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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (2): 447-458.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21013

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

减氮条件下分期施钾对冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响

张翔宇1(), 胡鑫慧1, 谷淑波1, 林祥2, 殷复伟3, 王东2,*()   

  1. 1山东农业大学 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
    2西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
    3泰安市农业技术推广中心, 山东泰安 271000
  • 收稿日期:2022-02-18 接受日期:2022-06-07 出版日期:2022-07-11 网络出版日期:2022-07-11
  • 通讯作者: 王东
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 492754758@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    山东省重点研发计划项目(LJNY202010);陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021ZDLNY01-05)

Effects of staged potassium application on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat under reduced nitrogen conditions

ZHANG Xiang-Yu1(), HU Xin-Hui1, GU Shu-Bo1, Lin Xiang2, YIN Fu-Wei3, WANG Dong2,*()   

  1. 1Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
    3Tai’an City Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
  • Received:2022-02-18 Accepted:2022-06-07 Published:2022-07-11 Published online:2022-07-11
  • Contact: WANG Dong
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program Project of Shandong Province(LJNY202010);Key Research and Development Program Project of Shaanxi Province(2021ZDLNY01-05)

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摘要：

为探究钾肥分期施用对冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响, 确定减氮条件下冬小麦高产高效的钾肥运筹方案, 本试验选用高产强筋冬小麦品种藁优5766作为试验材料, 于2018—2020年度冬小麦生长季, 采用二因素随机区组设计, 设置3个施氮水平: 常规施氮水平(240 kg hm-2, N1)、减氮20% (192 kg hm-2, N2)、减氮40% (144 kg hm-2, N3), 两种钾肥运筹方案: 钾肥全部底施(K1)和分期施钾(底施50%、拔节期追施50%, K2)。结果表明, 相同钾肥运筹方案下, N2处理的籽粒产量与N1处理无显著差异, N3处理的籽粒产量比N1处理显著降低, 降幅达9.0%~11.6%。在相同施氮水平下, 分期施钾可显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率。与K1处理相比, K2处理显著抑制硝态氮向深层土壤的淋溶, 增加冬小麦植株氮素积累量, 提高旗叶光合速率和硝酸还原酶活性、籽粒灌浆速率、穗粒数和千粒重; 籽粒产量和氮素利用效率在常规施氮水平下两年度分别提高21.7%和20.2%, 在减氮20%水平下两年度分别提高26.9%和26.2%, 在减氮40%水平下两年度分别提高25.2%和21.1%。N3K2处理的籽粒产量、氮素吸收效率、氮素利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均显著高于N1K1处理。以上结果说明分期施钾在不同施氮水平下均能大幅度提高冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率, 即使减氮40%, 其籽粒产量仍显著高于常规施氮且钾肥全部底施的处理; 采用192 kg hm-2施氮量并配合分期施钾, 冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素吸收效率最高, 氮素利用效率和氮肥偏生产力亦到达较高水平, 是高产高效的氮钾肥运筹方案。

关键词: 冬小麦, 减氮, 分期施钾, 籽粒产量, 氮素利用效率

Abstract:

In order to explore the effect of potassium fertilizer application on the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat in different stages, and to determine the high-yield and efficient potassium fertilizer operation plan for winter wheat under the condition of nitrogen reduction, the high-yield and strong-gluten winter wheat variety Gaoyou 5766 was selected as the test materials in this experiment. During the growing season, a two-factor randomized block design was used to set three nitrogen application levels [conventional nitrogen application rate (240 kg hm-2, N1), nitrogen application rate reduced by 20% (192 kg hm-2, N2), and nitrogen application rate reduced by 40% (144 kg hm-2, N3)] and two potassium fertilizer application schemes [all potassium fertilizers applied at the sowing stage (K1) and potassium fertilizer applied in stages (50% was applied at the sowing stage and 50% was applied at the jointing stage, K2)]. The results showed that under the same potassium fertilizer application scheme, the grain yield of N2 treatment was not significantly different from that of N1 treatment, and the grain yield of N3 treatment was significantly lower than that of N1 treatment, with a decrease of 9.0%-11.6%. Under the same nitrogen application rate, potassium application by stages could significantly improve grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat. Compared with K1 treatment, K2 treatment significantly inhibited the leaching of nitrate nitrogen into deep soil layers, increased nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat plants, and increased flag leaf photosynthetic rate and nitrate reductase activity, grain filling rate, the number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight. Grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency increased by 21.7% and 20.2% under the conventional nitrogen application rate, by 26.9% and 26.2% under the N2 level, and by 25.2% and 21.1% under the N3 level, respectively. The grain yield, nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen partial productivity of N3K2 treatment were significantly higher than those of N1K1 treatment. The above results showed that potassium application in stages could greatly improve the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat under different nitrogen application rates. Using the nitrogen application rate of 192 kg hm-2 combined with potassium application in stages, the grain yield and nitrogen uptake efficiency of winter wheat were the highest, and the nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity also reached a high level. It is a high-yield and efficient nitrogen-potassium fertilizer application scheme.

Key words: winter wheat, nitrogen reduction, potassium application by stages, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency

表1

不同处理对冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 穗数
Spike numbers
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 氮素利用率
NUE
(kg kg-1)		 氮素吸收效率
NUpE
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥偏产力PEPn
(kg kg-1)
2018-2019 N1K1 660 ab 36.1 b 34.2 c 6072.6 c 20.3 d 1.2 c 25.3 d
N1K2 674 a 40.8 a 36.8 ab 7571.5 a 25.2 c 1.3 c 31.5 c
N2K1 640 bc 35.6 b 35.2 bc 6047.8 c 21.5 d 1.5 a 31.5 c
N2K2 652 ab 40.4 a 37.7 a 7660.4 a 27.2 b 1.5 a 39.9 b
N3K1 606 d 35.0 b 34.1 c 5421.3 d 27.6 b 1.4 b 37.6 b
N3K2 608 cd 39.3 a 37.5 a 6913.6 b 34.4 a 1.4 b 48.0 a
2019-2020 N1K1 682 ab 35.7 c 33.9 d 6652.4 c 24.6 d 1.1 b 27.7 d
N1K2 706 a 38.3 ab 36.9 abc 7895.9 a 28.6 c 1.2 b 32.9 c
N2K1 656 bc 34.5 bc 35.2 cd 6364.6 c 24.7 d 1.3 a 33.1 c
N2K2 682 ab 39.2 a 37.6 ab 8088.2 a 31.1 b 1.4 a 42.1 b
N3K1 590 d 35.2 bc 35.4 cd 5827.5 d 29.7 bc 1.4 a 40.5 b
N3K2 612 cd 38.3 a 37.8 a 7162.1 b 34.9 a 1.4 a 49.7 a

图1

不同处理对拔节期0~200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量的影响 N1: 常规施氮(240 kg hm-2); N2: 减氮20% (192 kg hm-2); N3: 减氮40% (144 kg hm-2); K1: 钾肥全部底施; K2: 分期施钾(底施50%, 拔节期追施50%)。"

图2

不同处理对开花期0~200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量的影响 处理同图1。"

图3

不同处理对成熟期0~200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量的影响 处理同图1。"

图4

不同处理植株氮素积累量变化动态 处理同图1。"

表2

不同处理对冬小麦植株氮素积累与分配的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 成熟期籽粒氮素积累量
Grain nitrogen
accumulation
at maturity
(kg hm-2)		 成熟期营养器官
氮素积累量
Nitrogen accumulation
in vegetative organs
at maturity
(kg hm-2)		 开花后氮素同化量
Nitrogen assimilation
after anthesis
(kg hm-2)		 花后同化氮素对
籽粒的贡献率
Contribution rate of
assimilated nitrogen after
anthesis to grain
(%)
2018-2019 NIK1 237.1 b 61.5 a 93.8 b 39.5 a
N1K2 248.0 a 52.6 b 97.4 a 39.3 a
N2K1 222.5 c 49.2 c 76.6 c 34.4 b
N2K2 246.4 a 42.5 d 91.0 b 36.9 a
N3K1 191.2 e 32.9 e 54.9 e 28.7 d
N3K2 206.3 d 30.1 f 67.8 d 32.9 c
2019-2020 NIK1 185.6 b 112.3 a 109.6 a 47.0 b
N1K2 205.7 a 96.8 c 113.3 a 47.4 b
N2K1 160.6 c 111.1 b 93.8 c 49.9 b
N2K2 196.4 a 93.7 c 115.5 b 54.7 a
N3K1 141.7 d 80.4 e 66.0 e 40.3 d
N3K2 155.8 c 84.6 d 82.4 d 45.8 c

图5

2018-2019年度不同处理对冬小麦开花后旗叶硝酸还原酶活性(NR)影响 处理同图1。"

图6

冬小麦开花后旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD) 处理同图1。"

图7

不同处理冬小麦开花后旗叶净光合速率(Pn) 处理同图1。"

图8

不同处理对籽粒灌浆速率的影响 处理同图1。"

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