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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (6): 1668-1677.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24175

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

磷肥用量对油菜籽产量及品质的影响

闫金垚(), 宋毅, 陆志峰, 任涛, 鲁剑巍*()   

  1. 华中农业大学资源与环境学院/农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室/华中农业大学微量元素研究中心, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2022-08-03 接受日期:2022-10-10 出版日期:2023-06-12 网络出版日期:2022-10-18
  • 通讯作者: *鲁剑巍, E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: yanjinyao@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1600500);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金(2662021ZH001)

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rate on rapeseed yield and quality (Brassica napus L.)

YAN Jin-Yao(), SONG Yi, LU Zhi-Feng, REN Tao, LU Jian-Wei*()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2022-08-03 Accepted:2022-10-10 Published:2023-06-12 Published online:2022-10-18
  • Contact: *E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1600500);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-12);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662021ZH001)

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摘要：

油菜是重要的油料作物, 对缺磷敏感, 我国油菜主产区土壤供磷状况较差, 缺磷常导致油菜籽减产。于2019—2021年度2季在长江中游地区进行磷肥用量田间试验, 设置0、45、90、135和180 kg P2O5 hm-2 5个施磷水平, 探究磷营养供应状况同时对油菜籽产量和品质的影响。结果表明, 施磷显著增加油菜单株角果数、角粒数和千粒重, 进而增加了油菜产量。不施磷处理的平均产量仅190 kg hm-2, 施磷增产8.5~12.5倍, 根据产量效应得到的最高产量施磷量为51.8~65.0 kg P2O5 hm-2。油菜籽磷含量、含水率、含油率、蛋白质、硫甙、油酸、亚麻酸和硬脂酸对磷肥用量的响应均达到极显著水平, 芥酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸的响应较小。随着施磷量的增加, 油菜籽含油率呈先增后降的趋势(施磷90 kg P2O5 hm-2和135 kg P2O5 hm-2最高), 蛋白质含量呈缓慢升高趋势, 硫甙含量显著降低。在磷肥投入量为90~135 kg P2O5 hm-2时获得最大油分产量和蛋白质产量。过量的磷肥施用会降低油菜籽的油酸含量, 提高了亚麻酸含量。通径分析表明, 籽粒磷含量、含油率和亚麻酸含量对产量有较大的直接正作用, 含水率、蛋白质和亚麻酸通过籽粒磷含量对产量有较大的间接正作用, 硫甙、油酸、亚油酸和硬脂酸通过籽粒磷含量对产量有较大的间接负作用。综合结果显示, 以油菜籽产量和食用油品质为目标的推荐磷肥用量为45~90 kg P2O5 hm-2, 以追求饲用饼粕蛋白质产量为目标, 推荐磷肥用量为90~135 kg P2O5 hm-2。

关键词: 磷肥用量, 油菜, 产量, 品质, 产油量

Abstract:

Rapeseed is an important oil crop and is sensitive to phosphorus deficiency. The soil phosphorus supply in the main rapeseed producing areas in China is poor, and phosphorus deficiency often leads to yield reduction of seed. To investigate the effects of phosphorus nutrient supply status on rapeseed yield and quality at the same time, a phosphorus fertilizer rate field experiment was conducted in two seasons of 2019-2021 in the middle reaches of Yangtze River with five treatments of 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg P2O5 hm-2. The results showed that phosphorus application significantly increased the number of pods per plant, seed number, and 1000-seed weight, and thus increasing rapeseed yield. The average yield without phosphorus treatment was only 190 kg hm-2, and phosphorus application increased the yield by 8.5-12.5 times, and the maximum yields obtained according to yield effects corresponded to phosphorus applications of 51.8-65.0 kg P2O5 hm-2. The response of rapeseed phosphorus content, water content, oil content, protein, glucosinolate, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and stearic acid to phosphorus fertilizer rate reached highly significant levels, while erucic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid showed less response. The oil content of rapeseed tended to increase and then decrease with increasing phosphorus application (highest at 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 and 135 kg P2O5 hm-2), protein content tended to increase slowly, and glucosinolate content decreased significantly. Excessive application of phosphorus fertilizer decreased the oleic acid content and increased the linolenic acid content of rapeseed. Path analysis showed that seed phosphorus content, oil content, and linolenic acid content had a greater direct positive effect on yield, water content, protein and linolenic acid had a greater indirect positive effect on yield through seed phosphorus content, and glucosinolate, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and stearic acid had a greater indirect negative effect on yield through seed phosphorus content. The combined results showed that the recommended phosphorus fertilizer rate for targeting rapeseed yield and edible oil quality was 45-90 kg P2O5 hm-2, and for pursuing forage cake meal protein yield, the recommended phosphorus fertilizer rate was 90-135 kg P2O5 hm-2.

Key words: phosphorus fertilizer rate, rapeseed, yield, quality, oil production

表1

供试土壤基础理化性质"

年份
Year		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 有效磷
Olsen-P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 有效硼
Available B
(mg kg-1)
2019/2020 5.76 36.50 1.75 6.96 71.13 0.38
2020/2021 5.22 31.76 1.94 4.98 58.90 0.25

图1

不同施磷量对2019/2020和2020/2021年油菜产量的影响 图中P和Y分别代表磷肥和产量, *和**分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平差异显著。"

表2

不同施磷量对2019/2020和2020/2021年油菜产量构成的影响"

磷肥用量
P rates
(kg P2O5 hm-2)		 单株角果数
Number of pods per plant (No. plant-1)		 角粒数
Seed number (No. pod-1)		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)
2019/2020 2020/2021 平均Average 2019/2020 2020/2021 平均Average 2019/2020 2020/2021 平均Average
0 93 c 24 c 59 20.1 b 15.4 b 17.7 2.82 c 4.21 b 3.51
45 392 b 184 b 288 23.8 ab 20.9 a 22.4 3.20 b 5.27 a 4.23
90 406 ab 197 ab 302 25.2 a 21.6 a 23.4 3.42 a 5.47 a 4.45
135 431 a 209 ab 320 24.2 a 20.9 a 22.6 3.32 ab 5.61 a 4.46
180 424 a 221 a 323 24.2 a 19.6 a 21.9 3.33 ab 5.41 a 4.37
方差分析ANOVA F值 F-value
磷肥 Phosphorus (P) 309.4** 9.4** 40.9**
年份 Year (Y) 1021.4** 35.8** 1262.0**
P×Y 25.0** 0.3ns 7.5**

表3

不同施磷量对油菜籽磷含量的影响"

磷肥用量
P rates (kg P2O5 hm-2)		 磷含量 P content (%)
2019/2020 2020/2021
0 0.32 c 0.28 d
45 0.41 c 0.50 c
90 0.58 b 0.66 b
135 0.70 a 0.69 ab
180 0.69 ab 0.72 a
方差分析ANOVA F值 F-value
磷肥 Phosphorus (P) 90.7**
年份 Year (Y) 3.3ns
P×Y 2.3ns

表4

不同施磷量对油菜籽含水率、含油率、蛋白质含量及硫甙含量的影响"

磷肥用量
P rates
(kg P2O5 hm-2)		 含水率
Water content
(%)		 含油率
Oil content
(%)		 蛋白质含量
Protein content
(%)		 硫甙
Glucosinolate
(μmol g-1)
2019/2020 2020/2021 2019/2020 2020/2021 2019/2020 2020/2021 2019/2020 2020/2021
0 8.1 b 8.5 b 41.2 c 45.7 ab 21.8 c 25.7 c 28.5 a 26.1 ab
45 8.1 b 9.1 ab 42.8 ab 46.8 a 22.5 c 25.6 c 25.8 ab 26.3 a
90 9.0 a 10.6 ab 42.2 abc 46.9 a 23.6 bc 26.1 bc 26.6 ab 23.3 ab
135 9.3 a 10.2 ab 43.0 a 45.1 b 24.4 ab 27.2 b 25.6 ab 21.9 ab
180 9.7 a 11.0 a 41.8 bc 44.7 b 25.8 a 29.4 a 23.3 b 21.1 b
方差分析ANOVA F值 F-value
磷肥Phosphorus (P) 5.7** 5.1** 20.1** 4.8**
年份Year (Y) 9.7** 186.6** 102.7** 7.8*
P×Y 0.4ns 3.4* 0.7ns 0.9ns

表5

不同施磷量对油菜籽油分和蛋白质产量的影响"

磷肥用量
P rates (kg P2O5 hm-2)		 籽粒油分产量
Seed oil yield (kg hm-2)		 籽粒蛋白质产量
Seed protein yield (kg hm-2)
2019/2020 2020/2021 平均Average 2019/2020 2020/2021 平均Average
0 93 c 70 b 82 49 c 40 d 44
45 921 b 833 a 877 484 b 455 c 470
90 1250 a 925 a 1088 696 a 514 bc 605
135 1291 a 940 a 1116 734 a 566 ab 650
180 1280 a 903 a 1091 789 a 594 a 692
方差分析ANOVA F值 F-value
磷肥 Phosphorus (P) 92.6** 114.0**
年份 Year (Y) 32.3** 27.9**
P×Y 3.2* 3.3*

表6

不同施磷量对油菜籽脂肪酸组分的影响"

磷肥用量
P rates
(kg P2O5 hm-2)		 芥酸
Erucic acid
(%)		 油酸
Oleic acid
(%)		 亚油酸
Linoleic acid
(%)		 亚麻酸
Linolenic acid (%)		 硬脂酸
Stearic acid
(kg hm-2)		 棕榈酸
Palmitic acid
(kg hm-2)
2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021		 2019/
2020		 2020/
2021
0 1.5 a 2.0 a 76.5 a 70.5 a 17.8 a 17.3 a 6.5 b 8.4 b 3.3 a 1.2 a 4.7 a 4.6 a
45 1.4 a 2.0 a 76.7 a 67.1 ab 17.6 a 16.7 a 7.0 ab 9.4 ab 3.0 ab 0.9 ab 4.9 a 4.5 a
90 1.4 a 2.0 a 74.8 a 67.2 ab 17.6 a 16.6 a 8.2 a 9.7 ab 2.9 ab 0.8 ab 4.8 a 4.5 a
135 1.3 a 2.0 a 71.8 ab 66.7 ab 17.6 a 16.6 a 8.2 a 9.3 ab 3.1 ab 0.8 ab 4.9 a 4.6 a
180 1.2 a 1.8 a 65.9 b 61.3 b 17.6 a 16.0 a 8.3 a 11.1 a 2.7 b 0.5 b 4.8 a 4.4 a
方差分析ANOVA F值 F-value
磷肥 Phosphorus (P) 0.2ns 5.5** 1.0ns 5.3** 4.8** 0.7ns
年份 Year (Y) 8.7** 20.5** 15.6** 33.3** 547.3** 27.0**
P×Y 0.1ns 0.4ns 0.5ns 0.8ns 0.2ns 1.0ns

图2

油菜籽产量与品质性状间的相关关系 相关关系分析所用数据为试验所有养分、品质和脂肪酸数据。*、**和***分别表示在P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P < 0.001水平差异显著。"

表7

油菜籽主要品质性状与产量的通径分析"

性状
Trait		 直接通径系数
Direct path
coefficient		 间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient 决定系数
Determination coefficient
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11
X1 0.743 -0.014 -0.004 -0.199 0.060 0.012 0.058 0.016 0.148 0.059 -0.006 0.873
X2 -0.021 0.487 0.001 -0.175 0.032 -0.017 0.075 0.024 0.137 0.063 0.005 0.609
X3 0.215 -0.014 0.000 0.060 -0.028 -0.008 -0.019 0.003 0.014 -0.022 -0.005 0.195
X4 -0.290 0.509 -0.013 -0.045 0.051 0.017 0.077 0.021 0.155 0.056 -0.004 0.535
X5 -0.101 -0.441 0.007 0.059 0.145 -0.028 -0.032 -0.004 -0.051 -0.054 0.011 -0.489
X6 -0.094 -0.096 -0.004 0.019 0.053 -0.030 0.014 0.020 0.007 0.034 -0.002 -0.079
X7 -0.117 -0.369 0.013 0.034 0.191 -0.027 0.011 -0.021 -0.114 -0.068 -0.001 -0.467
X8 -0.050 -0.236 0.010 -0.013 0.124 -0.008 0.037 -0.050 -0.090 -0.073 0.033 -0.316
X9 0.242 0.455 -0.012 0.012 -0.186 0.021 -0.003 0.055 0.019 0.037 -0.015 0.625
X10 -0.131 -0.335 0.010 0.037 0.124 -0.042 0.024 -0.060 -0.028 -0.069 -0.003 -0.474
X11 0.059 -0.081 0.004 0.017 0.026 0.007 -0.018 0.005 0.001 -0.062 0.007 -0.036
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