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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (3): 845-855.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24092

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

长期不同施肥处理对高粱花后叶片衰老、抗氧化酶活性及产量的影响

王劲松1(), 白歌1, 张艳慧1, 申甜雨2, 董二伟1, 焦晓燕1,*()   

  1. 1山西农业大学资源环境学院 / 省部共建有机旱作农业国家重点实验室(筹), 山西太原 030031
    2山西大学生物工程学院, 山西太原 030031
  • 收稿日期:2022-04-13 接受日期:2022-07-21 出版日期:2023-03-12 网络出版日期:2022-08-19
  • 通讯作者: 焦晓燕
  • 作者简介:E-mail: jinsong_wang@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-06-14.5-A20);山西农业大学省部共建有机旱作农业国家重点实验室(筹)自主研发项目(202001-8)

Impacts of long-term fertilization on post-anthesis leaf senescence, antioxidant enzyme activities and yield in sorghum

WANG Jin-Song1(), BAI Ge1, ZHANG Yan-Hui1, SHEN Tian-Yu2, DONG Er-Wei1, JIAO Xiao-Yan1,*()   

  1. 1College of Resources & Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in Preparation), Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
    2School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2022-04-13 Accepted:2022-07-21 Published:2023-03-12 Published online:2022-08-19
  • Contact: JIAO Xiao-Yan
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-06-14.5-A20);State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University(202001-8)

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摘要：

高粱花后叶片缓慢衰老及持绿能提高高粱应对干旱等逆境胁迫能力, 也与籽粒产量密切相关; 在育种上已将叶片抗早衰性作为育种的优异性状以提高谷物产量及稳定性, 栽培措施(包括施肥)也能够提高高粱花后叶片的抗早衰能力。为探明长期不同施肥处理对高粱花后叶片抗早衰性和叶片功能的影响, 2020和2021年在大田条件下研究了长期单施氮磷钾化学肥料(NPK)、化学肥料结合有机肥(NPKM)、化学肥料结合有机肥和秸秆还田(NPKMS)、有机肥和秸秆还田(MS)和不施肥(CK)各处理对高粱花后叶面积变化、叶片SPAD值、单位叶面积氮累积量(SLN)、叶片抗氧化酶活性及籽粒产量等影响。结果表明, 施肥提高了高粱花后持绿叶面积、SPAD值和SLN值; 与NPK比较, NPKM、NPKMS和MS能够有效控制持绿叶面积的衰减, 提高上中下3个部位叶片的SPAD值和SLN值, 其中MS与NPK处理氮投入相当。施肥也提高了不同部位叶片的SOD、POD和CAT抗氧化酶活性, 降低了MDA的含量; 与NPK比较, NPKM、NPKMS和MS显著提高了SOD、POD和CAT抗氧化酶活性和降低了MDA的含量。与CK和NPK比较, NPKM、NPKMS和MS显著提高了单穗粒数而提高了高粱籽粒产量。为此, 长期施用有机肥结合秸秆还田即能代替化肥, 又能防止高粱叶片早衰提高高粱产量。

关键词: 高粱, 施肥, 花后, 叶片衰老, 抗氧化酶

Abstract:

Post-anthesis delayed leaf senescence and stay-green leaf phenotype are typically associated with the increasing yield, which offers the potential to increase crop resilience to drought stress. Retarded leaf senescence is beneficial to maintain cereal yield adaptability and stability. Many different management approaches, including fertilization, can modulate leaf senescence as well. The impacts of different long-term fertilization treatments on sorghum post-anthesis leaf senescence, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the yield were explored in 2020 and 2021 in this study. There were five treatments, which included chemical fertilizers of NPK (NPK), NPK plus manure (NPKM), NPK plus manure and straw returning (NPKMS), manure plus straw returning (MS), and fertilizer withdrawn (CK). Fertilizer application enhanced green leaf area per plant, SPAD reading and specific leaf nitrogen (SLN) compared with the control. Compared with NPK, the treatments of NPKM, NPKMS along with MS delayed post-anthesis attenuation of leaf area per plant and enhanced the values of SPAD and SLN in spite of the similar N application for NPK and MS. The treatments of NPK, NPKM, NPKMS, and MS increased antioxidant activities of SOD, POD, and CAT conjugate with a decreasing MDA content compared with the control. Among those, higher antioxidant enzymes activities and lower MDA content were induced by NPKM, NPKMS, and MS than NPK. In conclusion, NPKM, NPKMS, and MS promoted sorghum grain yield due to the increased grain number per panicle. Therefore, long-term application of manure combined with straw returning can not only replace chemical fertilizer but also delay leaf senescence, which leading to high grain yield in sorghum.

Key words: sorghum, fertilization, post-anthesis, leaf senescence, antioxidant enzyme activities

表1

2020年和2021年各处理基础土壤养分状况"

年度
Year		 处理
Treatment		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 有效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)
2020 NPK 0.80 8.77 144.63 15.09
NPKM 1.12 52.93 265.20 22.63
NPKMS 1.34 55.97 288.08 25.89
MS 1.25 47.47 264.33 22.08
CK 0.69 6.33 109.18 13.45
2021 NPK 0.78 7.20 141.45 14.96
NPKM 1.17 57.00 283.73 24.42
NPKMS 1.37 57.67 292.48 29.71
MS 1.29 53.43 279.25 23.46
CK 0.62 5.57 98.21 13.01

表2

2020年和2021年各处理的养分投入"

投入量
N, P2O5, and K2O input
(kg hm-2)		 2020 2021
NPK NPKM NPKMS MS CK NPK NPKM NPKMS MS CK
无机肥投入
Chemical fertilizer
(kg hm-2)		 N 225.00 225.00 225.00 — — 225.00 225.00 225.00 — —
P2O5 75.00 75.00 75.00 — — 75.00 75.00 75.00 — —
K2O 75.00 75.00 75.00 — — 75.00 75.00 75.00 — —
秸秆投入
Straw (kg hm-2)		 N — — 45.65 47.46 — — — 29.76 25.50 —
P2O5 — — 8.36 8.69 — — — 9.40 8.06 —
K2O — — 142.89 148.53 — — — 147.78 126.64 —
有机肥投入
Manure (kg hm-2)		 N — 119.53 119.53 119.53 — — 108.76 108.76 108.76 —
P2O5 — 105.85 105.85 105.85 — — 102.79 102.79 102.79 —
K2O — 132.22 132.22 132.22 — — 122.28 142.80 122.28 —
总投入
Total (kg hm-2)		 N 225.00 344.53 390.18 166.98 — 225.00 333.76 363.52 134.26 —
P2O5 75.00 180.85 189.21 140.91 — 75.00 177.79 187.19 130.34 —
K2O 75.00 207.22 350.11 289.44 — 75.00 197.28 365.58 261.76 —

图1

2020年和2021年高粱生育期降雨量"

表3

不同施肥处理对高粱产量及产量构成的影响"

年度
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 穗粒重
Grain weight per panicle
(g)		 穗粒数
Grains per panicle		 收获指数Harvest index
2020 NPK 8489.65 c 27.35 b 76.84 b 2809.74 b 0.49 b
NPKM 9283.55 b 27.93 b 78.57 b 2814.75 b 0.50 ab
NPKMS 10,080.85 a 27.28 b 82.85 a 3036.88 a 0.50 ab
MS 9940.75 a 28.64 b 82.83 a 2895.45 ab 0.52 a
CK 5877.65 d 32.32 a 51.64 c 1595.96 c 0.48 b
2021 NPK 9018.30 c 28.43 b 76.16 b 2679.92 c 0.52 b
NPKM 10,073.00 b 28.38 b 81.91 a 2886.80 a 0.53 b
NPKMS 10,323.50 a 28.37 b 81.86 a 2886.67 a 0.52 b
MS 10,303.50 a 29.93 a 82.42 a 2785.32 b 0.54 a
CK 5322.95 d 30.31 a 44.54 c 1269.96 d 0.47 c

图2

不同施肥处理对高粱花后干物质累积的影响 处理同表1。同一时期不同小写字母表示不同施肥处理在0.05水平上差异显著。"

图3

不同施肥处理对花后单株绿色叶面积的影响 处理同表1。同一时期不同小写字母表示不同施肥处理在0.05水平上差异显著。"

表4

不同施肥处理花后单株叶面积衰减动态"

处理
Treatment		 2020年花后叶面积衰减率
Leaf area reduction rate days after anthesis in 2020 (%)		 2021年花后叶面积衰减率
Leaf area reduction rate days after anthesis in 2021 (%)
5-40 d 40-60 d 5-60 d 10-20 d 20-30 d 30-40 d 40-50 d 10-50 d
NPK 24.40 42.63 56.63 17.45 15.27 17.17 17.19 52.02
NPKM 7.60 27.45 32.96 13.41 11.57 17.16 17.79 47.85
NPKMS 17.64 23.58 37.06 12.19 6.42 21.27 16.10 45.72
MS 22.60 10.37 30.62 16.94 12.15 17.93 16.04 49.72
CK 21.65 43.54 55.76 19.10 15.60 17.05 36.54 64.06

图4

不同施肥处理对不同层次叶片SPAD值的影响 处理同表1。"

表5

不同施肥处理对高粱花后不同部位叶片SLN值的影响"

叶片部位
Leaves position		 2020 2021
花后天数
Days after anthesis		 NPK NPKM NPKMS MS CK 花后天数
Days after anthesis		 NPK NPKM NPKMS MS CK
上部
Upper		 5 d 8.72 c 12.96 a 12.09 ab 10.63 b 4.08 d 10 d 10.10 b 11.38 ab 11.43 ab 11.53 a 6.01 c
40 d 3.84 ab 5.31 a 6.06 a 4.70 a 1.88 b 40 d 5.75 b 6.66 ab 7.62 a 6.76 ab 2.94 c
60 d 4.76 b 6.05 ab 7.05 a 7.08 a 2.76 c 50 d 7.54 a 8.19 a 7.69 b 8.44 a 3.00 c
中部
Middle		 5 d 9.85 c 14.71 ab 15.50 a 12.55 b 5.14 d 10 d 10.21 b 11.04 a 11.87 a 12.12 a 5.76 c
40 d 5.07 b 5.67 ab 6.37 a 5.37 ab 2.34 c 40 d 3.57 b 5.57 a 6.41 a 6.52 a 2.23 c
60 d 6.61 b 10.73 a 10.04 a 10.83 a 3.21 c 50 d 5.42 b 7.99 a 7.91 b 8.83 a 2.17 c
下部
Lower		 5 d 7.66 b 10.36 a 11.01 a 10.24 a 4.57 c 10 d 7.71 b 8.92 b 8.19 ab 9.72 a 4.26 c
40 d 4.98 a 3.87 a 4.91 a 4.13 a 2.87 a 40 d 3.27 c 4.35 b 5.55 a 3.42 c —
60 d — — — — — 50 d — — — — —

表6

不同施肥处理对不同部位叶片抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响"

处理
Treatment		 SOD (U g-1 FW) POD (U g-1 FW min-1) CAT (U g-1 FW min-1) MDA (nmol g-1 FW)
上部
Upper		 中部
Middle		 下部
Lower		 上部
Upper		 中部
Middle		 下部
Lower		 上部
Upper		 中部
Middle		 下部
Lower		 上部
Upper		 中部
Middle		 下部
Lower
NPK 429.94 b 318.29 a 230.69 a 855.50 bc 84.85 bc 1695.83 bc 83.89 c 84.33 bc 73.56 b 68.02 b 69.32 ab 36.49 a
NPKM 490.06 ab 399.26 a 305.52 a 1063.67 a 112.42 a 1966.50 a 118.00 b 84.33 bc 136.56 a 62.67 b 53.30 bc 13.57 b
NPKMS 553.93 a 426.63 a 327.27 a 972.17 ab 92.22 b 1828.83 b 181.67 a 119.89 a 95.04 ab 58.43 b 42.07 c 4.72 c
MS 562.38 a 359.91 a 175.70 a 935.17 abc 104.45 ab 1349.67 c 121.78 b 95.89 ab 88.00 ab 62.50 b 42.38 c 3.37 c
CK 337.19 c 262.89 a 149.70 a 758.22 c 65.67 c 783.78 d 53.22 d 55.56 c 65.93 b 121.61 a 79.03 a 34.00 a
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