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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (8): 2183-2195.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23058

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

吉林省不同年代玉米品种光合生理特性对施氮量的响应

曹玉军(), 刘志铭, 兰天娇, 刘小丹, 魏雯雯, 姚凡云, 吕艳杰, 王立春, 王永军()   

  1. 吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 / 农业农村部作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 吉林长春 130033
  • 收稿日期:2022-08-24 接受日期:2023-02-10 出版日期:2023-08-12 网络出版日期:2023-02-22
  • 通讯作者: 王永军
  • 作者简介:E-mail: caoyujun828@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-19);吉林省科技发展计划项目(20220404007NC);吉林省农业科技创新工程项目(CXGC2017ZY015)

Responses of photosynthetic physiological characteristics of maize varieties released in different decades to nitrogen application rate in Jilin province

CAO Yu-Jun(), LIU Zhi-Ming, LAN Tian-Jiao, LIU Xiao-Dan, WEI Wen-Wen, YAO Fan-Yun, LYU Yan-Jie, WANG Li-Chun, WANG Yong-Jun()   

  1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in the Northeastern, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
  • Received:2022-08-24 Accepted:2023-02-10 Published:2023-08-12 Published online:2023-02-22
  • Contact: WANG Yong-Jun
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-02-19);Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province(20220404007NC);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Jilin Province(CXGC2017ZY015)

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摘要：

明确吉林省不同年代玉米品种产量、叶片氮含量与光合特性对不同氮素用量的响应趋势, 对东北地区玉米高产品种选育具有重要的实践意义。本研究以20世纪70年代年以来吉林省大面积推广应用的6个代表性品种为研究对象(1970s: 吉单101、中单2号; 1990s: 四单19、吉单159; 2010s: 先玉335和农华101), 在大田条件下共设置4个氮素水平(0、125、250和375 kg hm-2), 分析了氮素施用量对不同年代玉米品种产量、叶片氮含量及光合特征参数等的影响。结果表明, 所有氮水平下玉米籽粒产量均随品种更替而提高, 现代品种在较高氮水平下(≥250 kg hm-2)产量优势更明显, 各处理产量的提高主要是单穗粒数和粒重同时增加的结果。当施氮量不高于250 kg hm-2时, 各年代玉米品种穗位叶净光合速率(Pn)均随施氮量增加而提高, 现代品种显著高于老品种, 当施氮量为375 kg hm-2时Pn均显著降低, 降低幅度表现为老品种高于现代品种。而吐丝至蜡熟期, Pn降低幅度随施氮量增加和品种更替而减小。玉米光补偿点、暗呼吸速率在不同时期均表现为2010s最高、1990s次之、1970s最低, 其中2010s品种的光补偿点比1990s、1970s品种平均分别提高9.72%、27.84%, 暗呼吸速率平均提高7.82%、32.98%。各年代品种比叶重(specific leaf weight, SLW)随施氮量增加而提高, 同一施氮量下SLW表现为随品种更替而降低。不同品种叶片单位面积氮含量(Narea)均随施氮量增加而提高, 不施氮处理老品种显著降低, 施氮处理品种间无显著差异。相关分析表明, Pn与SLW呈显著正相关关系, 而Pn与Narea之间关系可用二次曲线方程拟合, Pn随Narea增加出现转折的Narea值为1.57 g m-2。不同年代品种的光合氮利用效率(PNUE)均随施氮量增加而降低, 而较高氮水平下(≥250 kg hm-2) PNUE随品种更替而显著提高。综上, 在较高氮水平下现代玉米品种比老品种显著增产主要归因于其Pn和PNUE的提高, 而Pn和PNUE的提高又与比叶重(SLM)、叶片N含量(Nmass、Narea)等性状密切相关, 推荐在玉米品种选育过程中参考。

关键词: 品种改良, 施氮量, 光合特性, 比叶重, 叶片含氮量, 产量

Abstract:

It is of great practical significance to clarify the response trend of yield, leaf nitrogen content, and photosynthetic characteristics of maize varieties released in different years in Jilin province to different nitrogen levels for the breeding of high-yield maize varieties in Northeast China. In this study, six representative varieties popularized and applied in Jilin province since 1970s were used as the materials (1970s: JD101, ZD2; 1990s: SD19, JD159; 2010s: XY335, NH101). Field experiments with four nitrogen levels (0, 125, 250, and 375 kg hm-2) were set up to analyze the effects of nitrogen application on the yield, leaf nitrogen content, and photosynthetic characteristic parameters of maize varieties released in different decades. The results showed that maize grain yield under all nitrogen levels increased with the replacement of varieties, and the yield advantage of modern varieties was more obvious under high nitrogen levels. The increase of grain yield under different treatments was mainly due to the simultaneous increase of kernel numbers per ear and kernel weight. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of ear leaf increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate at no more than 250 kg hm-2, and the Pn of modern varieties was significantly higher than that of old varieties. When the nitrogen application rate was 375 kg hm-2, Pn decreased significantly, and the degree of reduction showed that the old varieties were higher than the modern varieties. From silking to dough stage, the decrease of Pn decreased with the increase of nitrogen application and varieties evolution. The light compensation point and dark respiration rate of maize were the highest in 2010s, the second in 1990s and the lowest in 1970s at different stages. Compared with 1990s and 1970s, the light compensation point of maize in 2010s increased by 9.72% and 27.84% on average, and the dark respiration rate increased by 7.82% and 32.98% on average. The specific leaf weight (SLW) of varieties increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, but SLW decreased with the evolution of varieties under the same nitrogen application rate. The leaf nitrogen content per unit area (Narea) of different varieties increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, but it was significantly decreased in the old cultivars without nitrogen application, and there was no significant difference among the cultivars treated with nitrogen application rate. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive linear correlation between Pn and SLW, and the relationship between Pn and Narea can be fitted by the quadratic equation, the Narea value of Pn turning with the increase of Narea was 1.57 g m-2. The photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) of all varieties decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, while the PNUE of cultivars at higher nitrogen levels (≥ 250 kg hm-2) increased significantly with the evolution of varieties. Thus, compared with the old varieties, the modern varieties were more beneficial to yield improvement in the higher nitrogen levels (≥ 250 kg hm-2), which was mainly attributed to the higher Pn and PNUE of the modern varieties, while the increase of Pn and PNUE was closely related to the specific leaf weight (SLM), leaf N content (Nmass, Narea), and other characters, which was recommended for reference in the breeding process of maize varieties.

Key words: genetic improvement, nitrogen application rate, photosynthetic characteristics, specific leaf weight, nitrogen content of leaves, yield

表1

玉米生长季节气象条件"

气象因子
Meteorological factor		 2018 2019
5月
May		 6月
Jun.		 7月
Jul.		 8月
Aug.		 9月
Sep.		 5月
May		 6月
Jun.		 7月
Jul.		 8月
Aug.		 9月
Sep.
降雨量
Precipitation (mm)		 63.9 111.4 135.8 198.7 42.1 95.9 99.9 116.7 234.4 52.3
平均气温
Mean air temperature (℃)		 17.4 22.5 26.0 22.2 16.0 18.3 20.9 25.1 22.1 18.2
总辐射
Total radiation (MJ m-2 d-1)		 543.4 524.8 518.3 411.1 344.6 499.8 502.5 548.3 422.9 389.0

表2

不同年代玉米品种产量和叶片主要生理性状的方差分析"

变异来源
Source of variation		 自由度
DF		 籽粒产量
Grain yield		 比叶重
Specific leaf weight		 单位质量氮含量
Leaf nitrogen
content per mass		 净光合速率
Net photosynthetic rate		 叶面积
Leaf area
年度 Year (Y) 1 NS NS NS NS NS
氮素 Nitrogen (N) 3 277.62** 47.59* 25.17** 36.28** 134.75**
品种 Variety (V) 5 911.39** NS 29.58* 30.29** NS
年代 Decade (D) 2 153.83** NS NS 111.30** 177.62*
年度×氮素 Y×N 3 NS NS NS NS NS
年度×品种 Y×V 5 NS NS NS NS NS
年度×年代 Y×D 2 NS NS NS NS NS

表3

不同施氮水平对不同年代玉米品种产量、产量构成及总生物量的影响"

年份
Year		 氮素水平
Nitrogen
level		 年代
Decade		 品种
Variety		 产量
Yield
(t hm-2)		 单位面积穗数
Ears per
unit area
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernel
number
per ear		 百粒重
100-kernel weight
(g)		 干物质总积累量
Total biomass accumulation
(t hm-2)		 收获指数
Harvest index
2018 N0 1970s JD101 6.69 f 5.38 a 382.42 f 32.39 b 12.55 f 0.458 b
ZD2 7.06 f 5.70 a 375.21 f 33.01 b 13.37 f 0.454 b
1990s SD19 7.61 e 5.60 a 400.65 e 33.10 b 14.08 e 0.465 b
JD159 7.73 e 5.78 a 415.64 e 32.06 b 14.53 e 0.458 b
2010s XY335 8.06 e 5.89 a 411.22 e 33.21 b 14.26 e 0.470 b
NH101 8.09 e 5.90 a 407.35 e 33.69 b 14.58 e 0.477 b
N1 1970s JD101 10.32 d 5.67 a 533.63 c 33.93 ab 17.93 de 0.495 ab
ZD2 10.19 d 5.80 a 528.67 c 33.24 ab 18.07 d 0.485 ab
1990s SD19 10.52 cd 5.69 a 538.25 bc 34.30 a 18.18 cd 0.498 ab
JD159 10.72 c 5.70 a 542.14 bc 34.69 a 19.13 cd 0.482 ab
2010s XY335 10.84 bc 5.90 a 529.26 c 34.71 ab 18.61 cd 0.478 ab
NH101 10.92 c 5.79 a 538.54 bc 34.99 ab 18.39 cd 0.487 ab
N2 1970s JD101 10.53 cd 5.67 a 526.22 c 35.12 a 17.77 de 0.501 ab
ZD2 10.93 c 5.64 a 540.17 bc 36.04 a 18.39 cd 0.511 a
1990s SD19 11.55 b 5.78 a 558.66 b 35.67 a 19.87 bc 0.500 ab
JD159 11.58 b 5.80 a 560.60 b 35.62 a 19.53 c 0.510 a
2010s XY335 13.12 a 6.00 a 609.60 a 35.88 a 21.70 ab 0.520 a
NH101 12.73 a 5.90 a 598.91 a 36.02 a 21.38 ab 0.512 a
N3 1970s JD101 9.74 cd 5.45 a 498.61 d 35.50 a 18.01 d 0.465 b
ZD2 9.54 d 5.30 a 525.55 c 34.98 ab 17.31 de 0.474 b
1990s SD19 11.09 b 5.88 a 542.62 bc 35.18 ab 20.47 bc 0.466 b
JD159 11.23 b 5.90 a 598.93 a 34.59 ab 20.16 b 0.479 ab
2010s XY335 12.94 a 5.78 a 588.22 a 36.40 a 22.26 a 0.500 a
NH101 12.77 a 5.90 a 580.30 a 37.44 a 22.05 ab 0.498 a
2019 N0 1970s JD101 5.59 g 5.40 a 348.74 e 29.68 c 10.59 f 0.454 b
ZD2 5.87 g 5.65 a 340.65 e 30.24 c 10.93 f 0.462 b
1990s SD19 7.38 f 5.50 a 417.55 d 32.12 bc 13.71 e 0.463 b
JD159 7.47 f 5.65 a 420.60 d 31.14 c 13.67 de 0.470 b
2010s XY335 7.83 f 5.70 a 428.93 d 32.03 bc 14.70 de 0.458 b
NH101 7.72 f 5.55 a 429.55 d 32.11 c 14.16 e 0.469 b
N1 1970s JD101 9.63 de 5.70 a 524.66 b 32.21 c 17.36 d 0.477 b
ZD2 10.24 d 5.90 a 531.64 b 32.65 c 18.27 d 0.482 b
1990s SD19 10.74 c 5.60 a 555.14 ab 34.56 ab 18.74 cd 0.493 b
JD159 10.91 c 5.80 a 536.96 b 35.02 ab 19.22 bc 0.488 b
2010s XY335 11.01 c 5.95 a 546.54 ab 34.15 b 19.52 b 0.485 b
NH101 10.82 c 5.70 a 557.25 ab 34.08 b 19.43 bc 0.479 b
N2 1970s JD101 10.01 de 5.90 a 490.61 c 34.58 ab 17.29 d 0.498 ab
ZD2 10.27 d 5.80 a 524.62 b 33.74 bc 17.25 d 0.512 a
1990s SD19 11.62 b 5.80 a 558.22 a 35.89 ab 19.18 bc 0.521 a
JD159 11.88 b 5.70 a 576.31 a 36.18 a 19.88 b 0.514 a
2010s XY335 12.27 a 5.80 a 581.50 a 36.38 a 20.14 b 0.524 a
NH101 12.92 a 5.75 a 600.44 a 37.11 a 21.58 a 0.515 a
2019 N3 1970s JD101 9.54 de 5.40 a 520.40 b 33.96 b 18.76 c 0.462 b
ZD2 10.24 d 5.65 a 576.32 a 34.15 b 19.22 bc 0.458 b
1990s SD19 11.64 b 5.60 a 568.93 a 36.54 a 20.56 ab 0.487 a
JD159 11.74 b 5.80 a 560.56 a 36.12 a 21.53 a 0.469 b
2010s XY335 12.09 ab 5.70 a 588.91 a 36.01 a 21.21 a 0.490 ab
NH101 12.52 a 5.85 a 580.34 a 36.58 a 21.54 a 0.500 ab
方差分析Analysis of variance
年度 Year (Y) 1.625ns 0.785ns 2.207ns 23.447* 0.584ns 0.942ns
氮素Nitrogen (N) 277.621** 1.565ns 123.640** 67.592** 187.475** 59.799**
品种 Variety (V) 911.392** 3.478ns 146.265** 1.163ns 29.580** 25.173**
年代 Decade (D) 153.828** 4.574ns 45.062* 36.297** 111.296** 14.986**
年度×品种 Y×V 2.784ns 1.548ns 2.503ns 1.829ns 0.779ns 1.054ns
年度×年代 Y×D 0.047ns 0.035ns 2.035ns 2.374ns 0.277ns 0.763ns

图1

不同年代玉米品种光合特性对不同施氮水平的响应 SS: 吐丝期; DS: 蜡熟期。柱上不同大写字母代表同一施氮水平下不同年代间差异显著(P < 0.05), 不同小写字母代表相同年代品种不同氮水平间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图2

不同年代玉米品种吐丝期和蜡熟期叶片的光响应曲线 SS: 吐丝期; DS: 蜡熟期。"

表4

不同年代玉米品种叶片的光响应参数"

时期
Stage		 年代
Decade		 AQE
(mol mol-1)		 Pn,max
(μmol CO2 m-2 s-1)		 LSP
(μmol m-2 s-1)		 LCP
(μmol m-2 s-1)		 Rd
(μmol m-2 s-1)		 相关系数
Correlation coefficient
吐丝期
Silking stage		 1970s 0.060 31.92 1709.66 62.81 4.08 0.999
1990s 0.061 34.32 1899.55 73.73 4.84 1.000
2010s 0.063 36.52 1855.84 82.09 5.36 0.999
蜡熟期
Dough stage		 1970s 0.064 23.10 1814.14 56.42 3.59 0.999
1990s 0.065 24.21 1840.08 65.19 4.62 0.998
2010s 0.067 26.33 1887.80 70.33 4.84 0.999

表5

不同年代玉米品种叶片生理特征对不同施氮水平的响应"

生育时期Stage 指标
Index		 年代
Decade		 氮素水平Nitrogen level
N0 N1 N2 N3
吐丝期
Silking stage		 单株叶面积
Leaf area per plant
(cm2 plant-1)		 1970s 5219.43±123.3 Bc 6524.62±300.1 Bb 6902.56±276.1 Bb 7742.53±245.9 Aa
1990s 5631.56±266.9 Ad 6692.57±244.3 ABc 7336.94±330.2 ABb 8060.50±500.1 Aa
2010s 5910.65±437.3 Ac 6972.69±348.6 Ab 7686.31±192.1 Aa 8164.42±3665.2 Aa
比叶重
SLW
(g m-2)		 1970s 40.24±0.21 Bd 44.99±0.20 Ac 50.00±1.56 Ab 54.82±0.30 Aa
1990s 42.84±1.71 ABc 43.86±0.34 Ac 49.46±0.58 ABb 53.49±1.35 Aa
2010s 43.78±1.13 Ac 43.64±0.15 Ac 46.56±3.04 Bb 51.28±0.89 Aa
单位质量含氮量
Nmass
(g kg-1)		 1970s 19.13±0.46 Bc 23.14±1.19 Bb 29.50±1.38 Aa 31.27±0.39 Aa
1990s 19.81±0.34 ABc 23.62±0.59 Bb 31.59±0.86 Aa 32.45±0.29 Aa
2010s 20.75±0.43 Ac 25.29±0.37 Ab 31.85±0.20 Aa 32.62±0.21 Aa
单位面积含氮量
Narea
(g m-2)		 1970s 0.78±0.02 Cd 1.04±0.06 Ac 1.48±0.07 Ab 1.69±0.03 Aa
1990s 0.85±0.02 Bd 1.06±0.05 Ac 1.53±0.06 Ab 1.74±0.06 Aa
2010s 0.91±0.00 Ad 1.10±0.02 Ac 1.47±0.11 Ab 1.69±0.04 Aa
光合氮利用率
PNUE
(μmol g-1 N s-1)		 1970s 27.83±0.07 Aa 24.10±1.22 Ab 18.53±1.08 Cc 15.52±0.55 Bd
1990s 28.29±0.75 Aa 25.42±0.84 Ab 20.08±0.34 Bb 15.94±0.50 Bb
2010s 27.15±0.47 Aa 25.77±1.04 Aa 21.87±1.48 Ab 17.72±0.79 Ac
蜡熟期
Dough stage		 单株叶面积
Leaf area per plant
(cm2 plant-1)		 1970s 3159.52±157.9 Cc 4656.47±148.9 Ab 4965.56±300.6 Bb 5352.51±106.9 Ba
1990s 3501.79±196.1 Bd 4926.96±200.3 Ac 5225.78±200.1 ABb 5648.82±268.8 Ba
2010s 4714.35±279.1 Ad 5212.35±225.6 Ac 5785.89±121.3 Ab 6223.25±201.9 Aa
比叶重
SLW
(g m-2)		 1970s 39.22±1.09 Bc 44.33±0.91 Ab 49.23±2.52 Aa 50.50±3.29 Aa
1990s 42.13±0.19 Ab 43.95±1.30 Ab 47.25±0.33 ABa 49.46±1.85 ABa
2010s 42.79±0.28 Aa 43.77±0.06 Aa 45.93±1.06 Ba 45.56±0.21 Ba
单位质量含氮量
Nmass
(g kg-1)		 1970s 16.62±1.09 Bd 19.32±0.58 Bc 21.25±0.29 Bb 27.48±0.01 Aa
1990s 17.95±1.11 Ad 20.59±0.42 ABc 22.75±0.80 Ab 27.06±1.17 Aa
2010s 17.84±0.79 Ad 21.70±0.41 Ac 23.60±0.34 Ab 26.42±0.37 Aa
单位面积含氮量
Narea
(g m-2)		 1970s 0.65±0.02 Cd 0.86±0.01 Bc 1.05±0.02 Ab 1.39±0.03 Aa
1990s 0.76±0.05 Bd 0.91±0.05 ABc 1.08±0.03 Ab 1.34±0.04 Aa
2010s 0.83±0.03 Ac 0.94±0.02 Ab 1.08±0.02 Aa 1.20±0.06 Aa
光合氮利用率
PNUE
(μmol g-1 N s-1)		 1970s 23.80±2.14 Aa 21.72±0.61 Ab 19.37±1.16 Cc 15.87±0.87 Cd
1990s 24.71±0.86 Aa 22.69±1.33 Ab 21.37±0.68 Bb 18.04±0.82 Bc
2010s 24.70±1.05 Aa 23.04±1.61 Aab 22.90±1.11 Ab 20.94±0.44 Ac

图3

比叶重(SLW)、单位面积含氮量(Narea)与净光合速率(Pn)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)的关系"

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