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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (12): 2511-2521.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04279

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    下一篇

商品有机肥替代部分化肥对连作棉田土壤养分、棉花生长发育及产量的影响

卢合全(), 唐薇*(), 罗振, 孔祥强, 李振怀, 徐士振, 辛承松*()   

  1. 山东棉花研究中心 / 山东省棉花栽培生理重点实验室, 山东济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2020-12-21 接受日期:2021-04-14 出版日期:2021-12-12 网络出版日期:2021-06-18
  • 通讯作者: 唐薇,辛承松
  • 作者简介:E-mail: hqlu780708@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    山东省重点研发计划项目(公益性科技公关)(2019GNC106134)

Effects of commercial organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer partially on soil nutrients, plant development, and yield in cotton

LU He-Quan(), TANG Wei*(), LUO Zhen, KONG Xiang-Qiang, LI Zhen-Huai, XU Shi-Zhen, XIN Cheng-Song*()   

  1. Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Shandong Key Laboratory for Cotton Culture and Physiology, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
  • Received:2020-12-21 Accepted:2021-04-14 Published:2021-12-12 Published online:2021-06-18
  • Contact: TANG Wei,XIN Cheng-Song
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (Public Welfare Science and Technology)(2019GNC106134)

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摘要：

研究商品有机肥替代部分化肥对连作棉田土壤养分变化、棉花生长发育及产量的影响, 探索有机肥替代部分化肥实现化肥减量增效的可行性, 为黄河流域棉区棉花科学施肥提供理论依据和技术支撑。2016—2018年在山东省临清市安排3年定位施肥试验, 以陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutium L.)品种K836为试验材料, 随机区组设计, 设置不施肥(NF)、化肥常规用量(NPK)、商品有机肥用量(COF)、化肥常规用量与商品有机肥用量配施(NPK+COF)、化肥常规用量的70%与商品有机肥用量配施(0.70NPK+COF)共5个处理。结果表明, 0.70NPK+COF处理较NF显著提高棉田土壤肥力、棉花干物质积累量、SPAD值和叶面积指数, 协调改善了棉花产量构成, 籽棉产量逐年增加9.63%、26.18%和59.96%。0.70NPK+COF处理较NPK提高棉田土壤有机质含量, 而土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、棉花干物质积累量、SPAD值、叶面积指数、籽棉产量和产量构成因素均无显著差异, 3年内0.70NPK+COF与NPK处理的籽棉产量均保持在一个相对稳定的产量水平(3976~4105 kg hm-2)。NPK+COF处理较NPK和0.70NPK+COF均增加土壤养分含量, 提高棉花叶绿素SPAD值和净光合速率, 但没有显著提高棉花产量。据此, 商品有机肥替代部分化肥(0.70NPK+COF)能够培肥连作棉田地力、促进棉花生长发育和持续高产稳产, 是一种节肥增效环保的施肥技术模式。

关键词: 棉花, 商品有机肥, 减施化肥, 土壤肥力, 生长发育, 产量

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of commercial organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer on soil nutrients, plant development, and yield in cotton, and to assess the feasibility of achieving stable yield by reducing chemical fertilizer, thus providing theoretical basis and technical support for scientific fertilization and soil nutrient improvement in Yellow River Basin. A three-year field experiment from 2016 to 2018 was carried out using variety K836 with five treatments including no fertilizer (NF), traditional chemical fertilizer (NPK), commercial organic fertilizer (COF), traditional chemical fertilizer plus commercial organic fertilizer (NPK+COF), and traditional chemical fertilizer reduction 30% plus commercial organic fertilizer (0.70NPK+COF) by a randomized blocks design at Linqing city of Shandong province. Results showed that 0.70NPK+COF increased soil nutrients, dry matter accumulation, leaf SPAD value, and LAI at different growth stages in cotton, and compared with NF, the yields were annually increased by 9.63%, 26.18%, and 59.96% during three years. Compared with NPK, 0.70NPK+COF increased soil organic matter, but there was no significant difference in alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus, and potassium contents of soil, dry matter accumulation, leaf SPAD value, LAI, yield and yield components between 0.70NPK+COF and NPK. Both 0.70NPK+COF and NPK had similar yield of 3976-4105 kg hm-2 from 2016 to 2018; COF+NPK increased soil organic matter, LAI, and leaf SPAD value, but there was not significantly increase in yield and yield components compared with NPK and 0.70NPK+COF. In conclusion, replacing partial chemical fertilizer with commercial organic fertilizer (0.70NPK+COF) was an economic, environmental, and feasible fertilization method for increasing soil nutrients, promoting cotton growth, maintaining high and stable yield.

Key words: cotton, commercial organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer reduction, soil fertility, growth and development, yield

表1

施肥处理及施用方式"

处理
Treatment		 肥料用量及施肥方式
Amounts and methods of fertilizer applications
NF 不施化肥, 也不施有机肥。No fertilizer.
NPK 基肥: 尿素(N 46%) 67.80 kg hm-2+复合肥(16-22-6) 442.50 kg hm-2+硫酸钾(K2O 50%) 54.90 kg hm-2; 见花时追肥: 尿素332.55 kg hm-2+硫酸钾162.00 kg hm-2。
Urea 67.80 kg hm-2, compound fertilizer 442.50 kg hm-2, and K2SO4 54.90 kg hm-2 were applied as basal fertilizer; urea 332.55 kg hm-2, and K2SO4 162.00 kg hm-2 were applied as topdressing when seeing first flower.
COF 基肥: 商品有机肥(有机质50%, N 2.0%、P2O5 1.5%、K2O 2.5%) 1200.00 kg hm-2。
Commercial organic fertilizer (organic matter 50%, N 2.0%, P2O5 1.5%, K2O 2.5%) 1200 kg hm-2 were applied as basal fertilizer.
NPK+COF 基肥: 尿素(N 46%) 67.80 kg hm-2+复合肥(16-22-6) 442.50 kg hm-2+硫酸钾(K2O 50%) 54.90 kg hm-2+商品有机肥(有机质50%, N 2.0%、P2O5 1.5%、K2O 2.5%) 1200.00 kg hm-2; 见花时追肥: 尿素332.55 kg hm-2+硫酸钾162.00 kg hm-2。
Urea (N 46%) 67.80 kg hm-2, compound fertilizer (16-22-6) 442.50 kg hm-2, K2SO4 (K2O 50%) 54.90 kg hm-2, and commercial organic fertilizer (organic matter 50%, N 2.0%, P2O5 1.5%, K2O 2.5%) 1200 kg hm-2 were applied as basal fertilizer; urea 332.55 kg hm-2 and K2SO4 162.00 kg hm-2 were applied as topdressing when seeing first flower.
0.70NPK+COF 基肥: 尿素(N 46%) 47.46 kg hm-2+复合肥(16-22-6) 309.75 kg hm-2+硫酸钾(K2O 50%) 38.43 kg hm-2+商品有机肥(有机质50%, N 2.0%、P2O5 1.5%、K2O 2.5%) 1200.00 kg hm-2; 见花时追肥: 尿素232.78 kg hm-2+硫酸钾113.40 kg hm-2。
Urea (N 46%) 47.46 kg hm-2, compound fertilizer (16-22-6) 309.75 kg hm-2, K2SO4 (K2O 50%) 38.43 kg hm-2, and commercial organic fertilizer (organic matter 50%, N 2.0%, P2O5 1.5%, K2O 2.5%) 1200 kg hm-2 were applied as basal fertilizer; urea 232.78 kg hm-2 and K2SO4 113.40 kg hm-2 were applied as topdressing when seeing first flower.

表2

2016-2018年商品有机肥替代部分化肥对0~20 cm土层土壤养分的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium
(mg kg-1)
2016 NF 11.14 b 36.00 b 24.71 b 103.00 b
NPK 11.18 b 43.55 a 28.61 a 120.11 a
COF 11.24 a 43.25 a 28.36 a 119.05 a
NPK+COF 11.26 a 43.65 a 28.64 a 120.22 a
0.70NPK+COF 11.23 a 43.45 a 28.55 a 120.00 a
2017 NF 11.05 c 25.71 c 22.03 c 85.20 c
NPK 11.12 b 43.73 a 28.72 a 120.34 a
COF 11.30 a 40.11 b 25.71 b 100.25 b
NPK+COF 11.33 a 43.82 a 28.77 a 122.32 a
0.70NPK+COF 11.26 ab 43.70 a 28.57 a 120.22 a
2018 NF 10.85 c 20.30 c 20.11 b 59.00 c
NPK 11.02 ab 43.95 a 28.77 a 122.01 a
COF 11.38 a 38.07 b 23.33 b 93.75 b
NPK+COF 11.40 a 44.08 a 28.90 a 123.25 a
0.70NPK+COF 11.30 a 43.88 a 28.57 a 120.22 a

图1

2016-2018年商品有机肥替代部分化肥对不同生育期棉花干物质积累的影响 处理同表1。SS: 现蕾期; EF: 初花期; PBP: 盛铃期; BBO: 始絮期。"

图2

2016-2018年商品有机肥替代部分化肥对棉花叶面积指数的影响 处理同表1, 缩写同图1。图柱上不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。"

表3

2016-2018年商品有机肥替代部分化肥对棉花叶绿素含量和净光合速率的影响"

处理
Treatment		 叶绿素含量 SPAD value 净光合速率 Pn (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1)
2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018
NF 51.8±1.3 b 48.6±1.4 c 43.8±2.0 c 27.1±1.4 b 25.7±1.3 c 22.2±1.1 c
NPK 55.3±2.2 a 55.2±1.5 a 55.5±1.8 a 27.7±1.2 a 28.1±1.3 a 28.1±0.9 a
COF 54.7±1.1 a 53.3±1.3 b 53.0±1.6 b 27.5±1.5 a 26.5±1.8 b 25.7±1.2 b
NPK+COF 56.0±1.8 a 56.2±1.4 a 56.3±1.5 a 28.2±1.4 a 28.3±1.5 a 29.3±1.7 a
0.70NPK+COF 55.2±1.3 a 55.3±1.8 a 55.6±1.6 a 27.5±1.3 a 28.0±1.8 a 28.2±1.4 a

表4

2016-2018年商品有机肥替代部分化肥对棉柴比和早熟性的影响"

处理
Treatment		 2016 2017 2018
棉柴比
Seed cotton/stalk		 早熟性
Earliness (%)		 棉柴比
Seed cotton/stalk		 早熟性
Earliness (%)		 棉柴比
Seed cotton/stalk		 早熟性
Earliness (%)
NF 0.66 b 94.5 a 0.62 c 95.4 a 0.50 c 95.8 a
NPK 0.70 a 92.9 b 0.72 a 93.9 b 0.72 a 91.9 b
COF 0.70 a 92.0 b 0.66 b 93.7 b 0.62 b 90.1 b
NPK+COF 0.68 b 89.4 c 0.69 b 90.4 c 0.66 b 88.6 c
0.70NPK+COF 0.71 a 92.8 b 0.73 a 94.0 b 0.75 a 91.5 b

表5

2016-2018年商品有机肥替代部分化肥对棉花籽棉产量和产量构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 籽棉产量
Seed cotton yield
(kg hm-2)		 单位面积铃数
Boll density
(bolls m-2)		 铃重
Boll weight
(g)		 衣分
Lint percentage
(%)
2016 NF 3666.55±25.27 b 65.6±5.1 b 5.80±0.31 b 38.60±1.50 b
NPK 4020.17±22.25 a 67.8±4.3 a 5.91±0.23 a 39.81±2.03 a
COF 4000.90±27.81 a 67.7±4.2 a 5.90±0.32 a 40.00±1.40 a
NPK+COF 4031.30±36.57 a 68.1±3.6 a 5.99±0.42 a 40.02±1.12 a
0.70NPK+COF 4019.81±29.82 a 67.8±4.4 a 5.90±0.30 a 40.00±1.50 a
2017 NF 3151.66±28.62 c 57.3±5.5 c 5.50±0.32 b 38.51±1.80 b
NPK 4073.40±35.71 a 68.0±5.0 a 5.95±0.22 a 39.90±2.00 a
COF 3756.88±32.22 b 64.3±5.1 b 5.94±0.33 a 39.92±1.61 a
NPK+COF 4105.04±37.60 a 68.0±4.7 a 6.00±0.31 a 39.93±1.56 a
0.70NPK+COF 3976.80±32.42 a 67.5±6.1 a 5.95±0.35 a 39.92±1.60 a
2018 NF 2495.28±25.75 c 47.8±4.0 c 5.22±0.33 b 38.50±1.84 b
NPK 4105.25±38.00 a 68.4±5.0 a 6.06±0.25 a 40.10±1.40 a
COF 3605.35±37.50 b 60.4±5.0 b 5.46±0.27 b 40.10±1.42 a
NPK+COF 4152.85±34.31 a 68.3±6.5 a 6.08±0.27 a 40.10±1.35 a
0.70NPK+COF 3991.36±46.32 a 67.8±4.4 a 5.97±0.31 a 40.00±1.77 a
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