灌溉定额和施氮量对机采棉田水分运移及硝态氮残留的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.04277

作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (2): 497-510.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.04277

灌溉定额和施氮量对机采棉田水分运移及硝态氮残留的影响

尔晨¹(), 林涛²^,³^,⁴, 夏文¹, 张昊¹, 徐高羽¹, 汤秋香¹^,^*()

¹新疆农业大学农学院/棉花教育部工程研究中心, 新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
²新疆农业科学院经济作物研究所, 新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
³中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所, 北京 100081
⁴农业农村部荒漠绿洲作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 新疆乌鲁木齐 830091

收稿日期:2020-12-16 接受日期:2021-06-16 出版日期:2022-02-12 网络出版日期:2021-07-14
通讯作者: 汤秋香
作者简介:E-mail: 1193270894@qq.com
基金资助:
本研究由新疆维吾尔自治区科技支疆项目(2017E0251);新疆维吾尔自治区高校科研计划项目(XJEDU20191012);南京农业大学-新疆农业大学联合基金项目(KYYJ201802);新疆维吾尔自治区自然基金面上项目(2018D01A51);新疆维吾尔自治区重大科技专项(2020A01002-4);新疆农业科学院科技创新重点培育专项, 新疆农业科学院农业科技创新平台能力提升建设专项-农业农村部荒漠绿洲作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室开放课题(25107020-202001);新疆维吾尔自治区天山英才人才培养项目联合资助

Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield, water distribution and nitrate nitrogen residue of machine-harvested cotton

ER Chen¹(), LIN Tao²^,³^,⁴, XIA Wen¹, ZHANG Hao¹, XU Gao-Yu¹, TANG Qiu-Xiang¹^,^*()

¹College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University/Engineering Research Centre of Cotton of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
²Institute of Industrial Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, Xinjiang, China
³Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
⁴Key Laboratory of Crop Physiological Ecology and Cultivation in Desert Oasis Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi 830091, Xinjiang, China

Received:2020-12-16 Accepted:2021-06-16 Published:2022-02-12 Published online:2021-07-14
Contact: TANG Qiu-Xiang
Supported by:
This study was supported by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Science and Technology Support Xinjiang Project(2017E0251);the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region University Research project(XJEDU20191012);the Nanjing Agricultural University-Xinjiang Agricultural University Joint Fund Project(KYYJ201802);the General Project of Nature Fund of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2018D01A51);the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Major Science and Technology Project(2020A01002-4);the Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Innovation Key Cultivation Special Project, the Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Platform Capacity Enhancement Special Project-Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation of Desert Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture Open Project(25107020-202001);the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Tianshan Talent Training Program

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水资源短缺和土壤环境污染严重是制约农业可持续健康发展的瓶颈, 迫使农民开发和采用可持续的农业生产技术。水分运动机理和氮肥残留行为是评价干旱地区农业水肥管理水平的依据, 提高水氮利用效率是降低环境污染这一重要科学问题的重要途径。本研究采用裂区试验设计, 以灌溉量为主区, 设2250 (低灌溉量, W1)、3450 (传统灌溉量, W2)和4650 m ³ hm ^-2 (高灌溉量, W3) 3个灌溉量; 设0 (空白, N1)、300 (传统施肥量, N2)和600 kg hm ^-2 (高施氮量, N3) 3个纯氮投入量, 在干旱的中国西北内陆棉区开展2年的田间试验, 评估灌溉和施氮策略对水氮运移、籽棉产量、水氮生产效率的影响。结果表明, 灌溉量及水氮耦合效应是影响籽棉产量及灌溉水生产力的影响因素, 其中灌溉量是主效应。2年均值表明, 灌溉量为W1时, 施肥量由N1增加至N3, 生育期0~80 cm平均土壤含水量呈先显著上升后显著下降的趋势, N2和N3处理较N1处理籽棉产量分别提高13.8%和7.6%, 水分利用效率分别提高13.6%和6.8%; 灌溉量为W2和W3时, 施肥量由N1增加至N3, 生育期0~80 cm土层平均含水量无显著差异。N2和N3处理较N1处理籽棉产量分别提高11.6%和12.4%, 水分利用效率分别提高11.4%和11.5%; 随着灌溉量的增加, 0~80 cm土层全生育期含水率总平均值逐渐增大。灌溉量是影响硝态氮在0~40 cm土层积累的主导因素, 而水氮耦合效应是导致硝态氮向下淋溶的主效应。W1灌溉量下, 随着施氮量的增加, 硝态氮在0~40 cm土层大量积累, 而W3灌溉量下, 随着施氮量的增加, 40~60 cm土层硝态氮含量逐渐增加。总的来说, 灌溉量高于3450 m ³ hm ^-2、施肥高于300 kg hm ^-2后继续增加水氮投入未能额外增产, 反而可能造成资源浪费和对环境的潜在污染。因此我们建议, 通过水氮优化策略提高资源利用效率, 降低环境污染, 促进农业可持续发展。

关键词: 机采棉, 水氮耦合, 产量, 水分运移, 硝态氮

Abstract:

The shortage of water resources and the excessive investment of fertilizer are the bottlenecks that restrict the sustainable and healthy development of agriculture and force farmers to develop and adopt sustainable production technologies. The mechanism of water movement and the residual behavior of nitrogen fertilizer are important scientific issues to evaluate the level of agricultural water and fertilizer management in arid areas. Improving the water and nitrogen utilization efficiency was an important way to reduce environmental pollution. An experiment was conducted using a split plot design with the main area for total irrigation of 2250 (W1, non-sufficient drip irrigation), 3450 (W2, conventional drip irrigation), 4650 m ³ hm ^-2 (W3, saturated drip irrigation), and the deputy area of nitrogen (pure N) including 0 (N1, no fertilizer), 300 (N2, conventional fertilization), 600 kg hm ^-2 (N3, excess fertilization) in arid area of northwest China cotton region from 2018 to 2019. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on water distribution, nitrate nitrogen residue, seed cotton, irrigation water, and N fertilizer productive efficiency were evaluated. The results revealed that irrigation and coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels were the influencing factors on seed cotton and water utilization efficiency, among which irrigation was the main effect. Two-year average values demonstrated that the irrigation was W1, nitrogen fertilization amount increased from N1 to N3, and the average soil moisture content of 0-80 cm during the whole growth period increased first and then decreased. Compared with N1 fertilization application, seed cotton yield was 13.8% and 7.6% higher and irrigation water productive efficiency were 13.6% and 6.8% higher under N2 and N3 fertilization application, respectively. When the irrigation was W2 and W3, the nitrogen fertilization amount increased from N1 to N3, and there was no significant difference in the average soil moisture content of 0-80 cm during the whole growth period. Compared with N1 fertilization application, seed cotton yield was 11.4% and 11.5% higher and irrigation water productive efficiency were 13.6% and 6.8% higher under N2 and N3 fertilization application, respectively. With the increase of irrigation, the total average value of 0-80 cm during the whole growth period gradually increased. Irrigation was the main effect on soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation in the main distribution area of 0-40 cm roots, and coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels was the main factor leading to nitrate nitrogen leaching. When the irrigation was W1, nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the 0-40 cm with the increase of nitrogen. And when the irrigation was W3, nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the 40-60 cm with the increase of nitrogen. In conclusion, if the irrigation was higher than 3450 m ³ hm ^-2 and nitrogen was higher than 300 kg hm ^-2, the continued increase of water and nitrogen input failed to increase production, which might result in resource waste and potential pollution to the environment. Therefore, we suggest that water and nitrogen optimization strategies can improve resource utilization efficiency, reduce water and fertilizer input, and healthy development of agriculture.

Key words: machine-harvested cotton, coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels, yield, water distribution, nitrate nitrogen residue

尔晨, 林涛, 夏文, 张昊, 徐高羽, 汤秋香. 灌溉定额和施氮量对机采棉田水分运移及硝态氮残留的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(2): 497-510.

ER Chen, LIN Tao, XIA Wen, ZHANG Hao, XU Gao-Yu, TANG Qiu-Xiang. Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield, water distribution and nitrate nitrogen residue of machine-harvested cotton[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(2): 497-510.

图/表 10

表1

表2

图1

表3

表4

不同灌溉施肥组合对0~80 cm土层土壤全生育期平均体积含水率的影响"

灌溉量 Irrigation rate (m³ hm^-2)	施肥量 Fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	土壤体积含水量 Soil volumetric water content (%)
		0-10 (cm)		10-20 (cm)		20-30 (cm)		30-40 (cm)		40-50 (cm)		50-60 (cm)		60-70 (cm)		70-80 (cm)		0-80 (cm) Average
		2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
W1	N1	10.3 c	14.3 d	13.2 d	15.7 f	14.8 d	17.1 c	16.7 bc	21.8 ab	18.0 a	23.7 a	19.1 ab	24.6 a	21.6 cd	26.4 d	24.4 cd	24.1 c	17.3 e	20.2 c
	N2	12.7 b	16.1 bc	16.1 bc	18.8 de	16.2 c	20.2 bc	16.0 c	21.0 b	16.7 b	23.6 a	18.4 b	25.6 a	21.4 cd	26.0 d	24.0 d	26.0 c	17.7 de	22.2 b
	N3	10.2 c	15.3 cd	13.0 d	16.9 ef	14.4 d	17.3 c	15.0 d	16.9 c	17.5 ab	21.9 b	18.4 b	25.6 a	20.8 d	27.3 cd	23.6 d	22.4 c	16.6 f	21.1 c
W2	N1	14.6 a	17.9 a	17.3 a	21.8 abc	16.4 bc	20.3 abc	17.4 ab	23.5 ab	17.6 ab	25.3 a	19.0 ab	26.1 a	21.5 cd	30.2 bcd	25.1 c	35.2 ab	18.6 b	25.0 a
	N2	14.1 a	17.9 a	16.3 abc	21.5 abc	16.6 bc	21.7 ab	17.1 bc	22.4 ab	18.0 a	24.8 a	18.3 b	27.1 a	21.1 cd	32.5 ab	24.5 cd	33.9 ab	18.2 bc	25.2 a
	N3	12.0 b	17.1 ab	15.7 c	19.5 cd	17.4 ab	23.7 ab	16.8 bc	20.6 b	17.7 a	24.4 a	18.7 ab	26.0 a	21.9 c	33.8 ab	23.9 d	32.2 b	18.0 bcd	24.7 ab
W3	N1	14.5 a	16.9 ab	16.6 abc	21.1 bcd	16.5 bc	19.8 bc	17.1 abc	22.9 ab	18.2 a	24.3 a	19.7 a	25.7 a	25.3 a	35.8 a	29.6 a	37.1 a	19.7 a	25.5 a
	N2	14.4 a	17.7 a	17.2 ab	22.1 ab	17.1 abc	22.4 ab	17.5 ab	22.7 ab	18.4 a	25.4 a	19.1 ab	28.0 a	24.6 ab	35.0 ab	28.0 b	34.9 ab	19.5 a	26.0 a
	N3	14.9 a	17.7 a	17.4 a	23.4 a	17.6 a	24.3 ab	18.3 a	24.6 a	18.4 a	26.8 a	18.9 ab	27.7 a	24.3 b	32.1 abc	27.8 b	33.6 ab	19.7 a	26.3 a
二因素分析 (F值) Two-way ANOVA (F value)
年份 Year (Y)		287.3^***		225.0^***		84.6^***		138.2^***		87.2^***		83.3^***		220.6^***		148.4^***		407.9^***
灌溉量 Irrigation rate (W)		67.5^***		72.9^***		14.7^***		13.5^***		2.5^ns		0.7^ns		31.9^***		105.9^***		58.0^***
施肥量 Fertilizer rate (N)		6.5^***		6.1^***		4.9^*		2.7^ns		0.0^ns		0.1^ns		0.0^ns		7.1^**		1.0^ns
年份×灌溉量 Y×W		3.9^*		4.8^*		1.9^ns		1.5^ns		0.7^ns		0.2^ns		8.2**		3.9^*		0.2^ns
年份×施肥量 Y×N		2.3^ns		0.6^ns		1.8^ns		1.4^ns		0.1^ns		0.6ns		0.2^ns		1.7^ns		1.1^ns
灌溉量×施肥量 W×N		6.8^***		8.8^***		2.2^ns		4.2^**		0.3^ns		0.0^ns		1.7^ns		1.0^ns		1.0^ns
年份×灌溉量×施肥量Y×W×N		0.9^ns		0.9^ns		0.3^ns		0.9^ns		0.3^ns		0.1^ns		1.0^ns		0.4^ns		0.2^ns

表4

图2

图3

表5

图4

图5

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年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg kg^-1)
2018	7.7	0.60	50.3	19.6	108.0
2019	8.3	0.48	58.4	35.4	130.7

灌溉量 Irrigation rate (m³ hm^-2)	施肥量 Fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	生物产量 Dry matter of total biomass (g plant^-1)		籽棉产量 Seed cotton (kg hm^-2)		灌溉水利用效率 Irrigation water productive efficiency (kg m^-3)		氮肥生产效率 N fertilizer productive efficiency (kg kg^-1 N^-1)
灌溉量 Irrigation rate (m³ hm^-2)	施肥量 Fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
W1	N1	65.8 c	56.1 d	4213.8 e	4525.0 f	1.9 b	2.5 b	—	—
	N2	82.1 b	90.3 c	4946.5 cd	4999.6 e	2.2 a	2.8 a	2.2 ab	2.0 b
	N3	79.0 bc	56.8 d	4508.4 de	4895.5 e	2.0 b	2.7 a	0.7 c	0.8 d
W2	N1	84.7 b	72.0 d	5098.7 bc	5526.9 d	1.5 d	2.0 d	—	—
	N2	129.7 a	120.0 a	5540.1 ab	6023.8 c	1.6 cd	2.2 c	1.5 bc	2.1 b
	N3	98.0 b	124.1 a	5722.5 a	6131.3 bc	1.7 c	2.2 c	1.4 bc	1.3 c
W3	N1	95.5 b	96.8 b	4990.2 c	5697.4 d	1.1 f	1.5 f	—	—
	N2	114.2 a	128.9 a	5849.2 a	6294.3 ab	1.3 e	1.7 e	2.9 a	2.5 a
	N3	115.2 a	118.1 a	5633.5 a	6374.4 a	1.2 e	1.7 e	1.4 bc	1.4 c
二因素分析 (F值) Two-way ANOVA (F-value)
年份 Year (Y)		61.3^***		29.3^***		3485.8^***		0.1^ns
灌溉量 Irrigation rate (W)		89.3^***		678.7^***		3296.6^***		17.2^***
施肥量 Fertilizer rate (N)		38.8^***		217.7^***		188.9^***		140.2^***
年份×灌溉量 Y×W		2.6^*		1.5^ns		3.6 ^ns		2.3^ns
年份×施肥量 Y×N		3.7^*		1.9^ns		4.4^*		0.1^ns
灌溉量×施肥量 W×N		5.6^**		8.1^***		11.8^***		12.1^***
年份×灌溉量×施肥量Y×W×N		3.3^*		3.9^*		2.0^ns		4.8^*

生育时期 Growth stages	灌溉量Irrigation rate (m³ hm^-2)	施肥量Fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg kg^-1)		铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg kg^-1)		无机氮 Inorganic nitrogen (mg kg^-1)
生育时期 Growth stages	灌溉量Irrigation rate (m³ hm^-2)	施肥量Fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
开花期 Flowering stage	W1	N1	180.3 bcd	169.0 bc	29.1 a	28.7 bc	209.4 bcd	197.7 bcd
		N2	164.7 cd	175.9 bc	26.2 abc	30.7 abc	190.9 cd	206.6 bc
		N3	204.0 bc	192.7 b	28.0 a	26.5 cd	232.0 bc	219.2 ab
	W2	N1	152.3 d	144.3 c	21.4 bc	31.6 ab	173.7 d	175.9 cd
		N2	222.4 ab	233.5 a	20.4 c	21.8 d	242.8 ab	255.3 a
		N3	264.8 a	146.9 c	21.0 c	13.7 e	285.7 a	160.6 d
	W3	N1	188.2 bcd	82.1 d	27.3 ab	29.5 bc	215.5 bcd	111.6 e
		N2	193.3 bcd	175.9 bc	23.5 abc	33.0 ab	216.8 bcd	208.9 bc
		N3	215.0 b	178.2 bc	25.5 abc	35.4 a	240.6 ab	213.6 b
盛铃期 Bool stage	W1	N1	193.6 bc	119.9 cd	10.1 d	16.0 e	203.7 bc	135.9 d
		N2	278.1 a	195.3 b	21.8 bc	23.1 cd	299.9 a	218.4 b
		N3	264.5 a	273.4 a	22.7 ab	21.1 de	287.2 a	294.5 a
	W2	N1	163.3 d	102.8 de	23.2 ab	18.5 de	186.5 cd	121.3 d
		N2	203.0 b	149.1 c	24.1 ab	27.0 bc	227.0 b	176.0 c
		N3	203.0 b	186.1 b	25.1 a	27.3 bc	228.1 b	213.4 b
	W3	N1	133.6 e	89.0 e	22.6 ab	29.4 b	156.2 e	118.4 d
		N2	166.2 cd	180.0 b	24.4 ab	38.7 a	190.6 cd	218.8 b
		N3	146.5 de	181.4 b	19.1 c	34.7 a	165.6 de	216.0 b
吐絮期 Boll opening stage	W1	N1	163.8 bc	125.7 e	21.2 de	21.2 d	185.0 bc	146.9 e
		N2	159.4 bc	173.8 bc	23.4 cd	30.8 bc	182.7 bc	204.5 bc
		N3	199.6 a	189.5 a	24.0 bc	29.5 bc	223.5 a	219.1 a
	W2	N1	116.1 d	108.6 f	27.5 a	24.7 cd	143.6 d	133.2 f
		N2	135.7 c	178.4 abc	25.7 ab	20.2 d	161.4 c	198.6 c
		N3	150.0 bc	183.3 ab	22.9 cd	32.2 ab	172.9 c	215.5 ab
	W3	N1	105.9 d	143.7 d	19.2 e	22.1 d	125.1 d	165.8 d
		N2	116.0 d	114.1 ef	27.1 a	23.9 cd	143.1 d	138.0 ef
		N3	176.0 b	164.4 c	20.3 e	38.0 a	196.3 b	202.3 c

灌溉定额和施氮量对机采棉田水分运移及硝态氮残留的影响

Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield, water distribution and nitrate nitrogen residue of machine-harvested cotton

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土层 Soil layers (cm)	2018		2019
土层 Soil layers (cm)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N	硝态氮 NO₃^--N	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N
0-10	33.8	7.2	28.9	6.3
10-20	35.9	6.8	32.7	6.5
20-30	39.7	6.9	39.1	5.4
30-40	40.6	5.7	40.9	4.7
40-50	34.8	5.3	36.1	4.8
50-60	24.8	5.6	20.2	5.1
60-70	33.9	4.7	24.5	4.2
70-80	22.4	5.3	21.6	3.5
80-90	28.2	5.4	23.4	4.6
90-100	24.2	5.1	26.1	3.0

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