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作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (6): 902-913.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.93053

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

条带耕作错位种植对灌区春玉米产量形成与冠根特征的影响

张玉芹1,杨恒山1,*(),李从锋2,赵明2,罗方1,张瑞富1   

  1. 1内蒙古民族大学农学院, 内蒙古通辽 028042
    2中国农业科学院作物科学研究所, 北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2019-09-23 接受日期:2020-01-15 出版日期:2020-06-12 网络出版日期:2020-01-24
  • 通讯作者: 杨恒山
  • 作者简介:E-mail: zhyq369@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0201806);国家自然科学基金项目(31960382)

Effects of strip-till with staggered planting on yield formation and shoot-root characteristics of spring maize in irrigation area of Xiliaohe plain

ZHANG Yu-Qin1,YANG Heng-Shan1,*(),LI Cong-Feng2,ZHAO Ming2,LUO Fang1,ZHANG Rui-Fu1   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao 028042, Inner Mongolia, China
    2Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2019-09-23 Accepted:2020-01-15 Published:2020-06-12 Published online:2020-01-24
  • Contact: Heng-Shan YANG
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0201806);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31960382)

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摘要：

2017年和2018年在内蒙古通辽市科尔沁区农业高新科技示范园区, 以农华101为供试材料, 采用条带耕作错位种植(苗带耕作, 15 cm+45 cm小双行错位播种, TGCW)和等行常规种植(旋耕, 60 cm等行距, CK)两种模式, 6.75万株 hm -2、8.25万株 hm -2、9.75万株 hm -23个种植密度, 研究条带耕作错位种植模式对西辽河平原灌区春玉米冠根协调特征及产量形成的调控效应。结果表明, 相比于等行距常规种植, 条带耕作错位种植的产量显著提高, 其中8.25万株 hm -2增幅最明显, 2017年和2018年分别提高13.1%和13.8%, 该模式吐丝后干物质积累量及积累率具有明显优势, 较强的物质积累明显延缓了生育后期叶片衰老, 同时穗位上和穗位层透光率显著提高, 生育后期叶面积指数、净光合速率和群体光合势均显著高于CK。该模式生育后期各土层植株根干重显著高于CK, 高密度下更为明显, 且20~60 cm根系占比高, 吐丝期单位根重获得的籽粒产量和成熟期根冠比均具有明显优势。该模式的这些优点是促成西辽河平原灌区春玉米增产的主要原因之一。

关键词: 春玉米, 苗带条耕错位种植, 产量, 根冠特征

Abstract:

A field research was conducted in the Agricultural High-tech Demonstration Park in Horqin District of Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, using the maize variety Nonghua 101 with two cropping modes, including strip-till with staggered planting (seeding strip tillage, 15 cm + 45 cm narrow-double row staggered sowing, TGCW) and conventional tillage with equal row space (rotary tillage with row space of 60 cm, CK), and three planting densities (67,500 plants hm -2, 82,500 plants hm -2, and 97,500 plants hm -2) in 2017 and 2018 to study the effect of strip-till with staggered planting on regulating spring maize yield formation and coordination characteristics of shoot-root in irrigation areas of Xiliao river plain. The model of that strip-till with staggered planting enhanced maize yield by 13.1% and 13.8% in 2017 and 2018, under the planting density 82,500 plants hm -2 compared with CK, respectively. The strip-till with staggered planting showed a distinct advantage on the amount and rate of dry matter accumulation after silking, which obviously delayed the senility of leaves in later growth stage, meanwhile, compared with CK, the light transmittance significantly increased in or above panicle layers. The leaf area index, net photosynthetic rate and population photosynthetic potential in the model of strip-till with staggered planting were higher than those in CK in late growth stage. At later growing stage, the strip-till with staggered planting had significantly higher root dry weight than CK in different soil layers, with the highest root ratio in 20-60 cm, especially under higher planting density. The grain yield against per unit of root weight at silking and root-shoot ratio at maturity had a distinct advantage. In conclusion the strip-till with staggered planting combined with high planting density can increase light transmission rate in above-spike layer in late growing stage, alleviate leaf area decline, increase production capacity, facilitate root growth and increase root ratio in deeper soil layers. Shoot-root coordination under dense planting is one of the main reasons facilitating yield increase of spring maize in irrigation areas of Xiliao river plain.

Key words: spring maize, strip-till with staggered cultivation, maize yield, crown-root characteristics

图1

不同种植模式示意图和苗期田间照片"

表1

不同种植模式下春玉米产量及其构成因素"

年份
Year		 种植密度
Plant density
(×104 ear hm-2)		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 有效穗数
Effective spike
(×104 ear hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernels per
spike		 千粒重
1000-kernel
weight (g)		 实测产量
Yield
(t hm-2)
2017 6.75 TGCW 6.31 c 554.00 a 397.67 a 11.25 c
CK 6.27 c 522.33 b 386.00 ab 10.56 c
8.25 TGCW 7.62 b 506.33 bc 375.00 abc 12.87 b
CK 7.52 b 486.67 d 356.33 bc 11.38 c
9.75 TGCW 9.02 a 463.00 d 354.67 bc 13.82 a
CK 8.95 a 433.67 e 347.00 c 12.43 b
2018 6.75 TGCW 6.12 c 583.67 a 415.33 a 13.78 b
CK 5.97 c 560.00 b 403.00 ab 12.84 c
8.25 TGCW 7.65 b 554.00 b 386.67 bc 14.76 a
CK 7.71 b 529.33 c 371.00 bc 12.97 c
9.75 TGCW 9.12 a 516.00 c 367.00 cd 15.34 a
CK 9.03 a 485.67 d 355.33 d 13.87 b

表2

不同种植模式下春玉米产量及其构成的方差分析"

年份
Year		 差异源
Source of difference		 产量
Yield		 穗粒数
Kernels per spike		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight
F P F P F P
2017 密度Density (D) 41.466** 0.0021 41.318** 0.0234 70.16* 0.0140
种植方式Planting patterns (T) 24.614** 0.0025 49.993** 0.0010 5.37 0.1571
密度×种植方式D×T 1.113 0.3881 0.127 0.8823 0.48 0.6394
2018 密度Density (D) 25.098** 0.0054 16.048** 0.0076 95.84* 0.0103
种植方式Planting patterns (T) 74.245** 0.0001 92.866** 0.0010 11.60 0.0794
密度×种植方式D×T 3.604 0.0938 0.977 0.4172 1.031 0.3916

表3

不同种植模式下春玉米吐丝前、后干物质积累量及积累率"

年份
Year		 种植密度
Plant density
(×104 plants hm-2)		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 吐丝前 Before silking 吐丝后 After silking
积累量
Dry matter
accumulation (t hm-2)		 积累率
Accumulation
rate (%)		 积累量
Dry matter
accumulation (t hm-2)		 积累率
Accumulation
rate (%)
2017 6.75 TGCW 10.85 d 48.62 11.46 b 51.38
CK 10.89 d 50.31 10.76 c 49.69
8.25 TGCW 12.81 b 51.10 12.25 a 48.90
CK 12.43 c 51.19 11.85 b 48.81
9.75 TGCW 13.73 a 52.15 12.60 a 47.85
CK 13.33 b 53.60 11.54 b 46.40
2018 6.75 TGCW 11.94 d 48.46 12.90 c 51.54
CK 11.23 d 47.45 12.44 c 52.55
8.25 TGCW 13.82 c 49.02 14.37 b 50.98
CK 13.15 c 50.44 12.92 c 49.56
9.75 TGCW 15.09 a 49.89 15.15 a 50.11
CK 14.60 b 51.39 13.80 b 48.61

表4

不同种植模式下春玉米叶源特性"

年份
Year		 种植密度
Plant density
(×104 plants hm-2)		 种植模式
Planting
pattern		 叶面积指数
LAI		 净光合速率
NPR (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1)		 群体光合势
LAD (m2 d hm-2)
吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 吐丝期-乳熟期
Silking-milking		 乳熟期-完熟期
Milking-maturity
2017 6.75 TGCW 4.89 c 4.59 d 32.48 a 30.22 ab 151.68 d 104.94 e
CK 4.71 c 4.18 e 29.72 ab 28.27 b 142.24 d 92.73 f
8.25 TGCW 6.87 b 6.23 b 28.57 b 25.38 c 209.60 c 138.27 c
CK 6.71 b 5.76 c 31.78 a 29.19 a 199.52 c 124.91 d
9.75 TGCW 7.91 a 7.03 a 30.33 a 27.11 b 239.04 a 162.86 a
CK 7.60 a 6.46 b 29.36 a 25.04 c 224.96 b 143.88 b
2018 6.75 TGCW 5.30 c 5.01 e 23.32 a 20.71 b 164.95 d 120.49 e
CK 5.19 c 4.70 f 21.52 ab 18.75 c 158.25 d 112.38 e
吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 吐丝期-乳熟期
Silking-milking		 乳熟期-完熟期
Milking-maturity
8.25 TGCW 6.56 b 6.01 c 19.32 bc 16.97 d 201.17 c 146.54 c
CK 6.38 b 5.56 d 23.43 a 21.62 b 191.05 c 133.99 d
9.75 TGCW 8.07 a 7.21 a 23.63 a 19.61 c 244.63 a 175.97 a
CK 7.81 a 6.70 b 21.37 b 17.02 d 232.16 b 160.24 b

图2

不同种植模式下春玉米不同层位透光率 图中不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理在0.05水平差异显著; SWS: 穗位上; SWC: 穗位层; SWX: 穗位下。"

表5

不同种植模式下不同土层春玉米根干重"

土层深度
Siol depth
(cm)		 种植密度
Plant density
(×104 plants hm-2)		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 2017 2018
吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 完熟期
Maturity		 吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 完熟期
Maturity
0-20 6.75 TGCW 23.35 a 21.02 a 18.39 a 24.42 a 20.93 a 19.53 a
CK 23.58 a 20.37 b 16.49 b 23.79 a 20.16 a 17.68 b
8.25 TGCW 19.37 b 17.94 c 14.82 c 20.36 b 18.13 b 15.49 c
CK 19.58 b 16.81 d 13.59 d 19.71 b 17.05 c 14.06 d
9.75 TGCW 17.24 c 15.85 e 11.75 e 17.92 c 15.94 d 12.25 e
CK 17.58 c 14.92 f 10.34 f 17.56 c 14.57 e 11.01 f
F值
F-value		 密度Density (D) 40.21** 167.66** 105.67** 605.89** 318.40** 460.93**
种植方式Planting patterns (T) 7.99 10.87* 15.82** 26.82 44.73* 61.18*
密度×种植方式D×T 0.23 1.05 2.94 0.51 0.40 1.48
20-40 6.75 TGCW 1.31 a 1.13 a 0.78 a 1.44 a 1.16 a 0.88 a
CK 1.01 bc 0.81 c 0.56 c 1.19 bc 1.09 b 0.63 bc
8.25 TGCW 1.25 a 0.97 b 0.68 bc 1.29 b 1.06 b 0.80 a
CK 0.91 c 0.73 d 0.46 d 0.96 d 0.85 c 0.50 d
9.75 TGCW 1.18 b 0.77 cd 0.57 c 1.13 c 0.77 d 0.56 cd
CK 0.75 d 0.52 e 0.35 e 0.88 d 0.63 e 0.37 e
F值
F-value		 密度Density (D) 13.03* 55.24* 62.32** 39.12** 47.15** 31.43*
种植方式Planting patterns (T) 116.25** 112.83** 195.80** 80.05** 14.66* 64.17**
密度×种植方式D×T 1.15 0.68 0.02 0.47 4.52 3.78
40-60 6.75 TGCW 0.75 a 0.73 a 0.48 a 0.72 a 0.76 a 0.56 a
CK 0.58 b 0.61 b 0.35 b 0.53 c 0.64 b 0.44 b
8.25 TGCW 0.53 bc 0.46 c 0.31 b 0.61 bc 0.52 c 0.36 c
CK 0.38 d 0.38 d 0.23 c 0.44 de 0.34 e 0.25 d
9.75 TGCW 0.47 c 0.43 c 0.26 c 0.51 cd 0.42 d 0.32 d
CK 0.31 d 0.26 e 0.18 d 0.39 e 0.31 e 0.23 e
F值
F-value		 密度Density (D) 322.43** 45.07** 207.30** 56.75** 241.38** 280.65**
种植方式Planting patterns (T) 318.15** 19.00* 141.69** 134.36** 106.93** 160.60*
密度×种植方式D×T 1.43 4.21 4.62 1.80 2.87 0.52

表6

不同种植模式下不同土层深度春玉米根分布比例"

土层深度
Soil depth
(cm)		 种植密度
Plant density
(×104 plants hm-2)		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 2017 2018
吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 完熟期
Maturity		 吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 完熟期
Maturity
0-20 6.75 TGCW 91.89 91.87 93.59 91.87 91.60 93.13
CK 93.68 93.48 94.77 93.26 92.10 94.29
8.25 TGCW 91.58 92.62 93.74 91.46 91.94 93.03
CK 93.82 93.84 95.17 93.37 93.48 94.94
9.75 TGCW 91.27 92.96 93.40 91.62 93.05 93.30
CK 94.31 95.03 95.12 93.26 93.94 94.83
20-40 6.75 TGCW 5.16 4.94 3.97 5.42 5.08 4.20
CK 4.01 3.72 3.22 4.66 4.98 3.36
8.25 TGCW 5.91 5.01 4.30 5.80 5.41 4.80
CK 4.36 4.05 3.22 4.55 4.66 3.38
9.75 TGCW 6.25 4.52 4.53 5.78 4.50 4.27
CK 4.02 3.31 3.22 4.67 4.06 3.19
40-60 6.75 TGCW 2.95 3.19 2.44 2.71 3.33 2.67
CK 2.30 2.80 2.01 2.08 2.92 2.35
8.25 TGCW 2.51 2.37 1.96 2.74 2.65 2.16
CK 1.82 2.11 1.61 2.08 1.86 1.69
9.75 TGCW 2.49 2.52 2.07 2.61 2.45 2.44
CK 1.66 1.66 1.66 2.07 2.00 1.98

图3

不同种植模式下春玉米根冠比及单位根重获得的籽粒产量"

图4

不同种植方式下根冠生物量与籽粒产量的相关性 a、c为吐丝前, b、d为吐丝后。a, c for before silking; b, d for after silking. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. "

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