: 秸秆还田, 氮肥, 玉米, 籽粒品质, 产量

Abstract:

To elucidate the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on spring maize grain yield and quality under different straw returning methods, this study analyzed the pasting and thermal characteristics of maize starch and explored the optimal N fertilizer rate under varying straw returning practices. The goal was to provide a scientific basis for improving cultivation practices to enhance maize quality. This research utilized a long-term field experiment initiated in 2015 at the Shenyang Agricultural University Experimental Base in Cainiu town, Tieling county, Liaoning province. The study addressed issues of unstable spring maize yields and the challenge of balancing yield and quality in Northeast China. From 2021 to 2022, the effects of two straw returning methods—rotary tillage with straw returning (RTS) and plow tillage with straw returning (PTS)—and five N application levels (0, 112, 187, 262, and 337 kg hm-2) were investigated. The results showed that, compared to RTS, PTS increased grain yield by 6.09% and enhanced total starch content as well as amylose content and the amylose/amylopectin ratio, while effectively reducing fat content and promoting the pasting and retrogradation properties of maize starch. Additionally, PTS increased the enthalpy of pasting (?H) by 14.09%, which optimized the relative crystallinity and microstructure of starch. In comparison to tillage methods, N application had a more significant effect on crude protein, crude fat, and sugar content in maize grains, with the maximum values observed at an N rate of 262 kg hm-2. Under N fertilizer treatment, the contents of crude protein, crude fat, sucrose, soluble sugar, amylose, and the amylose/amylopectin ratio increased by 17.99%-31.20%, 3.19%-14.91%, 32.88%-45.41%, 13.93%-23.73%, 6.80%-21.02%, and 10.26%-33.77%, respectively, compared to no N application. However, excessive N application (337 kg hm-2) reduced maize starch and crude fat content, decreased total starch and amylopectin levels, and led to lower peak and final viscosities, as well as a decrease in breakdown value, which could negatively affect starch pasting characteristics during processing. N application increased the peak time and pasting temperature of maize starch by 1.42% and 6.79%, respectively, enhancing viscosity, taste, and cooking stability. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive association between total starch content and viscosity parameters (including peak, trough, and final viscosity), while crude protein content was negatively correlated with these indexes. Furthermore, the interaction between different tillage methods and N fertilizer rates significantly improved maize yield and enhanced sucrose content, starch enthalpy, and gelatinization characteristics, demonstrating that the synergistic effects of these factors can more effectively enhance maize grain quality. In conclusion, the combined application of 262 kg hm-2 N fertilizer with plow tillage and straw returning (PTS) can significantly increase maize yield, promote starch accumulation in maize grains, and improve the thermal and pasting characteristics of maize, thereby achieving overall improvements in maize quality.

Key words: returning straw, nitrogen fertilizer, maize, grain quality, yield

图1

玉米生育期内气候因子"

附表1

播种前各处理0~20 cm土层土壤养分含量"

耕作方式Tillage method 施氮处理
Nitrogen treatment		 SOC
(g kg-1)		 TN
(g kg-1)		 TP
(g kg-1)		 TK
(g kg-1)		 NH4+-N
(mg kg-1)		 NO3--N
(mg kg-1)		 AP
(mg kg-1)		 AK
(mg kg-1)
RTS N0 12.12 1.11 0.83 11.66 4.71 6.54 19.77 124.49
N1 12.91 1.21 0.84 11.65 4.90 9.32 21.05 129.41
N2 13.51 1.26 0.84 11.84 5.07 10.12 24.36 134.30
N3 13.17 1.26 0.83 11.29 3.99 9.31 23.38 130.51
N4 12.83 1.27 0.86 11.07 3.48 7.42 21.77 123.37
PTS N0 12.63 1.22 0.82 10.90 4.48 12.35 20.24 105.63
N1 14.35 1.26 0.92 13.29 5.19 28.53 22.04 120.52
N2 15.77 1.30 1.04 14.57 6.54 30.15 25.94 126.13
N3 13.89 1.28 0.95 13.98 6.42 18.93 23.30 124.06
N4 13.67 1.12 0.89 11.26 6.30 8.77 23.77 120.49

表1

秸秆还田配施氮肥对玉米产量及其构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 耕作方式
Tillage
method		 氮肥
Nitrogen
fertilizer		 穗数
Ear number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain per ear
(hm-2)		 百粒重
100-grain weight
(g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(t hm-2)
2021 RTS N0 5.47±0.12 b 259.44±3.05 d 32.48±1.18 c 3.59±0.12 c
N1 6.45±0.01 a 462.92±5.81 c 37.68±0.63 b 11.98±0.27 b
N2 6.52±0.01 a 506.36±1.16 ab 39.75±0.69 ab 13.15±0.12 a
N3 6.53±0.01 a 513.26±6.95 a 41.14±0.53 a 13.20±0.01 a
N4 6.50±0.04 a 492.46±6.13 b 39.69±0.38 ab 12.99±0.35 a
PTS N0 5.60±0.04 b 355.18±12.30 c 30.55±0.59 d 6.39±0.22 b
N1 6.45±0.01 a 468.37±5.28 b 38.41±0.69 c 12.75±0.50 a
N2 6.52±0.01 a 501.50±4.78 ab 39.31±0.72 bc 12.96±0.31 a
N3 6.54±0 a 528.71±35.32 a 41.93±0.53 a 13.40±0.23 a
N4 6.50±0.04 a 454.41±7.26 b 40.71±0.52 ab 13.33±0.16 a
2022 RTS N0 4.65±0.24 b 325.73±12.49 b 26.88±0.05 c 3.98±0.08 c
N1 6.42±0.28 a 552.02±29.09 a 35.94±0.25 b 12.12±0.07 b
N2 6.52±0.06 a 544.20±19.56 a 37.93±0.34 a 12.17±0.11 b
N3 6.54±0.02 a 555.38±2.44 a 35.91±0.27 b 12.50±0.20 ab
N4 6.59±0.04 a 562.55±1.03 a 35.78±0.74 b 12.63±0.13 a
PTS N0 5.22±0.33 b 396.92±11.20 b 29.25±0.12 b 6.00±0.24 c
N1 6.45±0.04 a 540.10±4.40 a 35.96±0.06 a 12.11±0.36 b
N2 6.59±0.03 a 554.00±22.56 a 36.31±0.55 a 12.45±0.18 a
N3 6.61±0.03 a 544.13±10.07 a 35.97±0.19 a 12.74±0.27 a
N4 6.54±0.02 a 527.55±2.30 a 35.78±0.15 a 12.78±0.09 a
显著性Significance
年份 Year (Y) ns ** ** **
耕作方式 Tillage method (T) ns ns ns **
氮肥水平 Nitrogen fertilizer (N) ** ** ** **
Y×T ns ns ns ns
Y×N ** ns ** ns
T×N ns ** ns **
Y×T×N ns ns ** ns

图2

秸秆还田配施氮肥对玉米籽粒总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉和直链/支链淀粉的影响 a: 耕作方式和施氮处理对不同淀粉含量影响; b: 直链淀粉与支链淀粉的形态结构图; c: 耕作方式和施氮处理对直链/支链淀粉的影响; Y: 年份; T: 耕作方式; N: 施氮水平; Y×T: 年份与耕作方式的交互作用; Y×N: 年份与施氮水平的交互作用; T×N: 耕作方式与施氮水平的交互作用; Y×T×N: 年份、耕作方式和施氮水平的交互作用。缩写及处理同表1。数据为均值±标准差(n = 3)。同年同耕作方式不同字母表示显著差异(P < 0.05)。*和**分别表示在0.05与0.01概率水平差异显著。ns表示差异不显著。"

图3

秸秆还田配施氮肥对玉米籽粒粗蛋白和可溶性蛋白的影响 a: 耕作方式和施氮处理对籽粒粗蛋白含量的影响; b: 耕作方式和施氮处理对籽粒可溶性蛋白含量的影响。缩写及处理同表1和图2。同年同耕作方式不同字母表示显著差异(P < 0.05)。*和**分别表示在0.05与0.01概率水平差异显著。ns表示差异不显著。"

图4

秸秆还田配施氮肥对玉米籽粒粗脂肪的影响 缩写及处理同表1和图2。同年同耕作方式不同字母表示显著差异(P < 0.05)。*和**分别表示在0.05与0.01概率水平差异显著。ns表示差异不显著。"

图5

秸秆还田配施氮肥对玉米籽粒蔗糖和可溶性糖的影响 a: 耕作方式与施氮处理对籽粒蔗糖含量的影响; b: 耕作方式与施氮处理对籽粒可溶性糖含量的影响。缩写及处理同表1和图2。同年同耕作方式不同字母表示显著差异(P < 0.05)。*和**分别表示在0.05与0.01概率水平差异显著。ns表示差异不显著。"

表2

秸秆还田配施氮肥对玉米淀粉热特性的影响"

年份
Year		 耕作方式
Tillage
method		 氮肥
Nitrogen
fertilizer		 起始温度
To (℃)		 峰值温度
Tp (℃)		 终止温度
Tc (℃)		 热焓值
ΔH (J g-1)
2021 RTS N0 61.40±0.62 c 66.86±0.62 c 72.85±0.56 b 6.20±0.20 c
N1 63.51±0.41 b 68.65±0.62 bc 74.22±0.06 b 7.69±0.09 b
N2 64.72±0.31 b 69.99±0.39 b 76.36±0.62 a 7.76±0.12 b
N3 67.01±0.59 a 72.46±0.75 a 77.13±0.44 a 7.97±0.05 ab
N4 68.32±0.31 a 73.77±0.58 a 77.55±0.34 a 8.24±0.07 a
PTS N0 61.45±0.45 d 66.55±0.43 d 72.53±0.31 d 7.15±0.04 c
N1 63.82±0.15 c 69.18±0.37 c 74.36±0.31 c 7.63±0.03 b
N2 64.36±0.27 bc 71.14±0.51 b 75.51±0.29 b 7.80±0.05 b
N3 65.25±0.37 ab 73.07±0.45 a 76.53±0.32 a 8.28±0.24 a
N4 65.59±0.35 a 74.03±0.05 a 76.95±0.29 a 8.29±0.03 a
2022 RTS N0 62.44±0.49 d 66.49±0.29 c 72.33±0.33 c 7.39±0.04 d
N1 63.29±0.45 cd 69.65±0.70 b 73.17±0.39 c 8.54±0.12 c
N2 64.46±0.70 c 70.16±0.40 b 76.14±0.42 b 8.74±0.13 bc
N3 67.07±0.42 b 72.38±0.92 a 77.19±0.60 ab 8.95±0.12 b
N4 69.46±0.48 a 73.86±0.14 a 77.75±0.17 a 9.41±0.08 a
PTS N0 61.33±0.25 c 66.20±0.65 d 72.84±0.51 c 8.28±0.11 c
N1 63.99±0.16 b 69.29±0.32 c 73.03±0.60 c 8.80±0.07 b
N2 64.95±0.49 ab 71.14±0.28 b 75.44±0.51 b 8.88±0.01 b
N3 64.07±0.04 b 73.50±0.64 a 76.22±0.70 ab 9.41±0.27 a
N4 65.60±0.35 a 73.67±0.52 a 77.95±0.55 a 9.48±0.19 a
显著性Significance
年份Year (Y) ns ns ns **
耕作方式 Tillage method (T) ** ns ns **
氮肥水平 Nitrogen fertilizer (N) ** ** ** **
Y×T ns ns ns ns
Y×N ns ns ns ns
T×N ** ns ns **
Y×T×N ns ns ns ns

表3

秸秆还田配施氮肥对玉米淀粉糊化特性的影响"

年份
Year		 耕作方式Tillage
modes		 氮肥
Nitrogen
fertilizer		 峰值黏度
Peak viscosity
(cp)		 谷值黏度
Trough viscosity
(cp)		 最终黏度
Final viscosity
(cp)		 破损值
Breakdown
(cp)		 回升值
Setback
(cp)		 糊化温度
Pasting temperature (℃)		 峰值时间
Peak time
(min)
2021 RTS N0 1658.00 ± 21.00 a 1148.50 ± 6.50 a 3140.00 ± 42.00 a 509.50 ± 27.50 a 1991.50 ± 48.50 a 75.88 ± 0.03 e 5.25 ± 0.02 d
N1 1342.00 ± 2.00 b 972.50 ± 42.50 b 2631.50 ± 64.50 b 369.50 ± 44.50 b 1659.00 ± 22.00 a 81.55 ± 0.01 d 5.29 ± 0.01 d
N2 1345.00 ± 6.00 b 984.00 ± 29.00 b 2715.00 ± 58.00 b 361.00 ± 23.00 b 1731.00 ± 29.00 a 85.60 ± 0.05 b 5.50 ± 0.03 b
N3 1377.00 ± 4.00 b 971.50 ± 0.50 b 2736.50 ± 5.50 b 405.50 ± 3.50 b 1765.00 ± 6.00 a 86.38 ± 0.03 a 5.60 ± 0 a
N4 1369.50 ± 3.50 b 970.50 ± 0.50 b 2686.50 ± 195.50 b 399.00 ± 4.00 b 1716.00 ± 19.50 a 83.60 ± 0.40 c 5.40 ± 0 c
PTS N0 1712.50 ± 2.50 a 1101.00 ± 4.00 b 3282.00 ± 47.00 a 611.50 ± 6.50 a 2681.00 ± 51.00 a 76.25 ± 0.40 c 5.30 ± 0.10 a
N1 1396.50 ± 8.50 e 988.00 ± 6.00 d 2716.50 ± 0.50 d 408.50 ± 2.50 b 1928.50 ± 5.50 c 84.43 ± 0.38 a 5.40 ± 0.07 a
N2 1494.50 ± 15.50 d 1009.00 ± 3.00 d 3091.50 ± 15.50 b 485.50 ± 18.50 c 2082.50 ± 18.50 b 78.73 ± 0.43 b 5.30 ± 0.03 a
N3 1647.50 ± 13.50 b 1142.00 ± 12.00 a 2931.00 ± 47.00 c 505.50 ± 1.50 b 1989.00 ± 35.00 bc 77.38 ± 0.03 c 5.37 ± 0.03 a
N4 1567.50 ± 31.50 c 1066.50 ± 1.50 c 2890.00 ± 3.00 c 501.00 ± 30.00 b 2073.50 ± 51.50 b 77.05 ± 0.35 c 5.23 ± 0.03 a
2022 RTS N0 2071.67 ± 27.94 a 1087.67 ± 5.81 a 2884.67 ± 5.17 a 984.00 ± 33.31 a 1797.00 ± 10.82 a 73.45 ± 0.03 b 5.08 ± 0.02 b
N1 1608.00 ± 6.25 b 874.67 ± 2.19 c 2395.33 ± 36.40 b 733.33 ± 6.84 b 1520.67 ± 34.42 b 77.05 ± 0.03 b 5.10 ± 0 b
N2 1625.67 ± 16.37 b 889.67 ± 18.12 bc 2491.67 ± 110.73 b 736.00 ± 6.81 b 1602.00 ± 93.95 b 77.08 ± 0.04 a 5.11 ± 0.01 b
N3 1665.67 ± 39.83 b 920.33 ± 19.94 b 2744.67 ± 48.57 a 745.33 ± 22.60 b 1824.33 ± 28.64 a 78.77 ± 0.40 ab 5.17 ± 0 a
N4 1341.33 ± 3.76 c 729.00 ± 12.90 d 1976.00 ± 65.51 c 612.33 ± 12.35 c 1247.00 ± 69.96 c 76.83 ± 0.27 b 5.01 ± 0.02 c
PTS N0 1921.00 ± 23.52 a 1127.67 ± 8.01 a 3107.33 ± 25.20 a 793.33 ± 16.15 a 1979.67 ± 18.11 a 72.88 ± 0.28 d 5.06 ± 0.02 c
N1 1409.00 ± 27.61 c 837.33 ± 3.28 c 2510.00 ± 29.50 c 571.67 ± 25.96 c 1672.67 ± 26.52 c 76.60 ± 0.25 c 5.06 ± 0.02 b
N2 1458.67 ± 10.53 bc 881.33 ± 14.84 b 2553.00 ± 22.01 c 577.33 ± 9.21 c 1671.67 ± 20.10 c 77.87 ± 0.03 ab 5.17 ± 0.04 b
N3 1503.67 ± 10.74 b 861.00 ± 7.09 bc 2710.67 ± 45.12 b 642.67 ± 13.20 b 1849.67 ± 44.82 b 78.65 ± 0.31 a 5.12 ± 0.02 a
N4 1347.00 ± 12.90 d 782.00 ± 14.93 d 2192.67 ± 29.55 d 565.00 ± 6.43 c 1410.67 ± 16.19 d 77.33 ± 0.28 bc 5.08 ± 0.02 b
显著性Significance
年份 Years (Y) ** ** ** ** ** ** **
耕作方式 Tillage methods (T) ns ** ** ** ** ** **
氮肥水平 Nitrogen fertilizer (N) ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Y×T ** ** * ** ** ** **
Y×N ** ** ** ** ** ** **
T×N ** ** ns ** ** ** **
Y×T×N ** ** * ** * ** **

图6

秸秆还田配施氮肥对玉米籽粒品质相关参数的相关性 PV: 峰值黏度; TV: 谷值黏度; FV: 最终黏度; SB: 回生值; BD: 破损值; PT: 峰值时间; PT℃: 糊化温度; To: 起始温度; Tp: 峰值温度; Tc: 终止温度; ΔH: 热焓值。红线表示正相关, 蓝线表示负相关。*和**分别表示在 0.05 与0.01概率水平相关性显著。"

图7

秸秆还田配施氮肥对玉米籽粒品质相关参数的主成分分析 PC1: 主成分1; PC2: 主成分2; PV: 峰值黏度; TV: 谷值黏度; FV: 最终黏度; SB: 回生值; BD: 破损值; PT: 峰值时间; PT℃: 糊化温度; To: 起始温度; Tp: 峰值温度; Tc: 终止温度; ΔH: 热焓值。处理同表1。"

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