氮磷钾肥施用对冬油菜增产效果及因冻害减产程度的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44152

作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (4): 1037-1049.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44152

氮磷钾肥施用对冬油菜增产效果及因冻害减产程度的影响

孟孜贞¹(), 刘陈¹, 盛倩男¹, 熊志豪¹, 方娅婷¹, 赵剑¹, 余秋华², 王昆昆¹, 李小坤¹, 任涛¹, 鲁剑巍¹^,^*()

¹华中农业大学资源与环境学院 / 农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室 / 微量元素研究中心, 湖北武汉 430070
²湖北省耕地质量与肥料工作总站, 湖北武汉 430070

收稿日期:2024-09-10 接受日期:2025-01-23 出版日期:2025-04-12 网络出版日期:2025-02-06
通讯作者: *鲁剑巍, E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
作者简介:E-mail: mengzizhen@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目“长江中下游水旱轮作区中低产田障碍消减与产能提升综合模式与应用”(2023YFD1901100);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金项目(2662021ZH001)

Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application on the yield increase of winter oilseed rape and the degree of yield reduction due to freezing stress

MENG Zi-Zhen¹(), LIU Chen¹, SHENG Qian-Nan¹, XIONG Zhi-Hao¹, FANG Ya-Ting¹, ZHAO Jian¹, YU Qiu-Hua², WANG Kun-Kun¹, LI Xiao-Kun¹, REN Tao¹, LU Jian-Wei¹^,^*()

¹College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Microelement Research Center, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
²Hubei Provincial Station for Soil Quality and Fertilizer Work, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China

Received:2024-09-10 Accepted:2025-01-23 Published:2025-04-12 Published online:2025-02-06
Contact: *E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China “Comprehensive Model and Application of Obstacle Reduction and Productivity Improvement of Low-yield Fields in the Water-dry Rotation Area of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River”(2023YFD1901100);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-12);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662021ZH001)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2024年初长江流域油菜主产区遭遇低温寒潮天气, 对冬油菜生产造成不利影响。为研究氮、磷、钾肥配合施用对冬油菜产量的影响并探讨冻害胁迫下对3种养分的响应差异, 于2022/2023 (对照年)和2023/2024年(冻害年)在长江流域油菜主产区开展多点田间定位试验, 设置不施肥(CK)、氮磷钾均施(NPK)以及在此基础上不施氮(-N)、不施磷(-P)、不施钾(-K)共5个处理, 结合2个油菜生长季的气象因素, 对多点的油菜籽产量、产量构成因子、地上部生物量以及收获指数进行比较, 分析不同养分施用条件下油菜应对冻害胁迫的响应差异。结果表明,2个油菜生长季-N、-P、-K处理的油菜籽产量较NPK处理分别平均降低71.8%、76.6%、13.4%, 施氮、磷肥显著提高油菜籽产量, 而施钾肥的增产作用相对较小。与对照年相比, 冻害年中各试验点油菜籽产量均明显降低, CK、-N、-P、-K、NPK处理分别平均降低43.6%、30.7%、48.9%、43.2%、45.7%。单株角果数降低是导致减产的主要原因, 各处理的单株角果数分别平均降低37.6%、44.3%、32.3%、22.3%、22.8%, 此外, 每角粒数和地上部生物量显著降低而收获指数明显增加。进一步对油菜籽产量、气候资源指标和基础土壤养分含量进行相关性分析发现, 冻害发生期极端低温天数与冻害程度呈正相关, 冻害胁迫下油菜对磷、钾养分需求加剧。综上, 油菜生产过程中氮、磷肥是影响高产的主要营养限制因子, 磷、钾肥是影响稳产的主要营养限制因子, 氮磷钾肥平衡施用有利于维持相对较高的产量。

关键词: 冬油菜, 氮磷钾肥, 冻害, 产量, 产量构成因子

Abstract:

In early 2024, the primary oilseed rape production areas in the Yangtze River Basin experienced low temperatures and cold wave events, which severely impacted winter oilseed rape production. To investigate the effects of combined nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer application on winter rapeseed yield and to examine the differential responses of rapeseed to these nutrients under freezing stress, a multi-site field experiment was conducted during the 2022/2023 (control year) and 2023/2024 (freezing stress year) growing seasons. The experiment included five treatments: no fertilizer application (CK), balanced application of N, P, and K (NPK), and treatments omitting nitrogen (-N), phosphorus (-P), or potassium (-K) based on the NPK treatment. By integrating meteorological data from the two growing seasons, rapeseed yield, yield components, shoot biomass, and harvest index were compared across multiple sites to analyze the response of rapeseed to freezing stress under different nutrient application conditions. The results showed that, compared to the NPK treatment, rapeseed yields in the -N, -P, and -K treatments were reduced by an average of 71.8%, 76.6%, and 13.4%, respectively, across the two growing seasons. This indicates that nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers significantly improved rapeseed yield, while the effect of potassium fertilizer was comparably smaller. When comparing the freezing stress year to the control year, rapeseed yields were significantly reduced across all experimental sites. Specifically, yields under the CK, -N, -P, -K, and NPK treatments decreased by an average of 43.6%, 30.7%, 48.9%, 43.2%, and 45.7%, respectively. A lower number of siliques per plant was identified as the primary cause of yield reduction, with average decreases of 37.6%, 44.3%, 32.3%, 22.3%, and 22.8% observed in the respective treatments. Additionally, the number of seeds per silique and shoot biomass were significantly reduced under freezing stress, while the harvest index showed a significant increase. Further correlation analyses between rapeseed yield, climatic variables, and basal soil nutrient content revealed that the number of days with extreme low temperatures during the freezing period was positively correlated with the severity of freezing stress. Moreover, the nutrient demands for phosphorus and potassium intensified under freezing stress. In conclusion, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are the primary nutritional factors contributing to high yield, while phosphorus and potassium fertilizers play critical roles in stabilizing yield under freezing conditions. A balanced application of N, P, and K fertilizers is essential for maintaining relatively high and stable yields in winter oilseed rape production.

Key words: winter oilseed rape, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, freezing stress, yield, yield components

孟孜贞, 刘陈, 盛倩男, 熊志豪, 方娅婷, 赵剑, 余秋华, 王昆昆, 李小坤, 任涛, 鲁剑巍. 氮磷钾肥施用对冬油菜增产效果及因冻害减产程度的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(4): 1037-1049.

MENG Zi-Zhen, LIU Chen, SHENG Qian-Nan, XIONG Zhi-Hao, FANG Ya-Ting, ZHAO Jian, YU Qiu-Hua, WANG Kun-Kun, LI Xiao-Kun, REN Tao, LU Jian-Wei. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application on the yield increase of winter oilseed rape and the degree of yield reduction due to freezing stress[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2025, 51(4): 1037-1049.

图/表 9

表1

表2

图1

表3

表4

表5

表6

不同施肥处理对油菜产量构成因子的影响"

试验地点 Experimental site	处理 Treatment	单株角果数 Pods per plant			每角粒数 Seeds per pod		千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)
		对照年 Control year	冻害年 Freezing stress year		对照年 Control year	冻害年 Freezing stress year	对照年 Control year	冻害年 Freezing stress year
		武汉 Wuhan	CK	31.7±4.5 d	20.8±4.2 d^*	20.7±1.2 b		18.8±1.7 c^ns	2.97±0.06 c	2.89±0.09 d^ns
-N	186.6±26.0 c		98.1±13.9 c^**	21.3±1.5 b		20.6±1.4 bc^ns	3.20±0.13 b	3.14±0.03 c^ns
-P	23.2±4.9 d		18.4±4.5 d^ns	22.3±1.5 ab		15.3±2.4 d^*	3.15±0.14 bc	2.96±0.08 cd^ns
-K	264.9±23.3 b		182.2±24.3 b^*	24.0±1.0 a		23.2±0.3 ab^ns	3.26±0.08 b	3.70±0.10 a^**
NPK	329.2±61.5 a		223.2±19.3 a^*	24.3±1.2 a		23.9±1.0 a^ns	3.56±0.17 a	3.38±0.13 b^ns
沙洋 Shayang	CK	110.4±20.9 bc	60.0±15.0 c^*	18.9±0.9 bc		17.1±2.3 a^ns	3.99±0.12 bc	3.78±0.16 a^ns
	-N	176.5±33.3 b	93.2±19.9 c^*	22.8±4.7 ab		19.2±0.8 a^ns	4.23±0.05 b	3.55±0.05 a^***
	-P	60.2±3.2 c	40.0±6.9 c^*	19.6±2.0 c		16.3±2.3 a^ns	3.28±0.45 c	3.83±0.06 a^ns
	-K	394.5±97.7 a	365.2±66.3 a^ns	25.2±1.2 a		19.4±1.5 a^**	4.99±0.42 a	3.53±0.55 a^*
	NPK	435.1±19.1 a	296.7±35.8 b^**	21.0±1.1 abc		17.8±0.9 a^*	4.13±0.06 bc	3.22±0.14 a^***
武穴 Wuxue	CK	115.9±15.5 c	78.1±21.4 c^ns	19.9±1.3 a		15.5±1.0 a^**	3.05±0.20 b	3.82±0.32 bc^*
	-N	129.7±4.3 c	80.1±17.7 c^**	20.0±2.7 a		17.2±1.7 a^ns	3.10±0.05 b	3.87±0.40 bc^*
	-P	212.4±23.9 b	121.6±61.6 bc^ns	20.1±2.4 a		15.3±0.9 a^*	3.71±0.62 a	3.70±0.19 c^ns
	-K	272.6±36.2 a	195.6±23.1 ab^*	19.3±1.3 a		16.2±2.6 a^ns	3.94±0.10 a	4.90±0.44 a^*
	NPK	297.1±16.0 a	283.8±91.5 a^ns	22.0±0.7 a		19.3±0.7 a^**	4.10±0.03 a	4.47±0.52 ab^ns
方差分析ANOVA		F值 F-value
年份Year (Y)		59.714^***		62.832^***			0.087^ns
试验地点 Experimental site (E)		24.999^***		21.132^***			60.975^***
处理Treatment (T)		180.337^***		14.817^***			17.922^***
Y×E		0.144^ns		1.148^ns			37.074^***
Y×T		1.816^ns		1.123^ns			1.304^ns
E×T		14.362^***		3.815^**			4.640^***
Y×E×T		2.307^*		2.228^*			5.991^***

表6

表7

图2

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试验地点 Experimental site	土壤类型 Soil type	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg kg^-1)
武汉 Wuhan	黄棕壤 Yellow-brown earth	7.04	5.01	0.48	1.26	123.40
沙洋 Shayang	黄棕壤 Yellow-brown earth	6.84	11.78	0.74	5.15	212.00
武穴 Wuxue	红壤 Red earth	5.96	25.20	1.60	10.50	26.30

试验地点 Experimental site	品种 Variety	移栽密度 Planting density (×10⁴ plants hm^-2)	年份 Year	育苗/播种时间Seedling/ sowing time	移栽时间 Planting time	收获时间Harvesting time	全生育期天数 Total growing day (d)
武汉 Wuhan	华油杂9号 Huayouza 9	10.0	对照年 Control year	2022/09/15	2022/10/22	2023/05/13	240
武汉 Wuhan			冻害年 Freezing stress year	2023/09/20	2023/11/11	2024/05/13	237
沙洋 Shayang	华油杂62R Huayouza 62R	11.3	对照年 Control year	2022/09/17	2022/10/25	2023/05/08	233
沙洋 Shayang			冻害年 Freezing stress year	2023/09/20	2023/10/27	2024/05/05	228
武穴 Wuxue	华油杂9号 Huayouza 9	11.3	对照年 Control year	2022/09/18	2022/11/07	2023/05/09	234
武穴 Wuxue			冻害年 Freezing stress year	2023/09/19	2023/11/03	2024/05/06	231

试验地点 Experimental site	处理 Treatment	对照年 Control year	冻害年 Freezing stress year	冻害减产量 Yield reduction value	冻害减产率 Yield reduction rate (%)
武汉 Wuhan	CK	183±17 d	114±22 d^*	69	37.8
	-N	954±21 c	629±35 c^***	325	34.1
	-P	113±20 d	87±15 d^ns	26	23.0
	-K	1996±205 b	1023±41 b^**	973	48.8
	NPK	2651±107 a	1141±65 a^***	1510	56.9
沙洋 Shayang	CK	804±86 bc	201±65 c^**	603	74.9
	-N	1017±133 b	628±180 b^*	389	38.3
	-P	653±2 c	105±38 c^***	548	83.9
	-K	3117±175 a	1321±14 a^***	1796	57.6
	NPK	3321±367 a	1291±183 a^**	2030	61.1
武穴 Wuxue	CK	661±137 c	542±140 c^ns	119	18.0
	-N	652±102 c	524±67 c^ns	128	19.7
	-P	1978±470 b	1190±397 b^ns	788	39.9
	-K	2180±8 ab	1674±210 ab^*	506	23.2
	NPK	2526±166 a	2045±238 a^*	481	19.0
方差分析ANOVA		F值 F-value
年份Year (Y)		356.484^***
试验地点Experimental site (E)		68.682^***
处理Treatment (T)		376.175^***
Y×E		30.324^***
Y×T		37.427^***
E×T		26.993^***
Y×E×T		8.887^***

试验地点Experimental site	处理Treatment	地上部生物量Shoot biomass (kg hm^-2)		籽粒收获指数Harvest index (kg kg^-1)
		对照年 Control year	冻害年 Freezing stress year	对照年 Control year	冻害年 Freezing stress year
		武汉 Wuhan	CK	632±41 d	390±48 c^**	0.29±0.01 a	0.30±0.07 a^ns
-N	3461±465 c		1716±150 b^**	0.28±0.03 a	0.37±0.03 a^*
-P	631±45 d		283±23 c^***	0.18±0.03 b	0.31±0.05 a^*
-K	7182±1402 b		2866±105 a^**	0.28±0.03 a	0.36±0.02 a^*
NPK	9321±883 a		2976±250 a^***	0.29±0.03 a	0.38±0.02 a^**
沙洋 Shayang	CK	2578±323 d	580±164 c^**	0.31±0.02 bc	0.34±0.02 ab^ns
	-N	3556±400 c	1716±417 b^**	0.29±0.01 c	0.36±0.02 a^**
	-P	2815±272 cd	327±115 c^**	0.23±0.02 d	0.32±0.02 b^ns
	-K	8680±374 b	3571±68 a^***	0.36±0.03 a	0.37±0.01 a^ns
	NPK	9533±762 a	3629±613 a^***	0.35±0.02 ab	0.36±0.01 a^ns
武穴 Wuxue	CK	1977±461 b	2295±386 c^ns	0.34±0.01 a	0.23±0.03 a^**
	-N	2140±375 b	2322±246 c^ns	0.31±0.01 b	0.23±0.01 a^**
	-P	7397±1435 a	3177±1664 bc^*	0.27±0.01 c	0.35±0.23 a^ns
	-K	6406±71 a	5024±1365 ab^ns	0.34±0 a	0.34±0.06 a^ns
	NPK	7814±465 a	6096±539 a^*	0.32±0 ab	0.34±0.03 a^ns
方差分析ANOVA		F值 F-value
年份Year (Y)		337.387^***		16.398^***
试验地点 Experimental site (E)		42.309^***		2.268^ns
处理Treatment (T)		222.137^***		3.849^**
Y×E		20.495^***		4.454^*
Y×T		30.801^***		5.898^***
E×T		17.285^***		3.042^**
Y×E×T		10.368^***		2.067^ns

氮磷钾肥施用对冬油菜增产效果及因冻害减产程度的影响

Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application on the yield increase of winter oilseed rape and the degree of yield reduction due to freezing stress

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处理 Treatment	施肥量Fertilizer rate
处理 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	B
CK	0	0	0	0.97
-N	0	60	75	0.97
-P	180	0	75	0.97
-K	180	60	0	0.97
NPK	180	60	75	0.97

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处理 Treatment	冻害程度 Degree of freezing stress (%)
CK	32.8 bc
-N	43.9 a
-P	36.1 ab
-K	36.7 ab
NPK	25.6 c