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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (3): 713-727.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44130

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

西北半干旱区马铃薯块茎淀粉形成及产量对磷肥减量的响应

苏明1(), 吴佳瑞1,2, 洪自强1, 李翻过1, 周甜1, 吴宏亮1,*(), 康建宏1,*()   

  1. 1宁夏大学农学院, 宁夏银川 750021
    2宁夏农垦农林牧技术推广服务中心, 宁夏银川 750011
  • 收稿日期:2024-08-11 接受日期:2024-10-29 出版日期:2025-03-12 网络出版日期:2024-11-11
  • 通讯作者: *康建宏, E-mail: kangjianhong@163.com; 吴宏亮, E-mail: nxuwu@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: sumcakwx1208@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31860336);宁夏自然科学基金项目(2019AAC03065);宁夏粮食作物种质创制与生长调控科技创新团队项目(2022BSB03109)

Response of potato tuber starch formation and yield to phosphorus fertilizer reduction in the semi-arid region of Northwest China

SU Ming1(), WU Jia-Rui1,2, HONG Zi-Qiang1, LI Fan-Guo1, ZHOU Tian1, WU Hong-Liang1,*(), KANG Jian-Hong1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
    2Ningxia Reclamation Agricultural, Forestry and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension and Service Center, Yinchuan 750011, Ningxia, China
  • Received:2024-08-11 Accepted:2024-10-29 Published:2025-03-12 Published online:2024-11-11
  • Contact: *E-mail: kangjianhong@163.com; E-mail: nxuwu@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860336);Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(2019AAC03065);Ningxia Grain Crop Germplasm Creation and Growth Regulation Science and Technology Innovation Team Project(2022BSB03109)

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摘要：

为明确适当减磷对马铃薯淀粉合成和产量的影响, 于2018—2019年在宁夏半干旱地区海原县进行单因素随机区组设计, 以当地农民习惯施磷量240 kg hm-2 (RP)为相对对照, 设置4个减磷处理: P25 (180 kg hm-2, 减少25%)、P50 (120 kg hm-2, 减少50%)、P75 (60 kg hm-2, 减少75%)、CK (0 kg hm-2, 不施磷肥作为绝对对照), 通过分析淀粉积累、相关酶活性及产量的关系, 为该区域马铃薯可持续生产提供技术支撑。 结果表明, 适当降低施磷量可以显著提高马铃薯淀粉含量, 加快积累速度, 从而提高总产量。其中P50较RP支链淀粉和总淀粉含量分别增加7.64%和7.76%, 淀粉积累速率最大时的积累量(Wmax)、淀粉最大积累速率(Gmax)和淀粉平均积累速率(Gmean)分别增加8.92%、29.90%和26.23%, 马铃薯淀粉产量、总干物质质量及总产量分别增加53.39%、50.92%和25.62%; 腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGP)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UGP)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、颗粒型淀粉合成酶(GBSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性则分别提高29.74%、26.88%、31.42%、33.56%和18.72%。主成分分析表明, 2年各处理综合得分均表现为P50>P25>RP>P75>CK。马铃薯减磷50% (施磷量为120 kg hm-2)对其块茎淀粉合成关键酶活性、支链淀粉、直链淀粉和总淀粉含量均有显著提升作用, 对各阶段各淀粉组成的积累速率有显著改善效果并能持续优化总淀粉的积累特性, 进而提高淀粉产量、总干物质积累量及总产量, 综合分析得出, 在宁夏半干旱区推荐马铃薯最佳经济施磷范围为120~137 kg hm-2, 从而达到绿色高产栽培的目的。

关键词: 马铃薯, 磷肥减量, 淀粉含量, 淀粉积累特性, 淀粉合成关键酶活性, 产量

Abstract:

To elucidate the effects of phosphorus reduction on potato starch synthesis and yield in semi-arid regions, a single-factor randomized block design was implemented in Haiyuan county, Ningxia, from 2018 to 2019. Using the local farmers’ customary phosphorus application rate of 240 kg hm-2 (RP) as a control, four phosphorus reduction treatments were established: P25 (180 kg hm-2, representing a 25% reduction), P50 (120 kg hm-2, 50% reduction), P75 (60 kg hm-2, 75% reduction), and CK (0 kg hm-2, serving as an absolute control with no phosphate fertilizer applied). This study analyzed the relationships between starch accumulation, enzyme activities, and yield, aiming to provide technical support for sustainable potato cultivation. The results indicate that a moderate reduction in phosphorus can significantly enhance potato starch content, accelerate the rate of accumulation, and consequently increase overall yield. Compared to RP, P50 resulted in a 7.64% and 7.76% increase in amylopectin and total starch content, respectively. The accumulation amount at the maximum starch accumulation rate (Wmax), the maximum starch accumulation rate (Gmax), and the average starch accumulation rate (Gmean) increased by 8.92%, 29.90%, and 26.23%, respectively. The starch yield, total dry matter mass, and total yield under P50 increased by 53.39%, 50.92%, and 25.62%, respectively. Enzyme activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP), uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP), soluble starch synthase (SSS), granular starch synthase (GBSS), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) under P50 rose by 29.74%, 26.88%, 31.42%, 33.56%, and 18.72%, respectively. Principal component analysis ranked the treatments as P50 > P25 > RP > P75 > CK. In conclusion, reducing phosphorus application by 50% (to a rate of 120 kg hm-2) significantly enhances the activity of key enzymes involved in tuber starch synthesis and increases levels of amylopectin, amylose, and total starch content. This treatment also optimizes starch accumulation characteristics, leading to higher starch yield, total dry matter accumulation, and total yield. A comprehensive analysis suggests that the optimal economic range for phosphorus fertilization in potatoes within the semi-arid region of Ningxia is 120-137 kg hm-2, promoting sustainable, high-yield cultivation.

Key words: potato, phosphate fertilizer reduction, starch content, starch accumulation characteristics, starch synthesis key enzyme activities, yield

表1

2018-2019年试验地基础土壤背景值"

年份
Year		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 全磷
Total P
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkaline nitrogen
decomposition (mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
2018 8.05 10.58 0.78 0.64 38.22 26.34 195.63
2019 8.11 14.17 0.62 0.72 36.57 31.06 206.54

表2

试验各处理养分施用量"

处理
Treatment		 施肥量 Rate of fertilizer application (kg hm-2) 氮肥分配 Split N fertilizer application
N P2O5 K2O 基肥
Base fertilizer (70%)		 追肥
Application fertilizer (30%)
RP 180 240 45 126 54
P25 180 180 45 126 54
P50 180 120 45 126 54
P75 180 60 45 126 54
CK 180 0 45 126 54

图1

磷肥减量对马铃薯块茎直链淀粉(A, B)和支链淀粉含量(C, D)的影响 处理同表2。图中小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平差异显著; NS表示差异不显著。Y: 年份, T: 处理。"

图2

磷肥减量对块茎淀粉直/支比(A, B)、总淀粉含量(C, D)的影响 处理同表2。图中小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平差异显著, NS表示差异不显著。Y: 年份, T: 处理。"

图3

磷肥减量对淀粉积累速率的影响 处理同表2。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平差异显著, NS表示差异不显著。Y: 年份, T: 处理。"

表3

磷肥减量对块茎总淀粉积累参数的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 方程参数
Parameter of equation		 R2 淀粉积累参数
Starch accumulation parameter
A B K Tmax (d) Wmax (mg g-1) Gmax (mg g-1 d-1) D (d) Gmean (mg g-1 d-1)
2018 RP 64.11 5.41 0.0601 0.9914 28.09 32.06 0.96 64.65 0.61
P25 67.00 6.19 0.0671 0.9980 27.17 33.50 1.12 59.91 0.70
P50 74.26 6.73 0.0738 0.9996 25.83 37.13 1.37 55.61 0.84
P75 66.67 6.70 0.0632 0.9944 30.10 33.36 1.05 64.86 0.65
CK 51.28 5.13 0.0512 0.9914 31.94 25.64 0.66 74.85 0.42
2019 RP 64.42 6.14 0.0609 0.9977 29.80 32.21 0.98 65.88 0.61
P25 65.19 5.73 0.0634 0.9938 27.53 32.60 1.03 62.19 0.65
P50 65.77 6.47 0.0691 0.9942 27.02 32.89 1.14 58.82 0.70
P75 58.67 5.10 0.0529 0.9963 30.80 29.34 0.78 72.33 0.50
CK 53.07 5.12 0.0501 0.9877 32.60 26.54 0.66 76.45 0.43

图4

磷肥减量对淀粉AGP活性的影响 处理同表2。图中小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。**表示在0.01水平差异显著。Y: 年份, T: 处理。"

图5

磷肥减量对淀粉UGP活性(A, B)、SSS活性(C, D)的影响 处理同表2。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平差异显著, NS表示差异不显著。Y: 年份, T: 处理。"

图6

磷肥减量对淀粉GBSS活性(A, B)和SBE活性(C, D)的影响 处理同表2。**表示在0.01水平差异显著, NS表示差异不显著。Y: 年份, T: 处理。"

图7

总干物质质量与淀粉含量(A)、产量与施磷量(B, C)的相关性 EPA: 经济最佳施磷量; EPY: 经济最佳产量。**表示在0.01水平显著相关。"

表4

磷肥减量对马铃薯块茎产量及淀粉含量、产量的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 总干物质质量
Dry matter content of tubers
(g株-1)		 块茎产量
Tuber yield
(t hm-2)		 鲜基淀粉含量
Fresh base starch content
(%)		 淀粉产量
Starch yield (t hm-2)
2018 RP 278.44 c 33.66 b 15.75 b 5.30 c
P25 329.50 b 36.80 b 17.36 b 6.39 b
P50 399.89 a 42.03 a 20.64 a 8.67 a
P75 324.23 b 29.03 c 16.30 b 4.73 c
CK 201.07 d 28.57 c 12.24 c 3.50 d
2019 RP 249.76 d 31.92 bc 18.45 ab 5.89 b
P25 342.73 b 36.01 b 20.55 a 7.40 a
P50 397.25 a 40.35 a 21.06 a 8.50 a
P75 281.14 c 31.17 cd 15.42 b 4.81 c
CK 226.06 d 27.54 d 13.93 c 3.84 c
方差分析
ANOVA		 年份Year (Y) NS NS * *
处理 Treatment (T) * ** ** **
年份×处理 (Y×T) NS NS NS NS

表5

淀粉积累速率与淀粉含量及关键酶活性酶的相关性分析"

年份
Year		 项目
Item		 淀粉含量
Starch content		 AGP活性
AGP activity		 UGP活性
UGP activity		 SSS活性
SSS activity		 SBE活性
SBE activity		 GBSS活性
GBSS activity
2018 直链淀粉积累速率
Amylose
accumulation rate		 0.58* 0.75** 0.41NS 0.48NS 0.54* 0.88**
支链淀粉积累速率
Amylopectin
accumulation rate		 0.84** 0.39 NS 0.74** 0.52* 0.95** 0.53*
总淀粉积累速率
Total starch
accumulation rate		 0.77** 0.95** 0.55* 0.45NS 0.92** 0.76**
2019 直链淀粉积累速率
Amylose
accumulation rate		 0.56* 0.66** 0.35NS 0.44NS 0.48NS 0.79**
支链淀粉积累速率
Amylopectin
accumulation rate		 0.96** 0.53* 0.92** 0.61** 0.95** 0.74**
总淀粉积累速率
Total starch
accumulation rate		 0.69** 0.87** 0.66** 0.57* 0.91** 0.80**

图8

磷肥减量条件下产量与淀粉含量及其相关酶活性的主成分分析 处理同图2。SV: 总淀粉积累速率; SC:总淀粉含量。其他指标简称同表5。"

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