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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (4): 860-872.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14052

• CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on sugarcane growth and nutrient- related gene co-expression network under different fertilization levels

KONG Chui-Bao1(), PANG Zi-Qin1,2, ZHANG Cai-Fang1, LIU Qiang1,2, HU Chao-Hua1, XIAO Yi-Jie1, YUAN Zhao-Nian1,3,*()   

  1. 1National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
    2College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
    3Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Sugar Industry, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
  • Received:2021-03-31 Accepted:2021-07-12 Online:2022-04-12 Published:2021-07-26
  • Contact: YUAN Zhao-Nian E-mail:kongchuibao18@163.com;yuanzn05@163.com
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System(CARS-170208);Science and Technology Innovation Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(KFA17528A)

Abstract:

Sugarcane is one of the important sugar crops in China. Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) fungi are widely distributed. Researches have shown that AM fungi infecting plant roots can promote nutrient absorption and growth of plants. In this study, pot experiment was used to set up with two fertilization levels of conventional fertilization (N) and reduced fertilization (R), and inoculated (AM) and control (CK). There were four treatments in total, and four replicates were set in each treatment. The results revealed that the plants inoculated with AM fungi did not only significantly increased the biomass accumulation, but also significantly affected the pH value, alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus of sugarcane rhizosphere soil. The biomass accumulation in the AM fungus inoculation treatment under reduced fertilization was significantly higher than that of conventional fertilization. The turquoise module and darkgreen module with high specificity with nutrient phenotypes such as nitrogen and phosphorus were screened by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The core genes of the module were screened with KME value greater than 0.7 as the threshold, and 408 and 21 core genes were screened, respectively. GO enrichment indicated that these core genes were mainly involved in nutrient transport, metabolism, and enzyme catalysis pathways. Based on annotation information and the connectivity of genes, 28 core genes related to the absorption and transportation of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus and 108 related candidate genes were detected among the core genes screened. This study reveals the effects of AM fungi on sugarcane nutrient absorption, and provides a theoretical basis for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of AM fungi affecting sugarcane nutrient absorption.

Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, sugarcane growth, nutrients, WGCNA

Table 1

Effects of different treatments on growth indexes and mycelial infection rate of sugarcane plants"

处理
Treatment
植株干重
Plant biomass (g)
株高
Plant height (cm)
菌丝侵染率
Mycelial infection rate (%)
AMN 31.00±0.20 a 41.43±3.27 a 31.25±4.50 b
AMR 27.47±0.84 b 40.09±4.87 a 50.25±8.14 a
CKN 26.37±0.59 b 29.93±0.92 b 0.25±0.25 c
CKR 21.24±0.24 c 23.46±1.13 b 0.50±0.29 c

Fig. 1

Image of fungal spore formation and root hyphae infection treated with AM fungus inoculation A: sporulation image of AM fungus inoculation; B: hyphae infection image of sugarcane root inoculated with AM fungus. AM: arbuscular mycorrhizas."

Table 2

Effects of different treatments on root dry weight, root length, and root surface area in sugarcane"

处理
Treatment
根干重
Root biomass (g)
根长
Length (cm)
根表面积
Surface area (cm2)
AMN 2.85±0.12 ab 15055.92±162.27 b 1636.08±54.34 a
AMR 3.13±0.06 a 17668.88±220.10 a 1676.34±20.91 a
CKN 2.56±0.02 b 12742.93±158.71 c 1258.49±65.41 c
CKR 2.71±0.20 b 13360.82±365.33 c 1408.73±23.45 b

Table 3

Effects of different treatments on the physical and chemical properties of sugarcane rhizosphere soil"

处理
Treatment
酸碱度
pH
碱解氮
AN (mg kg-1)
有效磷
AP (mg kg-1)
速效钾
AK (mg kg-1)
有机质
OM (g kg-1)
AMN 6.75±0.02 b 42.47±2.52 a 12.84±0.25 a 27.38±1.28 a 9.82±0.25 a
AMR 6.92±0.03 a 36.95±3.48 a 10.86±0.37 b 25.63±0.13 ab 7.28±0.14 b
CKN 6.68±0.02 c 26.99±1.52 b 8.89±0.50 c 25.13±1.01 ab 6.79±0.22 b
CKR 6.73±0.02 bc 24.66±1.19 b 7.55±0.16 d 24.00±0.35 b 4.14±0.02 c

Fig. 2

Determination of soft threshold The ordinate of A represents the scale-free network model index; the ordinate of B represents the average network connectivity corresponding to each soft threshold; the abscissas of A and B both represent the soft threshold (β)."

Fig. 3

Gene cluster tree and module division A: gene cluster tree constructed based on topological overlap; B: gene modules obtained by dynamic shearing algorithm; color represent the modules; C: gene modules after merging similar expression patterns."

Fig. 4

Heat map of module and trait correlation The abscissa represents different traits, and the ordinate represents the feature vector of each module. The data in the square represent the correlation between the module and the trait and the P-value. Red represents the positive correlation between the module and the trait, and blue represents the negative correlation between the module and the trait."

Table 4

GO enrichment of the core gene of the module (partial data)"

模块
Module
GO富集项目
GO term
GO 基因数目
Number of genes
P
P-value
碧绿Turquoise 代谢过程Metabolic process GO:0008152 122 2.40E-04
细胞过程Cellular process GO:0009987 119 4.70E-03
单一生物过程Single-organism process GO:0044699 99 4.13E-03
生物调节Biological regulation GO:0065007 37 4.27E-03
对刺激的反应Response to stimulus GO:0050896 35 4.78E-03
本质化过程Localization GO:0051179 29 4.74E-03
细胞Cell GO:0005623 133 5.11E-04
细胞部分Cell part GO:0044464 133 2.39E-03
细胞器Organelle GO:0043226 100 7.90E-05
膜Membrane GO:0016020 92 2.04E-03
膜部分Membrane part GO:0044425 75 2.52E-03
细胞器部分Organelle part GO:0044422 29 3.51E-03
结合Binding GO:0005488 108 2.58E-03
催化活性Catalytic activity GO:0003824 98 7.54E-03
深绿Darkgreen 代谢过程Metabolic process GO:0008152 13 1.25E-03
细胞过程Cellular process GO:0009987 8 3.45E-03
单一生物过程Single-organism process GO:0044699 8 2.54E-03
膜Membrane GO:0016020 8 3.25E-03
细胞Cell GO:0005623 7 6.45E-03
细胞部分Cell part GO:0044464 7 5.87E-03
膜部分Membrane part GO:0044425 7 2.58E-03
细胞器Organelle GO:0043226 6 4.65E-03
催化活性Catalytic activity GO:0003824 11 2.35E-03
结合Binding GO:0005488 8 4.78E-03

Table 5

Functional annotations of nutrient-related core genes in each gene module (partial data)"

模块
Module
基因ID
Gene ID
基因功能
Gene function
碧绿 Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_73305 蔗糖合酶2
Turquoise Sucrose synthase 2
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_56251 氨基酸转运和代谢
Amino acid transport and metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_107291 氨基酸转运和代谢
Amino acid transport and metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_109658 可溶性无机焦磷酸酶; 无机离子迁移与代谢
Soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase; inorganic ion transport and metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_84225 碳水化合物的运输和代谢
Carbohydrate transport and metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_20999 氨基酸转运和代谢
Amino acid transport and metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_56328 碳水化合物的运输和代谢
Carbohydrate transport and metabolism
模块
Module
基因ID
Gene ID
基因功能
Gene function
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_61584 氨基酸转运和代谢
Amino acid transport and metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_20996 氨基酸转运和代谢
Amino acid transport and metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_36202 钾离子通道基因CNGC2
Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 2
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_101569 可溶性无机焦磷酸酶
Soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_36232 钾离子通道基因CNGC2
Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 2
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_60132 碳水化合物的运输和代谢
Carbohydrate transport and metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_116537 主要诱导超级家族; 糖(及其他)转运蛋白
Major Facilitator Super family; sugar (and other) transporter
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_68404 淀粉和蔗糖代谢; 氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢
Starch and sucrose metabolism; amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_52856 碳水化合物的运输和代谢
Carbohydrate transport and metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_61188 主要诱导超级家族; 糖(及其他)转运蛋白
Major Facilitator Super family; sugar (and other) transporter
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_60391 氨基酸转运和代谢
Amino acid transport and metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_54480 主要诱导超级家族; 糖(及其他)转运蛋白
Major Facilitator Super family; sugar (and other) transporter
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_116260 NRT1/PTR FAMILY 7.2蛋白基因
Protein NRT1/PTR FAMILY 7.2
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_52960 氨基酸转运和代谢
Amino acid transport and metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_76759 多肌醇多磷酸磷酸酶1
Multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 1
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_113779 NRT1/PTR FAMILY 6.4蛋白基因
Protein NRT1/PTR FAMILY 6.4
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_1327 NRT1/PTR FAMILY 6.4蛋白基因
Protein NRT1/PTR FAMILY 6.4
深绿 Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_108443 碳水化合物的运输和代谢
Darkgreen Carbohydrate transport and metabolism
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_105049 磷酸酯酶家族基因
Phosphoesterase family
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_48314 可溶性无机焦磷酸酶; 能源生产与转化
Soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase; energy production and conversion
Saccharum_officinarum_newGene_90724 碳水化合物的运输和代谢
Carbohydrate transport and metabolism

Fig. 5

Co-expression network of nutrient-related core genes in the turquoise module The size of the point and the intensity of the colors represent the level of connectivity of the point in the network; the color intensity of the line represents the level of connectivity between two points."

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