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Regulatory effect of panicle nitrogen fertilizer on spikelet degeneration in large panicle indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 538 under different sowing dates#br#
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WANG Jing-Qing,CHEN Hui-Zhe,LAN Tian-Ming,LI Hui,TANG Cheng-Han,MA Xin-Ling,ZHANG Yu-Ping*,WANG Ya-Liang*   

  1. China National Rice Research Institute / State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2025-03-07 Revised:2025-07-09 Accepted:2025-07-09 Published:2025-07-15
  • Contact: 王亚梁, E-mail: wangyaliang@caas.cn; 张玉屏, E-mail: cnrrizyp@163.com E-mail:wangjingqing0705@163.com
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201896, 32271983), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFD12000201), the Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province (2022C02034), the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-01-21), and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) and Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund.

Abstract: Spikelet degeneration is a common issue in large-panicle indica-japonica hybrid rice. This study investigated the effects of nitrogen application on mitigating spikelet degeneration and explored the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Field experiments were conducted over two years (2023 and 2024) using the large-panicle indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivar Yongyou 538. The experiment included three sowing dates (S1: April 20th; S2: May 10th; S3: May 30th), two nitrogen application rates (N12: 180 kg hm?2; N18: 270 kg hm?2), and three panicle nitrogen application timings: T1 (100% applied at leaf age remainder 3.5), T2 (100% at 1.5), and T3 (50% at both stages). The effects of these treatments on yield and its components, tiller dynamics, spikelet differentiation and degeneration, dry matter accumulation, and single spikelet dry matter accumulation were analyzed and compared. The results showed that: (1) Under the S1 sowing condition, the N18T2 treatment achieved the highest yield, averaging 46.83% higher than that of S3N12T1. Sowing date had the greatest effect on seed setting rate, followed by grains per panicle. Nitrogen application rate significantly influenced both effective panicle number and grains per panicle. Compared to N12, N18 increased grains per panicle and effective panicle number by 14.44% and 12.88%, respectively. (2) Nitrogen rate and panicle fertilizer timing mainly affected spikelet development. The nitrogen content in N18 plants was on average 22.51% higher than in N12. In 2023 and 2024, the number of differentiated spikelets increased by 12.12% and 15.35%, and the number of existing spikelets increased by 16.0% and 13.6%, respectively. Delayed panicle fertilizer application effectively reduced spikelet degeneration. The N12T3 treatment increased plant nitrogen content by 31.58%, and N18T2 by 26.29% on average. Spikelet degeneration rate in T2 was on average 18.2% lower than in T1 and 5.48% lower than in T3. (3) Spikelet development was directly dependent on dry matter accumulation. At the onset of panicle differentiation (DM-SDI), dry matter accumulation under N18 was 6.96% higher than under N12, and during panicle development (DM-SD), it was 15.08% higher. The number of differentiated spikelets was positively correlated with both DM-SDI and DM-SD, indicating that greater dry matter accumulation promoted spikelet differentiation. (4) The timing of panicle fertilizer application significantly affected the proportion of dry matter allocated to a single spikelet during the panicle differentiation stage (SSDM-SD), with the order T2 > T3 > T1. Spikelet degeneration was negatively correlated with single spikelet dry matter accumulation at both the onset (SSDM-SDI) and during development (SSDM-SD); lower accumulation corresponded to higher degeneration rates. In conclusion, optimized nitrogen management—particularly precise timing of panicle fertilizer application—regulates dry matter accumulation and significantly influences spikelet formation in indica-japonica hybrid rice. Applying panicle fertilizer at a leaf age remainder of 1.5 enhanced single spikelet dry matter accumulation, promoted spikelet survival and development, reduced degeneration, and increased grains per panicle. For practical cultivation, early sowing combined with optimized nitrogen management—especially split application at both 3.5 and 1.5 leaf age remainders—can extend the vegetative growth period, improve dry matter accumulation per spikelet, enhance spikelet differentiation, and reduce degeneration, even with reduced total nitrogen input.

Key words: Indica-japonica hybrid rice, nitrogen, panicle fertilizer, yield, spikelet differentiation and degeneration, dry matter accumulation

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