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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (12): 1782-1792.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01782

• SPECIAL SECTION: GRAIN DEHYDRATION AND MECHANICAL GRAIN HARVEST OF MAIZE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Changes of Maize Lodging after Physiological Maturity and Its Influencing Factors

Jun XUE1,Qun WANG2,Lu-Lu LI1,Wan-Xu ZHANG2,Rui-Zhi XIE1,Ke-Ru WANG1,Bo MING1,Peng HOU1,Shao-Kun LI1,*()   

  1. 1 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
    2 College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
  • Received:2018-02-06 Accepted:2018-07-20 Online:2018-12-12 Published:2018-08-03
  • Contact: Shao-Kun LI E-mail:lishaokun@caas.cn
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300101);This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300110);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371575);the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-25);the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

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Abstract:

In view of the lodging problem during grain dehydration after physiological maturity in maize mechanical grain harvest, multi-sites experiments were conducted to investigate the lodging type and law and their influencing factors in summer maize and spring maize after physiological maturity. The increase of stalk lodging rate was the major reason for total lodging rate increase after physiological maturity. The stalk lodging rate increased as breaking force decreased. The stalk lodging rate was more than 5% when breaking force decreased to 14.3 N. All of height of gravity center, rind penetration strength (RPS) of the third internode, crushing strength (CS) of the fourth internode, and bending strength (BS) of the fifth internode gradually decreased after physiological maturity. Both dry weight per unit length (DWUL) and moisture content of the basal internode also gradually decreased. Stalk breaking force was significantly positively correlated with RPS, CS, BS, DWUL, and moisture content of the basal internode. RPS, CS, BS were significantly positively correlated with DWUL and moisture content. This study showed that natural senescence of maize after physiological maturity decreases the dry matter and moisture content, resulting in the decrease of stalk mechanical strength, and the increase of stalk lodging. The ability of stalk continuous standing after physiological maturity should be used as one of the important indices to measure which maize cultivar is fit for mechanical grain harvest. Harvesting at optimal time could prevent lodging after physiological maturity and reduce grain loss in mechanical grain harvest.

Key words: maize, lodging, physiological maturity, stalk strength, dry weight, moisture content

Table 1

Experimental cultivars"

Table 2

Lodging rate of maize cultivars after physiological maturity"

品种
Cultivar		 总倒伏率 Total lodging rate (%) 茎折率 Stalk lodging rate (%) 根倒率 Root lodging rate (%)
Oct. 27 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 6 Oct. 27 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 6 Oct. 27 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 6
辽单586 Liaodan 586 1.7 11.3 12.1 12.5 1.7 11.3 12.1 12.1 0 0 0 0.4
辽单585 Liaodan 585 0 1.3 2.9 4.8 0 0.4 2.0 3.9 0 0.9 0.9 0.9
辽单575 Liaodan 575 2.3 5.6 23.0 23.2 1.2 1.6 19.1 19.3 1.1 4.0 4.0 4.0
MC 670 0 0.5 3.9 5.6 0 0.5 3.9 5.6 0 0 0 0
恒育898 Hengyu 898 0.5 1.2 2.2 2.2 0.5 1.2 2.2 2.2 0 0 0 0
宇玉30 Yuyu 30 4.6 7.5 10.6 15.7 0.7 2.2 3.0 8.1 4.0 5.3 7.6 7.6
裕丰303 Yufeng 303 25.3 28.0 37.9 37.9 1.2 1.2 7.0 7.0 24.1 26.8 30.9 30.9
联创808 Lianchuang 808 4.8 28.1 82.8 86.9 0 1.4 4.8 7.3 4.8 26.7 78.0 79.5
品种
Cultivar		 总倒伏率 Total lodging rate (%) 茎折率 Stalk lodging rate (%) 根倒率 Root lodging rate (%)
Oct. 27 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 6 Oct. 27 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 6 Oct. 27 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 6
联创825 Lianchuang 825 47.8 63.1 71.1 71.1 0 0 0 0 47.8 63.1 71.1 71.1
利单295 Lidan 295 1.9 3.4 18.3 24.4 0.6 1.9 15.5 21.6 1.3 1.5 2.8 2.8
LA 505 1.0 2.6 5.3 11.4 0 1.5 3.9 5.2 1.0 1.0 1.4 6.3
北斗309 Beidou 309 8.2 11.9 32.6 33.5 1.7 4.5 23.9 24.7 6.4 7.4 8.8 8.8
豫单9953 Yudan 9953 3.5 3.5 7.5 25.7 0 0 2.1 17.3 3.5 3.5 5.4 8.5
新单58 Xindan 58 4.6 6.1 10.6 20.8 0.4 0.5 4.0 14.2 4.3 5.6 6.6 6.6
新单65 Xindan 65 0 0 1.0 11.5 0 0 1.0 6.2 0 0 0 5.3
新单68 Xindan 68 0 0.7 2.5 50.6 0 0.7 2.5 50.6 0 0 0 0
农华5号 Nonghua 5 74.6 74.8 80.9 80.9 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 74.3 74.3 80.1 80.1
农华816 Nonghua 816 7.0 7.6 18.0 20.6 0.8 1.4 11.7 13.7 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.9
迪卡517 Dika 517 0.4 1.0 7.7 8.2 0.4 1.0 7.7 8.2 0 0 0 0
迪卡653 Dika 653 0.4 0.4 2.9 2.9 0 0 2.5 2.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
陕单636 Shaandan 636 0.7 4.2 6.3 22.2 0.7 0.9 1.4 16.9 0 3.3 5.0 5.2
陕单650 Shaandan 650 3.8 4.5 10.2 12.1 0 0.3 4.9 6.7 3.8 4.2 5.3 5.3
泽玉501 Zeyu 501 0.8 1.7 2.9 4.5 0.6 0.8 2.0 3.6 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.9
泽玉8911 Zeyu 8911 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
吉单66 Jidan 66 2.4 3.8 15.0 16.5 2.1 2.4 13.6 15.1 0.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
东单913 Dongdan 913 1.4 2.7 5.5 8.7 0 0 2.5 5.7 1.4 2.7 3.0 3.0
金通152 Jintong 152 2.2 5.6 51.7 54.9 0 1.6 43.7 45.2 2.2 4.0 8.0 9.6
中科玉505 Zhongkeyu 505 72.3 83.8 84.4 90.1 3 0.4 0.8 6.2 72.0 83.4 83.6 83.9
平均值 Average 9.7 b 13.0 ab 21.8 ab 27.1 a 0.5 c 1.4 c 7.1 b 11.8 a 9.3 a 11.7 a 14.7 a 15.3 a
最大值 Maximum 74.6 83.8 84.4 90.1 2.1 11.3 43.7 50.6 74.3 83.4 83.6 83.9
最小值 Minimum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
变异系数 CV (%) 210.4 174.9 123.8 98.4 130.1 159.3 132.8 103.3 221.4 197.6 184.6 176.4

Fig. 1

Changes in stalk breaking force of maize after physiological maturity Fig. A shows the summer maize in Xinxiang, Fig. B show the spring maize in Qitai. The main box called IQR contains fifty percent samples in Box-whisker Plot (Fig. B). The two sidelines mean the reasonable sample border in Tukey method. The solid line in box positions the median sample. The hidden line stands for the average. The circle stands for the outlier. Values is the average for all cultivars in same sampling location and different sampling dates in Fig. B. Values within the same sampling location followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different at P<0.05."

Table 3

Percentage of maize stalk broken at different positions"

玉米季
Maize season		 试验地点
Experimental site		 占总折断率的比例 Percentage in total stalk broken rate (%)
第2节
Second internode		 第3节
Third internode		 第4节
Fourth internode		 第5节
Fifth internode		 其他
Others
夏玉米
Summer maize		 河南新乡
Xinxiang, Henan		 18.6 42.9 24.1 7.8 6.1
春玉米
Spring maize		 新疆奇台
Qitai, Xinjiang		 17.0 30.4 27.4 15.6 9.6

Fig. 2

Relationship between maize stalk breaking force and stalk lodging rate ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 probability level."

Fig. 3

Changes in the height of gravity center of maize after physiological maturity Height of gravity center indexed with different lowercase letters are significantly different at P < 0.05."

Fig. 4

Changes in mechanical strength of maize basal internode after physiological maturity Fig. A, Fig. C, and Fig. E show summer maize in Xinxiang, Henan. Fig. B, Fig. D, and Fig. F show spring maize in Qitai, Xinjiang. RPS is rind penetration strength, CS is crushing strength, and BS is bending strength. Values within the same sampling location indexed with different lowercase letters are significantly different at P < 0.05."

Fig. 5

Changes in dry weight per unit length (DWUL) of maize basal internode after physiological maturity Fig. A, Fig. C, and Fig E show summer maize in Xinxiang, Henan. Fig. B, Fig. D, and Fig. F show spring maize in Qitai, Xinjiang. DWUL is dry weight per unit length. Values within the same sampling location indexed with different lowercase letters are significantly different at P < 0.05."

Fig. 6

Changes in moisture content of maize basal internode after physiological maturity Fig. A, Fig. C, and Fig E show summer maize in Xinxiang, Henan. Fig. B, Fig. D, and Fig. F show spring maize in Qitai, Xinjiang. Values within the same sampling location indexed with different lowercase letters are significantly different at P < 0.05."

Table 4

Correlation coefficients among breaking force, mechanical strength, dry matter accumulation and moisture content of maize stalk after physiological maturity"

指标
Indicator		 抗折断力
Breaking force		 穿刺强度
Rind penetration strength		 压碎强度
Crushing strength		 弯曲强度
Bending strength
穿刺强度Rind penetration strength 0.6552**
压碎强度Crushing strength 0.6562** 0.7253**
弯曲强度Bending strength 0.7373** 0.5908** 0.6758**
单位长度干重 Dry weight per unit length 0.7356** 0.5432** 0.5836** 0.7311**
含水率Moisture content 0.5096** 0.4914** 0.4430** 0.5155**
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