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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (05): 737-749.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00737

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同氮效率玉米品种对土壤硝态氮时空分布及农田氮素平衡的影响

屈佳伟(), 高聚林*(), 于晓芳, 王志刚, 胡树平, 孙继颖, 苏治军, 谢岷, 青格尔   

  1. 内蒙古农业大学, 内蒙古呼和浩特 010019
  • 收稿日期:2017-05-03 接受日期:2018-01-08 出版日期:2018-05-20 网络出版日期:2018-01-30
  • 通讯作者: 高聚林
  • 作者简介:

    第一作者联系方式: E-mail: nmqujiawei@163.com

  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31260300), 国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD07B04), 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-63), 华北黄土高原地区作物栽培科学观测实验站(25204120)和国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0300800)资助

Effects of Maize Varieties with Different Nitrogen Efficiencies on Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Soil Nitrate and Field Nitrogen Balance

Jia-Wei QU(), Ju-Lin GAO*(), Xiao-Fang YU, Zhi-Gang WANG, Shu-Ping HU, Ji-Ying SUN, Zhi-Jun SU, Min XIE, Ge-Er QING   

  1. Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, Inner Mongolia, China
  • Received:2017-05-03 Accepted:2018-01-08 Published:2018-05-20 Published online:2018-01-30
  • Contact: Ju-Lin GAO
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (31260300), the National Science and Technology Project of Food Production of China (2013BAD07B04), the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-02-63), the Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation Scientific Observation in North China Loess Plateau (25204120), and the National Key Research and Development Project (2017YFD0300800).

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摘要：

阐明不同氮效率玉米品种对土壤硝态氮时空分布及农田氮素平衡的影响, 是挖掘品种氮素高效利用的生物学潜力, 提高氮素供应与作物需求的匹配度, 进而提高氮肥利用效率的重要途径。本研究以氮高效玉米品种郑单958、金山27和氮低效玉米品种蒙农2133、内单314、四单19为材料, 在不同施氮量下(0、300和450 kg hm-2), 系统研究了不同氮效率玉米品种对土壤硝态氮时空分布、农田氮素平衡的影响, 并分析了植株氮积累量与土壤硝态氮累积量的关系。结果表明, 不同施氮水平下, 氮高效品种的产量、氮素吸收效率、氮肥利用率都显著高于氮低效品种; 相关分析表明植株氮素积累量与土壤硝态氮累积量呈显著负相关。从土壤硝态氮时空分布来看, 随生育进程, 土壤硝态氮含量最大土层逐渐下移, 下移速率不受品种氮效率影响, 其年际间差异与降雨量差异显著相关; 但吐丝后氮高效品种的60~100 cm土壤剖面内硝态氮含量显著低于氮低效品种, 差异达显著水平; 收获后土壤硝态氮残留量则表现为氮低效品种显著高于氮高效品种, 且随施氮量的增加显著增加。从农田氮素平衡来看, 品种的氮效率显著影响农田土壤氮素残留及表观损失, 氮低效品种的农田氮素表观损失是氮高效品种的2.2倍(300 kg hm-2)和1.5倍(450 kg hm-2), 且年际间差异较大。因此, 不同氮效率品种通过对氮素的差异性吸收显著影响农田氮素平衡。选用氮高效品种可显著降低土壤中硝态氮残留和表观损失, 降低氮素淋溶风险, 是提高氮肥利用率的有效途径。

关键词: 玉米, 品种, 氮效率, 土壤硝态氮, 农田氮素表观平衡

Abstract:

Studying effects caused by maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies on nitrate content in soil and nitrogen balance in filed is quite important for excavating high nitrogen efficiency biological potential of maize varieties, coordinating nitrate supply with plant requirement, and improving the nitrogen utilization efficiency. In this study, high nitrogen efficiency maize varieties ZD958, JS27 and low nitrogen efficiency maize varieties MN2133, ND314, and SD19 were separately used to systematically study the effects on nitrate spatial and temporal distribution in soil and nitrogen balance, as well as relationship between plant nitrogen uptake and soil nitrate accumulation. Compared with low nitrogen efficiency maize varieties, the high nitrogen efficiency varieties had higher yield, higher nitrogen absorption and use efficiency in all the nitrogen treatments (0, 300, and 450 kg ha-1). According to the correlation analysis, significant negative correlation was shown between the plant nitrogen accumulation and nitrate accumulation in soil. The temporal and the spatial distribution of nitrate in soil were also analyzed, showing that the soil layer with maximum nitrate content moved toward lower gradually in the process of maize growth. The move rate of the soil layer was independent of maize varieties, but largely correlated with the precipitation. However, after silking stage the nitrate content in 60-100 centimeter layer of soil was significantly lower in high nitrogen efficiency varieties than in low nitrogen efficiency varieties. After harvest, the nitrate residual in soil was significantly higher in low nitrogen efficiency varieties compared with high nitrogen efficiency varieties. Moreover, the nitrate residual amount was largely increased with increasing nitrate application. In the aspect of nitrate balance, the nitrogen efficiency of maize significantly affected filed nitrate residue and apparent lost. The apparent nitrate lost in field in low nitrogen efficiency varieties was 2.2 (300 kg ha-1) and 1.5 times (450 kg ha-1) as high as that in high nitrogen efficiency varieties, and had much more difference among different years. Therefore, different nitrogen efficiency varieties affected N-balance in filed via nitrate absorption. Choosing high nitrogen efficiency varieties can decrease nitrate content in soil, apparent lost in field, and nitrogen leaching risk, which is an effective way to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency.

Key words: maize, variety, nitrogen efficiency, soil nitrate, field nitrogen apparent balance

图1

2012年和2013年玉米全生育期日降雨量、日平均气温和太阳辐射"

表1

不同氮效率玉米品种产量、氮素吸收效率和氮肥利用率"

年份Year 品种
Variety		 施氮处理
Nitrogen treatment		 产量
Yield (t hm-2)		 氮素吸收效率
NUpE (kg kg-1)		 氮肥利用率NRE (%) 氮肥农学效率NAE (kg kg-1)
2012 郑单958 ZD958 0 N 10.48 b 3.22 a
300N 13.23 a 1.10 b 39.12 a 9.14 a
450N 13.33 a 0.96 b 43.06 a 6.33 b
金山27
JS27		 0 N 9.85 c 3.15 a
300N 11.63 b 1.08 b 37.24 b 5.93 b
450N 12.86 a 1.02 b 53.16 a 6.70 a
蒙农2133 MN2133 0 N 8.32 b 2.24 a
300N 9.95 a 0.82 b 32.67 a 5.43 b
450N 10.60 a 0.74 b 40.25 a 7.59 a
内单314 ND314 0 N 7.34 c 2.28 a
300N 8.65 b 0.85 b 33.42 a 4.39 b
450N 10.30 a 0.69 c 36.64 a 9.88 a
变异来源Source of variation
品种 Variety (V) ** ** ** ns
施氮处理Nitrogen treatment (NT) ** ** ** ns
品种×施氮处理V×NT ns ** ** ns
2013 郑单958 ZD958 0 N 10.56 b 2.56 a
300N 13.36 a 0.86 b 43.29 a 9.33 a
450N 14.13 a 0.75 b 45.34 a 7.93 b
内单314 ND314 0 N 8.46 c 2.05 a
300N 10.86 b 0.61 b 25.03 a 7.99 b
450N 12.83 a 0.56 b 30.69 a 9.71 a
四单19
SD19		 0 N 8.84 b 2.03 a
300N 11.43 a 0.71 b 24.21 a 8.63 a
450N 12.16 a 0.58 c 33.45 a 7.37 a
变异来源Source of variation
品种 Variety (V) ** ** ** ns
施氮处理Nitrogen treatment (NT) ** ** * ns
品种×施氮处理V×NT ns * ns ns

图2

2012年大喇叭口期不同氮效率玉米品种土壤硝态氮含量的空间分布 X轴零点代表植株位置, 左右两边坐标表示与植株的距离, 最大值(25)表示1/2行距, Y轴表示土层深度, 每一个数据都对应一个空间坐标的小土块的土壤硝态氮含量, 颜色越深说明土壤硝态氮含量越大。处理同表1。"

图3

2012年吐丝期不同氮效率玉米品种土壤硝态氮含量的空间分布缩写同表1; 坐标轴说明同图2。"

图4

2012年吐丝期(上)、乳熟期(中)、成熟期(下)土壤硝态氮含量的时空变化缩写同表1。"

图5

2013年吐丝期(上)、乳熟期(中)、成熟期(下)土壤硝态氮含量的时空变化缩写同表1。"

图6

不同氮效率玉米品种收获后土壤硝态氮累积量(2012年和2013年) 缩写同表1。"

图7

不同氮效率品种土壤硝态氮累积量与植株氮素积累量的变化(2012年和2013年) 缩写同表1。"

图8

土壤硝态氮累积量与植株氮素积累量的相关性分析缩写同表1。"

表2

土壤氮素农田表观平衡"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 氮投入 N impute 氮输出N output
施氮量
Nitrogen
rate		 播前
Nmin before
seeding		 矿化氮
Mineral
N		 总输入
Total
N		 作物携出
Crop
bring		 土壤硝态氮残留
Soil nitrate
residual		 表观损失
Surface
loss		 氮盈余
N
surplus
2012
HNE 0 N 0 344.40 150.01 494.41 334.45 c 159.96 b 0 159.96 c
300N 300 344.40 150.01 794.34 460.85 b 318.28 a 15.21 b 333.49 b
450N 450 344.40 150.01 944.34 514.29 a 343.26 a 86.79 a 430.05 a
LNE 0 N 0 344.40 146.34 490.73 237.02 c 253.71 b 0 253.71 c
300N 300 344.40 146.34 793.57 337.48 b 412.07 a 44.02 b 456.09 b
450N 450 344.40 146.34 943.57 379.13 a 429.03 a 135.41 a 564.44 a
2013
HNE 0 N 0 262.50 25.98 288.48 192.13 c 96.35 b 0 96.35 c
300N 300 262.50 25.98 588.48 322.01 b 150.19 a 116.29 b 266.47 b
450N 450 262.50 25.98 738.48 396.15 a 172.66 a 169.66 a 342.33 a
LNE 0 N 0 262.50 26.46 288.96 153.76 c 135.20 b 0 135.20 c
300N 300 262.50 26.46 588.96 228.85 b 183.62 a 176.49 b 360.11 b
450N 450 262.50 26.46 738.96 291.86 a 201.30 a 245.81 a 447.11 a

图9

不同氮效率玉米品种收获后土壤氨态氮累积量(2012年和2013年) 缩写同表1。"

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