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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (12): 2522-2531.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.01101

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    下一篇

大麦-双季稻轮作体系有机物料与化肥配施对大麦资源利用效率及产量的影响

张帆*(), 杨茜   

  1. 湖南省土壤肥料研究所, 湖南长沙 410125
  • 收稿日期:2020-12-23 接受日期:2021-04-14 出版日期:2021-12-12 网络出版日期:2021-06-17
  • 通讯作者: 张帆
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300208)

Effects of combined application of organic materials and chemical fertilizers in barley-double cropping rice rotation system on barley resource utilization efficiency and yield

ZHANG Fan*(), YANG Qian   

  1. Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
  • Received:2020-12-23 Accepted:2021-04-14 Published:2021-12-12 Published online:2021-06-17
  • Contact: ZHANG Fan
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300208)

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摘要：

大麦(Hordaum vulgar L.)-双季稻轮作是长江中游典型的三熟种植制度。以开展34年的长期定位试验为平台, 研究大麦-双季稻轮作模式里不同有机物料与化肥配施对冬季作物大麦光热水资源利用率、氮磷钾养分资源利用率及产量的影响, 以期为资源高效利用与大麦稳产增效的大麦-双季稻轮作模式施肥管理提供理论依据和数据支撑。结果表明: (1) 有机肥氮替代60%化学氮处理(NPK+HOM)的光能生产效率、积温生产效率、水分生产效率比化肥氮磷钾+水稻秸秆处理(NPK+straw)分别提高了0.04 g MJ-1、0.28 kg ℃-1 d-1 hm-2、0.08 kg m-3, 增幅分别为10.5%、9.4%、9.6% (P<0.05); (2) 有机肥氮替代30%化学氮处理(NPK+LOM) N、P、K养分偏生产力比NPK+straw处理分别提高了22.5%、23.4%、23.5% (P<0.05), K素收获指数较NPK+straw处理提高了36.7% (P<0.05), 而NPK+LOM和NPK+HOM处理的NPK养分偏生产力和N素收获指数差异不显著; (3) 大麦产量的稳定性与可持续性分析表明, NPK+straw处理有利于大麦稳产; (4) NPK+HOM处理能提高土壤肥力。综合来看, NPK+HOM处理在大麦光热水资源利用率和土壤培肥上优于其他施肥结构; NPK+LOM处理在大麦NPK养分资源利用率上优于其他施肥结构; NPK+LOM和NPK+HOM处理均能提高大麦产量。对大麦-双季稻轮作模式, 秸秆还田结合有机肥与化肥配施调控大麦资源利用率与产量的协同提高是今后重要研究任务之一。

关键词: 大麦, 大麦-双季稻轮作, 有机物料与化肥配施, 资源利用效率, 产量

Abstract:

Barley-double cropping rice rotation is a typical cropping system in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. Based on a 34-year long-term experiment, the effects of combined application of organic materials and chemical fertilizers reduction in barley-double cropping rice rotation system on utilization efficiency of solar radiation, GDD (growing degree days), and water resources, use efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium resources, and yield of barley were studied. The objective of this study is to provide the theoretical basis and data support for the fertilization management of barley-double cropping rice rotation system with efficient utilization of resources and stable yield and efficiency in barley. In this study, four fertilization treatments in the long-term positioning experiment were selected, including NPK chemical fertilizer treatment (NPK), NPK chemical fertilizer combined with rice straw treatment (NPK+straw), organic fertilizer nitrogen replacement 30% chemical nitrogen treatment (NPK+LOM), and organic fertilizer nitrogen replacement 60% chemical nitrogen treatment (NPK+HOM). To ensure that the N, P2O5 and K2O application rates of the fertilization treatments in the barley season and early rice season and late rice season, each treatment was based on the equal amount of nitrogen, and the insufficient nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers were supplemented with chemical fertilizers. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with NPK + straw treatment, radiation productive efficiency, accumulated heat productive efficiency, water productive efficiency of NPK+HOM treatment were significantly increased by 0.04 g MJ-1, 0.28 kg ℃-1 d-1 hm-2, 0.08 kg m-3, and the increase amplitude was 10.5%, 9.4%, and 9.6% (P < 0.05), respectively. (2) Compared with NPK+straw treatment, the partial productivity of N, P, and K in NPK+LOM treatment increased by 22.5%, 23.4%, and 23.5%, respectively (P < 0.05), and K harvest index increased by 36.7% (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference of the NPK nutrient partial productivity and N harvest index between NPK+LOM and NPK+HOM treatments; (3) The analysis of stability and sustainability of barley yield indicated that NPK+straw treatment was beneficial to stable yield in barley; (4) The NPK+HOM treatment could improve soil fertility. On the whole, NPK+HOM treatment was superior to other fertilization structures in terms of the utilization of light and hot water resources and soil fertilization in barley; NPK+LOM treatment was better than other fertilization structures in the utilization of NPK nutrient resource in barley; Both NPK+LOM and NPK+HOM treatments could increase the yield of barley. Regarding the barley-double-cropping rice rotation model, combining straw to the field combined with organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizers to regulate the synergistic improvement of barley resource utilization and yield was one of the important research tasks in the future.

Key words: barley, barley-double cropping rice rotation system, combination of chemical fertilizer and organic materials, resource utilization efficiency, yield

表1

大麦-双季稻轮作有机物料与化肥配施对大麦籽粒和秸秆生物量及其NPK养分含量的影响"

处理
Treatment		 大麦籽粒Barley grain 大麦秸秆Barley straw 大麦地上部分
生物量
Barley above-ground biomass
(kg hm-2)
生物量
Biomass
(kg hm-2)		 全N
Total N
(g kg-1)		 全P
Total P
(g kg-1)		 全K
Total K
(g kg-1)		 生物量
Biomass
(kg hm-2)		 全N
Total N
(g kg-1)		 全P
Total P
(g kg-1)		 全K
Total K
(g kg-1)
NPK 1585±9 b 18.37±0.12 c 1.87±0.05 b 5.07±0.36 a 4495±262 a 6.85±0.33 c 0.52±0.01 c 10.45±0.31 a 6080±264 ab
NPK+straw 1670±14 b 17.20±0.20 d 1.76±0.08 b 4.88±0.16 a 4315±92 a 6.47±0.38 c 0.54±0.05 c 9.08±0.22 c 5915±87 b
NPK+LOM 1975±136 a 21.70±0.36 a 4.35±0.13 a 5.46±0.60 a 4295±116 a 9.87±0.75 a 2.03±0.02 b 8.51±0.02 d 6270±252 ab
NPK+HOM 1820±23 a 20.50±0.10 b 4.36±0.07 a 5.26±0.34 a 4655±205 a 8.13±0.46 b 2.54±0.06 a 9.60±0.21 b 6475±186 a

表2

大麦-双季稻轮作有机物料与化肥配施对大麦光热水资源利用率的影响"

处理
Treatment		 光能生产效率
Radiation production
efficiency (g MJ-1)		 光能利用率
Radiation use
efficiency (%)		 积温(≥0℃)生产效率
GDD production efficiency
(kg ℃-1 d-1 hm-2)		 水分生产效率
Water production
efficiency (kg m-3)
NPK 0.39±0.02 b 0.57±0.02 b 3.05±0.13 ab 0.85±0.04 ab
NPK+straw 0.38±0.01 b 0.55±0.01 b 2.97±0.04 b 0.83±0.01 b
NPK+LOM 0.40±0.00 b 0.59±0.03 ab 3.15±0.13 ab 0.88±0.04 ab
NPK+HOM 0.42±0.01 a 0.60±0.02 a 3.25±0.09 a 0.91±0.03 a

表3

大麦-双季稻轮作有机物料与化肥配施对大麦NPK利用率的影响"

处理
Treatment		 大麦籽粒养分积累
Nutrient accumulation in barley grain
(kg hm-2)		 偏生产力
Partial factor productivity
(kg kg-1)		 收获指数
Harvest index
(%)
N P K N P K N P K
NPK 29.11±0.29 c 2.97±0.09 b 8.04±0.61 b 10.1±0.1 b 84.0±0.5 b 23.6±0.1 b 48.6±0.1 a 56.1±0.8 a 14.6±1.1 c
NPK+straw 27.53±2.20 c 2.82±0.10 b 7.81±0.64 b 10.2±0.7 b 84.8±6.0 b 23.8±1.7 b 49.6±1.8 a 54.6±1.4 a 16.6±0.9 bc
NPK+LOM 42.89±3.45 a 8.61±0.86 a 10.76±1.08 a 12.5±0.9 a 104.7±7.2 a 29.4±2.0 a 50.3±1.9 a 49.6±1.6 b 22.7±1.4 a
NPK+HOM 37.31±0.29 b 7.94±0.19 a 9.57±0.61 a 11.6±0.1 a 96.5±1.2 a 27.1±0.3 a 49.7±2.0 a 40.2±1.3 c 17.6±1.1 b

图1

大麦-双季稻轮作有机物料与化肥配施对大麦的产量效应 缩写同表1。"

图2

大麦-双季稻轮作有机物料与化肥配施大麦产量可持续指数(SYI)与变异系数(CV) 缩写同表1。"

表4

大麦-双季稻轮作有机物料与化肥配施对土壤化学性质的影响"

处理
Treatment		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 全磷
Total P
(g kg-1)		 全钾
Total K
(g kg-1)		 速效氮
Available N
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
NPK 6.12 33.5 1.87 0.45 20.0 172.2 2.9 41.2
NPK+straw 6.35 33.9 2.08 0.72 20.6 185.0 5.7 54.3
NPK+LOM 5.95 38.5 2.29 0.70 20.1 198.1 5.1 57.1
NPK+HOM 6.18 49.4 2.97 1.86 19.7 303.0 10.3 69.3
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