外引小麦种质麦谷蛋白亚基组成及评价

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51013

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to screen wheat germplasm carrying high-quality glutenin subunits and dominant polymeric multilocus genes, and to enrich genetic resources for wheat quality improvement in China, a total of 270 wheat accessions originating from CIMMYT, the United States, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Turkey were evaluated. SDS-PAGE and specific molecular marker technologies were employed to identify the composition, combination types, and frequency distribution of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS). A total of 19 HMW-GS subunits and 72 unique combinations were identified across all accessions, of which 16 combinations (28.15%) had quality scores of 8 or higher. At the Glu-1 locus, quality subunits 2^*, 17+18, and 5+10 had the highest frequencies in CIMMYT germplasm (69.39%, 24.49%, and 44.90%, respectively), while subunit 7+8 showed the highest frequency (23.91%) in Kazakh accessions. Twenty accessions exhibited a quality score of 10, with subunit combinations including 1/17+18/5+10, 1/7+8/5+10, 2^*/13+16/5+10, 2^*/17+18/5+10, and 2^*/7+8/5+10. These accessions had an average protein content of 15.08% (ranging from 13.72% to 17.57%) and an average wet gluten content of 31.63% (ranging from 28.40% to 36.87%). Notably, accession 19XW005 showed significantly higher protein and wet gluten contents compared to the control high-quality strong gluten wheat variety Xinong 979. A total of 21 LMW-GS alleles and 117 combinations were detected in the tested germplasm. Alleles B3b, B3d, B3g, A3d, and B3i—known for their positive effects on grain quality at the Glu-3 locus—had the highest frequencies in germplasm from CIMMYT (38.78%), USA (16.67%), Russia (63.64%), and Kazakhstan (11.96% and 22.73%), respectively. The high frequency and diverse combinations of quality-related glutenin subunits in these introduced wheat accessions provide valuable germplasm resources for wheat breeding in China. These findings can contribute to broadening the genetic base and improving the processing quality of Chinese wheat varieties.

Key words: wheat, foreign-introduced germplasm, high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS), low molecular weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS), molecular markers

TIAN Han-Zhao, FENG Long-Ting, YING Kai, MENG Tian-Qi, WU Jun, LIU Yu-Xiu. Composition and evaluation of wheat glutenin subunits in exotic wheat germplasm[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2025, 51(10): 2663-2680.

Figures/Tables 14

Table S1

Summary of material sources"

编号No.	名称 Name	来源 Source	编号 No.	名称 Name	来源 Source	编号No.	名称 Name	来源Source
1	美国硬红冬-15 USA hard red winter-15	美国 USA	91	19XS004变异-1 19XS004 variation-1	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	181	18IR-158	土耳其Turkey
2	美3-1GB USA 3-1GB	美国 USA	92	19XS005	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	182	18IR-232	土耳其Turkey
3	美20-1 USA 20-1	美国 USA	93	19XS005-1	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	183	18IR-246	土耳其Turkey
4	美17 USA 17	美国 USA	94	19XS006	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	184	Os Olimpijia	土耳其Turkey
5	PI 615588	美国 USA	95	19XS007	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	185	Zitarka	土耳其Turkey
6	PI 590960	美国 USA	96	19XS007变异-1 有芒 19XS007 variation-1 awned	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	186	Vulkan	土耳其Turkey
7	w1	CIMMYT	97	19XS008	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	187	Control	土耳其Turkey
8	w2	CIMMYT	98	19XS008变异-1 无芒 19XS008 variation-1 awnless	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	188	Srpanjka	土耳其Turkey
9	w3	CIMMYT	99	19XS008-2	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	189	Renata	土耳其Turkey
10	w5	CIMMYT	100	19XS009	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	190	Ct6	土耳其Turkey
11	w6	CIMMYT	101	19XS009变异-1 有芒 19XS009 variation-1 awned	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	191	Ct25	土耳其Turkey
12	w8	CIMMYT	102	19XS010	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	192	Ct19	土耳其Turkey
13	w9	CIMMYT	103	19XS010变异-2 有芒 19XS010 variation-2 awned	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	193	Ct50	土耳其Turkey
14	w10	CIMMYT	104	19XS011	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	194	Ct65	土耳其Turkey
15	w11	CIMMYT	105	19XS011变异-1 矮 19XS011 variantion-1 short	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	195	Ct88	土耳其Turkey
16	w12	CIMMYT	106	19XS012	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	196	Ct96	土耳其Turkey
17	w13	CIMMYT	107	19XS013	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	197	Ct97	土耳其Turkey
18	w14	CIMMYT	108	19XS014	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	198	28IR-1	土耳其Turkey
19	w15	CIMMYT	109	19XS015	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	199	28IR-2	土耳其Turkey
20	w16	CIMMYT	110	19XS016	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	200	28IR-3	土耳其Turkey
21	w17	CIMMYT	111	19XS016变异-1 长芒 19XS016 variation-1 long-awn	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	201	28IR-4	土耳其Turkey
22	w18	CIMMYT	112	19XS016变异-2 短芒 19XS011 variation-1 short-awn	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	202	28IR-5	土耳其Turkey
23	w19	CIMMYT	113	19XS017	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	203	28IR-9	土耳其Turkey
24	w20	CIMMYT	114	19XS018	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	204	28IR-13	土耳其Turkey
25	w21	CIMMYT	115	19XS019	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	205	28IR-14	土耳其Turkey
26	w22	CIMMYT	116	19XS019变异-1红 19XS019 variation-1 red	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	206	28IR-18	土耳其Turkey
27	w23	CIMMYT	117	19XS020	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	207	28IR-19	土耳其Turkey
28	w24	CIMMYT	118	19XS021	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	208	28IR-20	土耳其Turkey
29	w25	CIMMYT	119	19XS022	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	209	28IR-22	土耳其Turkey
30	w26	CIMMYT	120	19XS022变异-1 黄绿 19XS022 variantion-1 yellow-green	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	210	28IR-26	土耳其Turkey
31	w27	CIMMYT	121	19XS023	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	211	28IR-27	土耳其Turkey
32	w29	CIMMYT	122	19XS024	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	212	28IR-29	土耳其Turkey
33	w30	CIMMYT	123	19XS025	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	213	28IR-31	土耳其Turkey
34	w31	CIMMYT	124	19XS025 变异-1 矮 19XS025variantion-1 short	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	214	28IR-33	土耳其Turkey
35	w32	CIMMYT	125	19XS026	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	215	28IR-35	土耳其Turkey
36	w33	CIMMYT	126	19XS026变异-1 矮 19XS026 variantion-1 short	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	216	28IR-44	土耳其Turkey
37	w34	CIMMYT	127	19XS026变异-2 有芒 19XS026 variation-2 awned	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	217	28IR-45	土耳其Turkey
38	w35	CIMMYT	128	19XS027	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	218	28IR-49	土耳其Turkey
39	w36	CIMMYT	129	19XS027变异-1 19XS027 variantion-1	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	219	28IR-50	土耳其Turkey
40	w37	CIMMYT	130	19XS028	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	220	28IR-52	土耳其Turkey
41	w38	CIMMYT	131	19XS028-1	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	221	28IR-55	土耳其Turkey
42	w39	CIMMYT	132	19XS028-1变异矮 19XS028-1 variantion short	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	222	28IR-56	土耳其Turkey
43	w40	CIMMYT	133	19XS028-2	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	223	28IR-57	土耳其Turkey
44	w41	CIMMYT	134	19XS030	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	224	28IR-59	土耳其Turkey
45	w43	CIMMYT	135	19XS031	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	225	28IR-60	土耳其Turkey
46	w45	CIMMYT	136	19XS032	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	226	28IR-61	土耳其Turkey
47	w47	CIMMYT	137	19XS032变异-1 灰 19XS032 variantion-1 grey	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	227	28IR-62	土耳其Turkey
48	w49	CIMMYT	138	19XS032变异-2 黄 19XS032 variantion-2 yellow	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	228	28IR-63	土耳其Turkey
49	w50	CIMMYT	139	19XS033	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	229	28IR-64	土耳其Turkey
50	w51	CIMMYT	140	19XS035	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	230	28IR-65	土耳其Turkey
51	w52	CIMMYT	141	19XS036	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	231	28IR-66	土耳其Turkey
52	w53	CIMMYT	142	19XS036变异-1 矮 19XS036 variation-1 short	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	232	28IR-67	土耳其Turkey
53	w54	CIMMYT	143	19XS038	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	233	28IR-68	土耳其Turkey
54	w55	CIMMYT	144	19XS039	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	234	28IR-69	土耳其Turkey
55	w56	CIMMYT	145	19XS040矮 19XS040 short	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	235	28IR-70	土耳其Turkey
56	Adel	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	146	19XS040-1高 19XS040-1 high	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	236	28IR-71	土耳其Turkey
57	19XWB01	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	147	Astana	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	237	28IR-72	土耳其Turkey
58	19XWB02	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	148	2019W-9	俄罗斯Russia	238	28IR-73	土耳其Turkey
59	19XWB03	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	149	2019W-11	俄罗斯Russia	239	28IR-74	土耳其Turkey
60	19XWB03变异-1 无芒 19XWB03 variation-1 awnless	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	150	喀山3 Kazan 2	俄罗斯Russia	240	28IR-75	土耳其Turkey
61	19XWB04	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	151	喀山4 Kazan 4	俄罗斯Russia	241	28IR-76	土耳其Turkey
62	19XWB04变异-1白 19XWB04 variation-1 white	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	152	喀山7 Kazan 7	俄罗斯Russia	242	28IR-77	土耳其Turkey
63	19XWB05	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	153	喀山8 Kazan 8	俄罗斯Russia	243	28IR-78	土耳其Turkey
64	19XWB06	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	154	喀山13 Kazan 13	俄罗斯Russia	244	28IR-79	土耳其Turkey
65	19XWB07	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	155	喀山14 Kazan 14	俄罗斯Russia	245	28IR-80	土耳其Turkey
66	19XWB07变异-1 有芒 19XWB07 variantion-1 awned	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	156	喀山15 Kazan 15	俄罗斯Russia	246	28IR-81	土耳其Turkey
67	19XWB08	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	157	喀山16 Kazan 16	俄罗斯Russia	247	28IR-82	土耳其Turkey
68	19XWB09变异-1 矮 19XWB09 variantion-1 short	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	158	喀山17 Kazan 17	俄罗斯Russia	248	28IR-83	土耳其Turkey
69	19XWB10	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	159	喀山21 Kazan 21	俄罗斯Russia	249	28IR-84	土耳其Turkey
70	19XW001	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	160	喀山22 Kazan 22	俄罗斯Russia	250	28IR-85	土耳其Turkey
71	19XW002	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	161	喀山23 Kazan 23	俄罗斯Russia	251	28IR-86	土耳其Turkey
72	19XWB002变异-1 矮 19XWB002 variation-1 short	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	162	喀山26 Kazan 26	俄罗斯Russia	252	28IR-87	土耳其Turkey
73	19XW003	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	163	喀山28 Kazan 28	俄罗斯Russia	253	28IR-88	土耳其Turkey
74	19XW004	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	164	喀山29 Kazan 29	俄罗斯Russia	254	28IR-89	土耳其Turkey
75	19XW005	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	165	喀山30 Kazan 30	俄罗斯Russia	255	28IR-90	土耳其Turkey
76	19XW006	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	166	喀山32 Kazan 32	俄罗斯Russia	256	28IR-91	土耳其Turkey
77	19XW006变异-1 无芒 19XW006 variation-1 awnless	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	167	喀山33 Kazan 33	俄罗斯Russia	257	28IR-92	土耳其Turkey
78	19XW007	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	168	喀山34 Kazan 34	俄罗斯Russia	258	28IR-93	土耳其Turkey
79	19XW007变异-1 矮 19XW007 variation-1 short	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	169	喀山35 Kazan35	俄罗斯Russia	259	28IR-94	土耳其Turkey
80	19XW008	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	170	18IR-15	土耳其Turkey	260	28IR-95	土耳其Turkey
81	19XW008变异-1 有芒 19XW008 variation-1 awned	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	171	18IR-31	土耳其Turkey	261	28IR-96	土耳其Turkey
82	19XW010	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	172	18IR-32	土耳其Turkey	262	28IR-97	土耳其Turkey
83	19XS001	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	173	18IR-41	土耳其Turkey	263	28IR-98	土耳其Turkey
84	19XS001变异-1 矮 19XS001 variantion-1 short	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	174	18IR-44	土耳其Turkey	264	28IR-99	土耳其Turkey
85	19XS002	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	175	18IR-46	土耳其Turkey	265	28IR-100	土耳其Turkey
86	19XS002变异-1 高 19XS002 variation-1 high	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	176	18IR-62	土耳其Turkey	266	28IR-101	土耳其Turkey
87	19XS003	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	177	18IR-67	土耳其Turkey	267	28IR-102	土耳其Turkey
88	19XS003-1	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	178	18IR-75	土耳其Turkey	268	28IR-106	土耳其Turkey
89	19XS003-2	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	179	18IR-83	土耳其Turkey	269	28IR-107	土耳其Turkey
90	19XS004	哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan	180	18IR-151	土耳其Turkey	270	28IR-108	土耳其Turkey

Table S1

Table 1

Table 2

Table S2

The primer information of the genes in this study"

位点 Locus	引物名称 Primer pairs	序列 Sequence (5′-3′)	目标基因 Target allele	片段大小 Size (bp)	退火温度Annealing Temperature (℃)	参考文献 Reference
Glu-A3	A3aF	AAACAGAATTATTAAAGCCGG	Glu-A3a	529	56	[21-22]
	A3aR	GGTTGTTGTTGTTGCAGCA
	A3bF	TTCAGATGCAGCCAAACAA	Glu-A3b	894	58	[21-22]
	A3bR	GCTGTGCTTGGATACTCTA
	A3acF	AAACAGAATTATTAAAGCCGG	Glu-A3a,c	573	60	[21-22]
	A3acR	GTGGCTGTTGTGAAAACGA
	A3dF	TTCAGATGCAGCCAAACAA	Glu-A3d	967	58	[21-22]
	A3dR	TGGGGTTGGGAGACACATA
	A3eF	AAACAGAATTATTAAAGCCGG	Glu-A3e	158	58	[21-22]
	A3eR	GGCACAGACGAGGAAGGTT
	A3fF	AAACAGAATTATTAAAGCCGG	Glu-A3f	552	58	[21-22]
	A3fR	GCTGCTGCTGCTGTGTAAA
	A3gF	AAACAGAATTATTAAAGCCGG	Glu-A3g	1345	60	[21-22]
	A3gR	AAACAACGGTGATCCAACTAA
Glu-B3	B3aF	CACAAGCATCAAAACCAAGA	Glu-B3a	1095	55	[22-23]
	B3aR	TGGCACACTAGTGGTGGTC
	B3bF	ATCAGGTGTAAAAGTGATAG	Glu-B3b	1570	56	[22-23]
	B3bR	TGCTACTCGACATATCCA
	B3cF	CAAATGTTGCAGCAGAGA	Glu-B3c	472	56	[22-23]
	B3cR	CATATCCATCGACTAAACAAA
	B3dF	CACCATGAAGACCTTCCTCA	Glu-B3d	662	58	[22-23]
	B3dR	GTTGTTGCAGTAGAACTGGA
	B3eF	GACCTTCCTCATCTTCGCA	Glu-B3e	669	58	[22-23]
	B3eR	GCAAGACTTTGTGGCATT
	B3fgF	TATAGCTAGTGCAACCTACCAT	Glu-B3fg	812	62	[22-23]
	B3fgR	CAACTACTCTGCCACAACG
	B3gF	CCAAGAAATACTAGTTAACACTAGTC	Glu-B3g	853	60	[22-23]
	B3gR	GTTGGGGTTGGGAAACA
	B3hF	CCACCACAACAAACATTAA	Glu-B3h	1022	60	[22-23]
	B3hR	GTGGTGGTTCTATACAACGA
	B3iF	TATAGCTAGTGCAACCTACCAT	Glu-B3i	621	58	[22-23]
	B3iR	TGGTTGTTGCGGTATAATTT
	B3befF	GCATCAACAACAAATAGTACTAGAA	Glu-B3bef	750	60	[22-23]
	B3befR	GGCGGGTCACACATGACA
Glu-D3-2	D21/22F	TTGGGCCTAATCGCTCGC	Glu-D3-21	884	64	[22-23]
	D21/22R	TAGTCTCCATCTGCGCAATT
	D22F	CTCGTCTTTGCCCTCCTCA	Glu-D3-22	958	62	[22-23]
	D22R	CTAAACAACGGTGACCCAAT
	D23F	TCTGTACTTTGTGTGTGATCG	Glu-D3-23	725	61	[22-23]
	D23R	ACTGCTGCTGGAGGAATAG
Glu-D3-3	D31F	ACAAGTGCCATTGCACAAATG	Glu-D3-31	528	54	[22-23]
	D31R	GATAGATGGATGAACAAATA
	D32F	CAAGTGCCATTGCACAAATT	Glu-D3-32	334	59	[22-23]
	D32R	AATGATGGTTGTTGCGGTAT

Table S2

Table 3

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 4

Types, frequencies, and quality scores of wheat germplasm combinations from different origins"

HMW-GS	国际玉米小麦改良中心CIMMYT			美国 USA			俄罗斯 Russia			哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan			土耳其 Turkey
HMW-GS	材料数Numbers	频率Frequency (%)	评分Score	材料数Numbers	频率Frequency (%)	评分Score	材料数Numbers	频率Frequency (%)	评分 Score	材料数Numbers	频率Frequency (%)	评分Score	材料数Numbers	频率Frequency (%)	评分Score
1/13+19/5+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	7
1/17+18/2+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	8
1/17+18/5+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	10
1/17+18/5+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	6
1/21/2+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	3
1/22/2+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	3
1/22/5+10	2	4.08	7	1	16.67	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	1.98	7
1/22/5+12	1	2.04	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	3
1/6+8/-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	3.26	4	0	0	0
1/6+8/2+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	27.27	4	4	4.35	4	1	0.99	4
1/6+8/2+12	0	0	0	1	16.67	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	1.98	6
1/6+8/5+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	18.18	8	0	0	0	2	1.98	8
1/6+8/5+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	4	0	0	0
1/6+9/2+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	9.09	3	0	0	0	1	0.99	3
1/7/-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	4
1/7/2+10	1	2.04	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1/7/2+12	1	2.04	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	1.98	6
1/7/5+10	1	2.04	8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1/7+8/-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.17	6	0	0	0
1/7+8/2+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	6
1/7+8/2+12	0	0	0	1	16.67	8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1/7+8/5+10	1	2.04	10	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	6.52	10	0	0	0
1/7+8/5+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	6	1	0.99	6
1/7+9/2+12	1	2.04	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	5.43	7	4	3.96	7
1/7+9/5+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	9	9.78	9	2	1.98	9
1/7+9/5+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	5	0	0	0	0	0	0
2^*/13+16/5+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	10
2^*/13+19/5+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	7
2^*/17+18/2+10	2	4.08	6	0	0	0	1	4.55	6	0	0	0	0	0	0
2^*/17+18/5+10	1	2.04	10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	3.96	10
2^*/17+18/5+12	6	12.24	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2^*/22/2+10	1	2.04	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	1.98	3
2^*/22/5+10	8	16.33	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	8	1	0.99	7
2^*/22/5+12	3	6.12	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2^*/6+8/2+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	13.64	4	0	0	0	2	1.98	4
2^*/6+8/2+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	6	0	0	0
2^*/6+8/5+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	8	2	2.17	8	8	7.92	8
2^*/6+9/2+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	3	0	0	0	0	0	0
2^*/7/2+10	1	2.04	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	3.96	4
2^*/7/5+10	1	2.04	8	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	8	0	0	0
2^*/7+8/-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.17	6	0	0	0
2^*/7+8/2+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	2.97	6
2^*/7+8/2+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	8	1	0.99	8
2^*/7+8/5+10	2	4.08	10	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.17	10	2	1.98	10
2^*/7+8/5+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	1	0.99	6
2^*/7+9/2+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	5	1	0.99	5
2^*/7+9/2+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	7	3	2.97	7
2^*/7+9/5+10	3	6.12	9	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	9	5	4.95	9
2^*/7+9/5+12	6	12.24	5	0	0	0	1	4.55	5	0	0	5	1	0.99	5
N/13+19/5+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	1	0	0	0
N/17+18/2+10	2	4.08	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N/17+18/2+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	1.98	6
N/17+18/5+10	1	2.04	8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N/17+18/5+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	4
N/20/2+12	0	0	0	1	16.67	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N/22/2+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99	1
N/22/2+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	3	3	2.97	3
N/6+8/2+10	0	0	0	1	16.67	2	2	9.09	2	7	7.61	2	0	0	0
N/6+8/2+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	4	3	2.97	4
N/6+8/5+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	3.26	6	1	0.99	6
N/6+9/2+10	1	2.04	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N/6+9/5+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	5	0	0	0
N/7/2+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	1.98	2
N/7/2+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	4.35	4	0	0	0
N/7/5+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	3.26	6	0	0	0
N/7+8/2+10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	3	2	1.98	3
N/7+8/2+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.17	6	5	4.95	6
N/7+8/5+10	1	2.04	8	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	5.43	8	5	4.95	8
N/7+8/5+12	1	2.04	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
N/7+9/2+12	0	0	0	1	16.67	5	0	0	0	15	16.30	5	6	5.94	5
N/7+9/5+10	1	2.04	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	4.35	7	1	0.99	7
N/7+9/5+12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	3	3	2.97	3
总计/均值Total/average	49	100.00	6.18	6	100.00	5.17	22	100.00	4.77	92	100.00	6.07	101	100.00	6.13

Table 4

Table S3

Sub-base statistics for materials with a quality score of eight and above"

序号No.	名称 Name	评分Score	HMW-GS	LMW-GS	序号No.	名称 Name	评分Score	HMW-GS	LMW-GS
1	Os Olimpijia	10	2^*/7+8/5+10	-/g/-,31	39	19XS022	9	1/7+9/5+10	-/g/-,31
2	28IR-44	10	2^*/7+8/5+10	-/-/21,32	40	19XS028-1	9	1/7+9/5+10	-/d/22,-
3	28IR-52	10	2^*/13+16/5+10	d/c/-,31	41	美国硬红冬-15 USA hard red winter-15	8	1/7+8/2+12	a/e/21,31
4	28IR-55	10	2^*/17+18/5+10	-/g/22,31	42	Vulkan	8	N/7+8/5+10	-/g/-,31
5	28IR-56	10	2^*/17+18/5+10	e/d/23,31	43	28IR-5	8	2^*/7+8/2+12	f/e/21,31
6	28IR-91	10	1/17+18/5+10	ac/g/23,31	44	28IR-9	8	N/7+8/5+10	ac/-/23,31
7	28IR-99	10	2^*/17+18/5+10	-/g/22,31	45	28IR-14	8	N/7+8/5+10	-/-/23,31
8	28IR-100	10	2^*/17+18/5+10	-/i/22,31	46	28IR-57	8	N/7+8/5+10	-/d/-,32
9	w1	10	2^*/17+18/5+10	-/bef/21,31	47	28IR-59	8	2^*/6+8/5+10	ac/g/23,31
10	w19	10	2^*/7+8/5+10	d/b/23,32	48	28IR-60	8	2^*/6+8/5+10	e/g/-,-
11	w35	10	2^*/7+8/5+10	b/-/21,31	49	28IR-63	8	1/17+18/2+12	-/g/22,31
12	w36	10	1/7+8/5+10	ac/b/-,31	50	28IR-84	8	1/6+8/5+10	-/e/-,31
13	19XWB02	10	1/7+8/5+10	d/g/22,31	51	28IR-85	8	2^*/6+8/5+10	f/g/23,31
14	19XWB03	10	2^*/7+8/5+10	ac/g/22,31	52	28IR-88	8	N/7+8/5+10	ac/g/22,31
15	19XWB05	10	2^*/7+8/5+10	-/c/21,31	53	28IR-90	8	2^*/6+8/5+10	-/g/-,31
16	19XWB08	10	1/7+8/5+10	f/g/21,31	54	28IR-92	8	2^*/6+8/5+10	ac/bef/22,31
17	19XW004	10	1/7+8/5+10	ac/-/-,31	55	28IR-93	8	2^*/6+8/5+10	-/g/22,31
18	19XW005	10	1/7+8/5+10	-/-/-,31	56	28IR-97	8	1/6+8/5+10	-/g/-,31
19	19XW008	10	1/7+8/5+10	-/-/-,31	57	28IR-101	8	2^*/6+8/5+10	ac/g/-,31
20	19XS019变异-1红 19XS019 variation-1 red	10	1/7+8/5+10	f/g/-,31	58	28IR-106	8	2^*/6+8/5+10	ac/g/21,31
21	28IR-61	9	2^*/7+9/5+10	e/e/-,31	59	喀山23 Kazan 23	8	2^*/6+8/5+10	ac/g/22,31
22	28IR-66	9	2^*/7+9/5+10	-/-/-,31	60	喀山26 Kazan 26	8	1/6+8/5+10	ac/g/22,31
23	28IR-68	9	2^*/7+9/5+10	-/g/-,31	61	喀山28 Kazan 28	8	1/6+8/5+10	ac/g/22,31
24	28IR-70	9	1/7+9/5+10	-/g/23,31	62	喀山30 Kazan 30	8	1/6+8/5+10	ac/g/23,31
25	28IR-79	9	2^*/7+9/5+10	ac/g/-,31	63	喀山33 Kazan 33	8	1/6+8/5+10	ac/g/21,31
26	28IR-80	9	1/7+9/5+10	-/g/23,31	64	w2	8	N/7+8/5+10	b/bef/-,32
27	28IR-82	9	2^*/7+9/5+10	ac/g/-,31	65	w5	8	N/17+18/5+10	-/i/-,-
28	w17	9	2^*/7+9/5+10	ac/b/21,31	66	w20	8	1/7/5+10	b/b/21,31
29	w23	9	2^*/7+9/5+10	b/h/21,31	67	w22	8	2^*/7/5+10	b/h/21,31
30	w26	9	2^*/7+9/5+10	b/h/21,31	68	19XWB01	8	2^*/7/5+10	ac/c/22,31
31	19XWB04	9	2^*/7+9/5+10	f/g/-,31	69	19XW001	8	2^*/7+8/2+12	ac/b/22,31
32	19XWB07	9	1/7+9/5+10	-/h/-,31	70	19XW008变异-1 有芒 19XW008 variation -1 awned	8	N/7+8/5+10	-/g/23,31
33	19XW002	9	1/7+9/5+10	-/-/22,31	71	19XS008	8	N/7+8/5+10	-/g/23,32
34	19XW003	9	1/7+9/5+10	ac/g/22,31	72	19XS008-2	8	N/7+8/5+10	-/g/23,32
35	19XW006	9	1/7+9/5+10	ac/g/22,31	73	19XS009变异-1 有芒 19XW009 variation -1 awned	8	N/7+8/5+10	-/-/-,31
36	19XW007	9	1/7+9/5+10	-/-/23,31	74	19XS016变异-1 长芒 19XS016 variation-1 long-awn	8	N/7+8/5+10	-/fg/-,32
37	19XW007变异-1矮 19XW007 Variation-1 short	9	1/7+9/5+10	f/c/22,31	75	19XS023	8	2^*/6+8/5+10	-/g/-,
38	19XS002变异-1高 19XS002 Variation-1 high	9	1/7+9/5+10	ac/c/23,31	76	19XS025	8	2^*/6+8/5+10	-/-/-,-

Table S3

Table 5

Table 6

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 7

LMW-GS combination frequencies"

LMW-GS	CIMMYT		美国USA		俄罗斯Russia		哈萨克斯Kazakhstan		土耳其Turkey
LMW-GS	材料数Numbers	频率Frequency (%)	材料数Numbers	频率Frequency (%)	材料数Numbers	频率Frequency (%)	材料数Numbers	频率Frequency (%)	材料数Numbers	频率Frequency (%)
-/-/-,-	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.17	3	2.97
-/-/-,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	4.35	1	0.99
-/-/-,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	3.26	0	0
-/-/21,31	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
-/-/21,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
-/-/22,31	0	0	0	0	2	9.09	2	2.17	4	3.96
-/-/23,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	2	1.98
-/-/23,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
-/b/21,31	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-/bef/-,31	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-/bef/21,31	2	4.08	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-/c/21,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
-/c/21,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
-/c/23,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
-/d/-,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	1	0.99
-/d/22,-	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
-/d/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
-/e/-,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	1	0.99
-/e/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
-/e/23,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
-/fg/-,-	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.17	0	0
-/fg/-,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
-/fg/-,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.17	0	0
-/fg/21,-	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
-/fg/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
-/g/-,	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	1	0.99
-/g/-,-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-/g/-,31	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	2	2.17	11	10.89
-/g/21,-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
-/g/22,31	0	0	0	0	2	9.09	2	2.17	7	6.93
-/g/23,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	3	2.97
-/g/23,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	3.26	0	0
-/h/-,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
-/i/-,-	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-/i/-,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
-/i/21,31	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	2.97
-/i/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
a/-/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	3.96
a/e/21,31	0	0	1	16.67	0	0	0	0	0	0
a/g/22,31	0	0	1	16.67	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/-/-,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
ac/-/21,-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
ac/-/21,31	2	4.08	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/-/21,32	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/-/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	5.94
ac/-/23,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	2.97
ac/b/-,31	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/b/21,31	10	20.41	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/b/21,32	2	4.08	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/b/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
ac/b/23,31	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	0	0	0	0
ac/bef/22,31	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	0	0	1	0.99
ac/c/21,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.17	0	0
ac/c/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	1	0.99
ac/c/23,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	1	0.99
ac/c/23,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
ac/d/21,31	0	0	1	16.67	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
ac/d/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	1	0.99
ac/d/23,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
ac/e/-,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
ac/e/21,-	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/e/21,31	2	4.08	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/e/21,32	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/e/22,31	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	0	0	0	0
ac/fg/21,31	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/fg/21,32	0	0	1	16.67	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/fg/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
ac/g/-,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	7	6.93
ac/g/21,-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
ac/g/21,31	0	0	0	0	2	9.09	2	2.17	1	0.99
ac/g/22,31	0	0	2	33.33	3	13.64	11	11.96	9	8.91
ac/g/22,32	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	0	0	0	0
ac/g/23,31	0	0	0	0	3	13.64	1	1.09	2	1.98
ac/h/21,31	2	4.08	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/h/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
ac/h/23,32	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/i/21,31	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ac/i/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
b/-/21,31	2	4.08	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
b/b/21,31	4	8.16	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
b/bef/-,32	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
b/bef/23,32	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
b/fg/-,-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
b/g/-,31	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
b/g/22,31	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
b/h/21,31	4	8.16	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
b/h/22,31	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	0	0	0	0
d/-/-,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
d/-/22,31	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	0	0	0	0
d/b/23,32	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
d/c/-,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
d/d/-,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	5.43	0	0
d/fg/-,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
d/g/-,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
d/g/22,31	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	2	2.17	2	1.98
d/g/23,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	1.98
d/g/23,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
d/h/21,31	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
d/h/21,32	1	2.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
d/i/-,-	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
e/d/23,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
e/e/-,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
e/g/-,-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
f/-/-,-	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
f/-/-,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.17	1	0.99
f/-/23,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
f/c/21,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
f/c/22,31	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	1	1.09	0	0
f/e/21,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
f/e/22,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
f/g/-,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.17	0	0
f/g/-,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.17	0	0
f/g/21,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2.17	0	0
f/g/22,31	0	0	0	0	1	4.55	7	7.61	0	0
f/g/23,31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.99
f/i/21,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
f/i/23,32	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1.09	0	0
总计Total	49	100.00	6	100.00	22	100.00	92	100.00	101	100.00

Table 7

References 37

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类别 Subject	10%分离胶 10% separating gel (mL)	5%浓缩胶 5% concentration gel (mL)	组成配方 Formulation composition
蒸馏水 Distilled water	11.90	6.80
30%单体胶 30% monomer gel	10.00	1.70	甲叉丙烯酰胺, 丙烯酰胺 Bis-acrylamide, acrylamide
分离缓冲液 Separation buffer	7.50	—	Tris在双蒸水中溶解, 浓盐酸调节pH 8.8 Tris was dissolved in double-distilled water, and pH 8.8 was adjusted by concentrated hydrochloric acid
浓缩缓冲液 Concentration buffer	—	1.25	Tris在双蒸水中溶解, 浓盐酸调节pH 6.8 Tris was dissolved in double-distilled water, and pH 6.8 was adjusted by concentrated hydrochloric acid
10% SDS	0.30	0.10
10% APS	0.30	0.10
TEMED	0.01	0.01
单体总体积 Total volume of monomer	30.00	10.00
电极缓冲液 Electrode buffer			Tris, 甘氨酸, SDS Tris, glycine, SDS
染色液 Dye solution			R-250考马斯亮蓝, 异丙醇, 冰醋酸 R-250 coomassie brilliant blue, isopropanol, glacial acetic acid

Glu-A1	Glu-B1	Glu-D1	品质得分 Quality score
—	—	5+10	4
1, 2^*	7+8, 17+18, 13+16, 14+15	—	3
—	7+9	2+12, 3+12	2
Null	6+8, 7	4+12	1

HMW-GS	名称 Name	粗蛋白质含量 Crude protein content (%)	湿面筋含量 Wet gluten content (%)
1/17+18/5+10	28IR-91	13.72 ± 1.36 d	32.60 ± 2.99 bcd
1/7+8/2+12	西农979 Xinong 979	14.63 ± 0.57 bcd	32.20 ± 2.46 bcd
1/7+8/5+10	W36	14.70 ± 0.85 bcd	28.63 ± 1.66 d
	19XWB02	14.50 ± 2.11 bcd	31.63 ± 2.07 bcd
	19XWB08	16.30 ± 1.25 abc	32.50 ± 0.5 bcd
	19XW004	16.37 ± 2.91 ab	34.10 ± 2.89 abc
	19XW005	17.57 ± 0.65 a	36.87 ± 0.57 a
	19XW008	16.47 ± 0.49 ab	35.20 ± 1.14 ab
	19XS019变异-1红 19XS019 Variation-1 Red	14.00 ± 1.93 bcd	31.97 ± 4.33 bcd
2^*/13+16/5+10	28IR-52	14.10 ± 0.82 bcd	28.40 ± 2.59 d
2^*/17+18/5+10	28IR-55	15.27 ± 1.52 abcd	31.23 ± 0.96 bcd
	28IR-56	15.37 ± 0.99 abcd	30.37 ± 0.45 cd
	28IR-99	15.13 ± 0.59 abcd	30.27 ± 1.55 cd
	28IR-100	15.00 ± 1.32 bcd	30.03 ± 1.77 cd
	W1	14.70 ± 1.30 bcd	33.20 ± 2.00 bcd
2^*/7+8/5+10	Os Olimpijia	14.33 ± 0.68 bcd	32.60 ± 3.64 bcd
	28IR-44	15.57 ± 1.10 abcd	29.73 ± 1.91 d
	W19	14.10 ± 1.14 bcd	30.73 ± 1.76 cd
	W35	15.97 ± 0.70 abcd	30.43 ± 2.17 cd
	19XWB03	15.10 ± 0.92 abcd	31.77 ± 1.78 bcd
	19XWB05	13.79 ± 1.11 cd	29.73 ± 0.76 d
平均值±标准差 Mean ± SD		15.08 ± 1.01	31.63 ± 2.08
变异系数CV		0.07	0.06

Composition and evaluation of wheat glutenin subunits in exotic wheat germplasm

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Glu-A1	材料数Numbers	频率Frequency (%)	Glu-B1	材料数Numbers	频率 Frequency (%)	Glu-D1	材料数Numbers	频率Frequency (%)
1	81	30.00	6+8	59	21.85	D-	8	2.96
2^*	93	34.44	6+9	6	2.22	2+10	59	21.85
Null	96	35.56	7	22	8.15	2+12	68	25.19
			7+8	49	18.15	5+10	103	38.15
			7+9	76	28.15	5+12	32	11.85
			13+16	1	0.37
			13+19	3	1.11
			17+18	23	8.52
			20	1	0.37
			21	1	0.37
			22	29	10.74

Glu-A3	材料数 Numbers	频率 Frequency (%)	Glu-B3	材料数 Numbers	频率 Frequency (%)	Glu-D3-2/3	材料数 Numbers	频率 Frequency (%)
A3-	97	34.64	B3-	57	20.36	D3-2-	77	27.50
A3a	7	2.50	B3a	1	0.36	21	71	25.36
A3b	16	5.71	B3b	21	7.50	22	93	33.21
A3ac	105	37.50	B3bef	7	2.50	23	39	13.93
A3d	24	8.57	B3c	15	5.36	D3-3-	21	7.50
A3e	3	1.07	B3d	19	6.79	31	217	77.50
A3f	28	10.00	B3e	14	5.00	32	42	15.00
			B3fg	12	4.29
			B3g	110	39.29
			B3h	12	4.29
			B3i	12	4.29

[1]	Mao Jia-Qi, Huang Peng-Yu, Zhao Jia-Jia, Zheng Xing-Wei, Wu Bang-Bang, Hao Yu-Qiong, Qu Fei, Liu Cheng, Ma Peng-Tao, Zheng Jun. Evaluation of powdery mildew resistance in wheat cultivars and molecular detection of resistance genes in Shanxi province, China [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(6): 1669-1681.
[2]	Hu Chuan, Zhao Kai-Nan, Huang Xiu-Li, Wu Jin-Zhi, Ren Kai-Ming, Wang He-Zheng, Fu Guo-Zhan, Huang Ming, Li You-Jun. Effects of tillage methods and nitrogen rates on yield and quality of dryland wheat under one-off irrigation [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(6): 1830-1846.
[3]	Chen Xue-Yan, He Hua-Chuan, Li Zheng-Jia, Dong Xin-Pan, Li Ou-Qi, Liu Xiao-Yun, Li Dan-Ping, Chen Zhi-Wei, Liu Guo-Xia, Lyu Sheng-Yuan, Wu Yin-Ying, Zhao Zhen-Dong, Cao Xin-You, Wan He-Ping. Dynamic changes in root organic acid secretion and its transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in ‘Jimai 60’ seedlings under combined salinity-alkalinity stress in hydroponics [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(6): 1859-1875.
[4]	Gao Pei-Yang, Li Jin-Xuan, Dong Yu-Kui, Shi Yu, Zhang Zhen, Zhang Yong-Li. Response of wheat tillering and spike formation to nitrogen rate under supplementary irrigation based on soil moisture content [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(6): 1847-1858.
[5]	Zhang Xian-Feng, Guo Li-Jian, Li Kang-Chun, Kong Bin-Xue, Liu Yu-Fang, Che Zhuo, Yang De-Long. Identification of the ABHD6 gene family and development of functional markers for grain weight in wheat [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(6): 1711-1727.
[6]	Zhai Sheng-Nan, Cao Xin-You, Li Hao-Sheng, Li Ji-Hu, Li Fa-Ji, Liu Jin-Dong, Xia Xian-Chun, Lyu Ying-Ying, Ma Rui-Feng, Wang Ying, Geng Hong-Wei, Liu Jian-Jun. Analysis of the genetic effects of allelic variation at the Pod-A1, Pod-D1, and Pod-2D loci on peroxidase activity in wheat grains [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(6): 1593-1603.
[7]	Xi Qian-Hui, Xu Zi-Yuan, Liu Meng-Meng, Wang Hong-Yi, Lang Kai-Lin, Jing Zhen-Hai, Chen Feng, Zhao Lei. Genome-wide association study and candidate gene prediction of grain copper content in wheat [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(6): 1604-1617.
[8]	Wang Zhuang-Zhuang, Wu Zi-Jun, Zhang Yong-Xin, Zhang Xin-Yuan, Yuan Li-Xue, Chen Ru-Xue, Liu Shi-Ju, Duan Jian-Zhao, Feng Wei, Wang Tong-Chao, Wang Yong-Hua. Optimized water-nitrogen synergy enhances winter wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency in clay-loam fluvo-aquic soils of southeastern Henan, China [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(5): 1501-1521.
[9]	He Wan-Long, Geng Hong-Wei, Zhang Fei-Fei, Mikereayi·Ababaikere , Luo Zi-Yang, Li Peng-Cheng, Zhou Zhao-Yu, Cheng Yu-Kun. Development of a deep learning-based image recognition system for major wheat diseases [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(5): 1401-1417.
[10]	Zhang Zhen, Feng Lian-Jie, Shi Yu, Yu Zhen-Wen, Zhang Yong-Li. Yield formation of wheat with different ear types under water-saving supplementary irrigation conditions [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(5): 1522-1535.
[11]	Hou Si-Yu, Wang Guo-Cui, Wei Jin-Gui, Xie Wei-Xin, Yin Wen, Fan Zhi-Long, Chai Qiang, Hu Fa-Long. Effects of green manure combined with chemical nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation and yield formation of wheat in arid irrigation areas of northwestern China [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(4): 1208-1219.
[12]	Shang Yun-Qiu, Zhao Zhu, Chen Huan, Ding Yong-Gang, Qiao Yu-Qiang, Li Wei, Zhang Xiang-Qian, Cao Cheng-Fu, Du Shi-Zhou. Effects of long-term tillage practices on grain-filling and yield formation in rain-fed wheat [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(4): 1236-1250.
[13]	Qiao Yu-Xin, Li Cheng-Yue, Kang Xiao-Yu, Zhang Xin-Qi, Jia Shao-Hui, Liu Qian, Cao Ya-Li, Shi Xin-Rui, Hao Xing-Yu, Li Ping. Study on the effects of long-term no-tillage straw mulching on wheat yield improvement in dryland areas based on the APSIM model [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(4): 1181-1192.
[14]	Li Can, Zhang Xi-Wei, Zhu Bo-Tao, Zhang Pei-Pei. Functional characterization of wheat GSK kinase TaSK41 and screening for interacting proteins [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(3): 677-687.
[15]	Hou Jie, Fu Duo-Duo, Wu Hai-Feng, Hao Yu-Qiong, Zheng Xing-Wei, Wu Bang-Bang, Zhou Kai, Li Xiao-Hua, Zheng Jun, Zhao Jia-Jia. Chromosome diversity and its effects in wheat landraces from Shanxi province, China [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(3): 746-763.