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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (10): 1978-1987.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04226

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Competitive effect of soybean density on yield formation in maize/soybean intercropping systems

REN Yuan-Yuan1(), ZHANG Li2, YU Yao-Chuang1, ZHANG Yan-Jun1, ZHANG Sui-Qi3,*()   

  1. 1College of Geography and Environment Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences / Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, Shannxi, China
    2School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China
    3State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau / Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2020-10-12 Accepted:2021-01-13 Online:2021-10-12 Published:2021-02-20
  • Contact: ZHANG Sui-Qi E-mail:renyuanyuan0410@163.com;sqzhang@ms.iswc.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    Shaanxi National Science Foundation(2019JQ-895);Youth Foundation of National Natural Science Foundation of China(41901025);Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau(A314021402-1712);PhD Research Startup Foundation of Baoji University of Arts and Sciences(ZK2017042)

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Abstract:

Crop intercropping system in arid areas is an important planting method for optimizing crop population quality and improving crop yield. There are few reports on the mechanism of crop intercropping competitive advantage in terms of yield components. In this study, to explore the mechanism of crop competition for increasing the yield of intercropping systems, three soybean densities and four row proportions (maize and soybean intercropping with 2:0, 0:2, 2:2, and 2:4) were used to investigate the changes of competition index, yield components, and yield of intercropping system. The results showed that the yield of intercropping system with different row proportion and soybean density was increased by 14%-23%. The actual yield loss of maize was greater than 0, the actual yield loss of soybean was less than 0. The ear weight, ear length, ear diameter, grain weight per ear, cob weight, and 1000-grain weight of maize in intercropping systems were significantly higher than those in monoculture. Except pod length and internode length of main stem, the grain weight per plant, pod number per plants, grain number per plant, effective grain number per plants, nodes on main stem, and 100-grain weight of soybean in intercropping systems were lower than that of monoculture. And there was no significant difference between intercropping and monoculture. The competition ratio of maize was greater than one, and the competition ratio of soybean was less than one. The competition ratio of maize and soybean was 2.08, 1.84, 1.68 and 0.49, 0.56, 0.63, respectively, with three soybean densities, indicating that with the increase of soybean density competition ratio of maize increased while competition ratio of soybean decreased in intercrops. The aggressivity of maize was positive value, and that of soybean was less than zero in intercropping system. Maize yield was positively correlated with cob weight, 1000-grain weight, ear weight, grain weight per ear, ear length, and row kernel number negatively correlated with barren tip length. Path analysis revealed that in the direct effect, grain weight per ear contributed the most to maize yield (2.18); in indirect effect, cob weight and 1000-grain weight contributed more to maize yield 1000-grain weight per ear (1.64 and 1.58). In conclusion, maize intercropped with soybean had intercropping advantages that derived from grain weight per ear.

Key words: density, intercropping, path analysis, competition ratio

Fig. 1

Daily rainfall and air temperature during whole growth stages of experimental crops"

Fig. 2

Effects of different interplanting patterns on land equivalent ratio MS1, MS2, and MS3 indicate maize intercropping soybean with low density (9 plants m-2), medium density (21 plants m-2), and high density (33 plants m-2), respectively. White and gray symbols indicate 2:2 and 2:4 row proportion in maize-soybean intercropping systems."

Fig. 3

Effects of different interplanting patterns on actual yield loss Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. White and gray symbols indicate 2:2 and 2:4 row proportion in maize-soybean intercropping systems."

Table 1

Effects of different planting pattern on yield and yield components in maize"

种植比例
Row
proportion		 密度
Density		 穗重
Ear
weight (g)		 穗长
Ear
length (cm)		 秃尖长
Barren tip
length (cm)		 穗粗
Ear
diameter (cm)		 行数
Ear row
number (No.)		 行粒数
Row kernel
number (No.)		 穗粒重
Grain weight
per ear (g)		 轴粗
Cob
diameter (cm)		 轴重
Cob
weight (g)		 千粒重
Thousand-
grain weight (g)
单作
Single crop		 M 215 b 15.6 c 0.40 a 4.68 b 15.3 b 36.8 c 161 c 2.82 c 149 c 306 b
MS1 252 a 16.7 ab 0.49 a 4.87 a 15.5 ab 37.4 bc 184 b 2.92 ab 183 b 328 a
2:2 MS2 252 a 16.5 b 0.41 a 4.85 a 15.6 ab 38.0 ab 186 ab 2.90 b 191 ab 329 a
MS3 256 a 16.8 ab 0.41 a 4.84 a 15.4 ab 37.7 abc 186 ab 2.94 ab 202 a 329 a
MS1 267 a 17.2 a 0.49 a 4.93 a 15.9 a 39.3 a 197 a 2.93 ab 200 a 336 a
2:4 MS2 256 a 16.9 ab 0.48 a 4.96 a 15.7 ab 37.9 abc 187 ab 2.97 a 192 ab 332 a
MS3 256 a 16.6 b 0.43 a 4.82 a 15.8 ab 37.5 bc 189 ab 2.88 bc 199 ab 333 a

Table 2

Effects of different planting pattern on yield and yield components in soybean"

种植比例
Row
proportion		 密度
Density		 单株粒重
Grain weight
per plant
(g)		 单株荚数
Pods per plant		 单株总粒数
Grain
number
per plant		 单株有效粒数
Effective grain
number per plant		 结荚长度
Length of
podding (cm)		 主茎节间长度
Internode length (cm)		 主茎节数
Nodes on
main stem (No.)		 百粒重
Hundred grain
weight
(g)
单作
Single crop		 S1 23.5 aA 53.3 aA 105 aA 101 aA 51.0 aB 58.4 bB 16.7 aA 23.7 aA
S2 15.9 bA 36.1 bA 70.0 bA 68.4 bA 54.5 aA 66.9 aA 16.7 aA 24.1 aA
S3 10.8 cA 25.3 cA 47.2 cA 46.1 cA 53.8 aA 66.8 aA 15.3 bA 24.1 aA
MS1 20.2 aA 43.0 aB 85.1 aB 82.2 aB 55.5 aA 63.9 bA 15.2 aB 23.9 aA
2:2 MS2 12.3 bC 28.1 bB 56.2 bB 54.0 bB 54.7 aA 68.9 aA 15.1 aB 24.1 aA
MS3 11.5 bA 25.0 bA 49.8 bA 47.9 bA 54.7 aA 72.1 aA 14.4 bB 24.3 aA
MS1 21.6 aA 48.4 aAB 94.2 aAB 89.4 aAB 51.9 aB 61.7 bAB 15.8 aB 24.0 aA
2:4 MS2 14.0 bB 31.0 bB 60.1 bB 58.5 bB 52.4 aA 66.4 aA 15.5 aB 24.2 aA
MS3 11.2 cA 24.9 cA 48.3 cA 46.3 cA 51.4 aA 68.4 aA 14.6 bB 24.4 aA

Fig. 4

Effects of different interplanting patterns on crop aggressivity and competition ratio Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different letters denote significant difference at P < 0.05 among different soybean density in the same row proportion (lowercase letters), and among different row proportions in the same soybean density (capital letters)."

Table 3

Correlation between yield and yield components in maize"

性状
Traits		 产量
Yield		 穗重
Ear
weight		 穗长
Ear
length		 秃尖长
Barren
tip length		 穗粗
Ear
diameter		 行数
Ear row
number		 行粒数
Row kernel
number		 穗粒重
Grain weight
per ear		 轴粗
Cob
diameter		 轴重
Cob
weight		 千粒重
1000-
grain weight
产量Yield 1.00
穗重Ear weight 0.80** 1.00
穗长Ear length 0.71** 0.89** 1.00
秃尖长Barren tip length -0.48** -0.53** -0.43** 1.00
穗粗 Ear diameter -0.01 0.29** 0.38** -0.09 1.00
行数 Ear row number 0.09 0.22** 0.06 -0.08 0.29** 1.00
行粒数 Row kernel number 0.61** 0.76** 0.79** -0.52** 0.10 -0.03 1.00
穗粒重 Grain weight per ear 0.73** 0.66** 0.58** -0.34** 0.09 0.17** 0.51** 1.00
轴粗Cob diameter 0.02 0.06 0.08 -0.06 0.07 0.02 0.09 0.05 1.00
轴重 Cob weight 0.89** 0.81** 0.74** -0.44** 0.09 0.11* 0.63** 0.75** 0.15** 1.00
千粒重 1000-grain weight 0.82** 0.74** 0.69** -0.33** 0.10 0.11 0.58** 0.72** 0.07 0.83** 1.00

Table 4

Path analysis of maize yield in interplanting patterns"

自变量
Independent
variable		 直接通径系数(直接作用)
Direct path coefficient
(direct action)		 间接通径系数(间接作用) Indirect path coefficient (indirect action)
穗重
Ear
weight		 穗长
Ear
length		 秃尖长
Barren
tip length		 行粒数
Ear row
number		 穗粒重
Grain weight
per ear		 轴重
Cob
weight		 千粒重
1000-
grain weight
穗重Ear weight -1.71 -0.11 -0.50 0.39 1.43 0.19 0.04
穗长Ear length -0.13 -1.53 -0.41 0.40 1.26 0.17 0.03
秃尖长Barren tip length 0.94 0.91 0.05 -0.26 -0.75 -0.10 -0.02
行粒数Ear row number 0.51 -1.31 -0.10 -0.48 1.11 0.15 0.03
穗粒重Grain weight per ear 2.18 -1.13 -0.07 -0.32 0.26 0.18 0.04
轴重Cob weight 0.24 -1.39 -0.09 -0.41 0.32 1.64 0.04
千粒重1000-grain weight 0.05 -1.27 -0.09 -0.31 0.29 1.58 0.20
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