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作物学报 ›› 2013, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (03): 464-477.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00464

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

稻麦连作中超高产栽培小麦和水稻的养分吸收与积累特征

李鸿伟,杨凯鹏,曹转勤,王志琴,杨建昌*   

  1. 扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室,江苏扬州225009
  • 收稿日期:2012-07-02 修回日期:2012-10-05 出版日期:2013-03-12 网络出版日期:2013-01-04
  • 通讯作者: 杨建昌, E-mail: jcyang@yzu.edu.cn; Tel: 0514-87979317
  • 基金资助:

    本研究由国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2009CB118603),国家自然科学基金重大国际合作交流项目(31061140457),国家自然科学基金项目(31071360;31271641),江苏省基础研究计划项目(BK2009005),中央级科研院所基本科研业务费专项基金项目(农业) (201103003;201203079), 国家“十二五”科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD16B14)和江苏高校优势学科建设工程专项经费资助。

Characteristics of Nutrient Uptake and Accumulation in Wheat and Rice with Continuous Cropping under Super-High-Yielding Cultivation

LI Hong-Wei,YANG Kai-Peng,CAO Zhuan-Qin,WANG Zhi-Qin,YANG Jian-Chang*   

  1. Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
  • Received:2012-07-02 Revised:2012-10-05 Published:2013-03-12 Published online:2013-01-04
  • Contact: 杨建昌, E-mail: jcyang@yzu.edu.cn; Tel: 0514-87979317

摘要:

2个小麦品种和2个水稻品种为材料,大田种植,稻麦连作,重复2, 设置超高产栽培和当地高产栽培两种栽培模式,旨在探明超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累特征。超高产栽培中,采用实地氮肥管理及水稻轻干湿交替灌溉和小麦控制土壤水分灌溉等关键技术。与当地高产栽培(小麦产量< 8 t hm-2,水稻产量< 10 t hm-2)相比,超高产栽培(小麦产量> 9 t hm-2,水稻产量> 12 t hm-2)小麦和水稻的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)总吸收量显著增加,并表现为拔节前的吸收和积累量显著降低,拔节至开花、开花至成熟的吸收积累量显著提高。超高产栽培的NPK的总吸收量,小麦分别为26558256 kg hm-2,水稻分别为25679321 kg hm-2。上述3种元素于生育中后期(拔节至成熟)的吸收量占总吸收量的比例,小麦为50%~60%,水稻为60%~-70%。超高产栽培显著提高了NPK偏生产力(产量/NPK施用量)、养分吸收的养分籽粒生产率(籽粒产量/成熟期植株NPK吸收量)和养分收获指数(籽粒NPK吸收量/成熟期植株NPK吸收量),降低了生产单位籽粒产量的养分吸收量(成熟期植株NPK吸收量/籽粒产量)。本研究结果显示,超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累具有生育前期较低、生育中期和后期较高的特点,且养分吸收利用效率提高。

关键词: 超高产栽培, 养分吸收, 实地氮肥管理, 轻干湿交替灌溉, 控制土壤水分

Abstract:

Understandingcharacteristics of nutrient uptake and accumulation in plants would be highly significant in the realization of high-yielding and high efficiency of resource use in rice and wheat. This study aimed at investigating uptake and accumulation characteristics of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) in rice and wheat plants under super-high-yielding cultivation in the wheat-rice planting system in the lower reaches of Yangtze River of China. Two high-yielding wheat varieties and two rice varieties were field-grown for two years. Two cultivation patterns, the local farmers’ practice and super-high-yielding cultivation, were used. The super-high-yielding cultivation adopted two new key techniques, i.e., site-specific nitrogen management and alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation in rice and controlled soil drying irrigation in wheat. In comparison with those under the local farmers’ practice (wheat yield < 8 t ha-1 and rice yield < 9 t ha-1), the total uptake of N, P, or K in plants was significantly increased, and the accumulation of N, P, or K was significantly decreased before stem elongation, whereas it was significantly increased in the durations from the stem elongation to flowering and from flowering to maturity under the super-high-yielding cultivation (wheat yield > 9 t ha-1 and rice yield > 12 t ha-1). The total uptake of N, P, and K under the super-high-yielding cultivation was 265, 58, and 256 kg ha-1 for wheat and 256, 79, and 321 kg ha-1 for rice, respectively. The proportion of N, P, or K accumulated in plants during the mid and late growth period (from stem elongation to maturity) to the total uptake of nutrients was 50–60% for wheat and 60–70% for rice. The super-high-yielding cultivation significantly increased partial factor productivity of N, P, or K (grain yield/the amount of N, P, or K applied), internal nutrient efficiency (grain yield/the total uptake of N, P, or K at maturity), and harvest index of nutrients (uptake N, P, or K in grains/ the total uptake of N, P, or K in plants at maturity), and significantly decreased the absorption amount of nutrients for grain production (the total uptake of N, P, or K in plants at maturity/grain yield). The results suggest that both wheat and rice absorb relatively smaller nutrients at early growth stages and more nutrients during the mid and late growth period, and the uptake and use efficiency of nutrients could be increased under the super-high-yielding cultivation.

Key words: Super-high-yielding cultivation, Nutrient uptake, Site-specific nitrogen management, Alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation, Controlled soil drying

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