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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (9): 2572-2581.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21067

• RESEARCH NOTES • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of multiple cropping green manure on grain quality and yield of wheat with different irrigation levels

ZHANG Diao-Liang(), YANG Zhao, HU Fa-Long, YIN Wen, CHAI Qiang, FAN Zhi-Long()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2022-10-13 Accepted:2023-02-21 Online:2023-09-12 Published:2023-03-06
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1700204-04);Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Program(22JR5RA860)

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Abstract:

It is proved that the effect of multiple cropping green manure after wheat harvest on wheat grain quality and yield with different irrigation levels has an important theoretical and practical supporting role in building a stable and high-yield and high-quality production mode of wheat based on green manure in arid irrigation areas. In this study, a split plot design was adopted. Two cropping patterns were set up in the main area: wheat with multiple cropping green manure (W-G) and wheat with autumn fallow (W). Three irrigation levels were set in the sub district during wheat growth period: low irrigation quota (I1: 190 mm), medium irrigation quota (I2: 240 mm), and high irrigation quota (I3: 290 mm). The quality indexes, such as protein content, starch content, unit weight, and other quality, and yield performance of wheat were measured and analyzed in 2020 and 2021. The results showed that with the same irrigation level, compared with W, the grain protein content of W-G wheat increased by 5.8%-26.5%, the wet gluten content increased by 9.3%-26.4%, and the unit weight increased by 0.4%-2.1%. Between different irrigation levels in the same cropping pattern, the protein content of wheat grains increased with the decrease of irrigation level, while the starch content and wet gluten content of wheat grains decreased with the decrease of irrigation level. The grain unit weight of I2 wheat was significantly greater than I1 and I3. Among the treatments of each combination, the protein content of wheat grain at the medium irrigation level of multiple cropping green manure (W-GI2) and the low irrigation level of multiple green manure (W-GI1) had no significant difference, which were higher than other treatments, increased by 15.1%-35.0% compared with the high irrigation level of wheat with autumn fallow (WI3), and the starch content and wet gluten content of wheat grain at W-GI2 had no significant difference compared with the high irrigation level of wheat with multiple cropping green manure (W-GI3), which were 3.2%-3.4% and 7.5%-12.9% higher than WI3, respectively. The unit weight of wheat grains was maximized. Compared with leisure after wheat harvest treatment, wheat grain yield of W-G increased by 7.0%-13.2%. The grain yield of wheat decreased with the decrease of irrigation level, but the grain yield of W-GI2 wheat was not significantly different from that of W-GI3, and increased by 6.0% on average compared with that of WI3. Compared with W, W-G increased the content of soil organic matter before wheat sowing by 5.6%-31.5%, but the content of soil organic matter of W-GI2 was not significantly different from that of W-GI3 in 20-40 cm soil layer, and increased by 7.8% on average compared with that of WI3. In conclusion, multiple cropping green manure after wheat harvest can significantly increase the content of soil organic matter in wheat field compared with leisure after wheat harvest treatment, enable wheat to obtain higher grain yield with medium irrigation conditions, and improve grain protein, starch, wet gluten content, and other qualities, which can be used as a recommended agronomic measure for sustainable and stable yield and high yield and quality optimization of wheat under limited irrigation in arid irrigation areas.

Key words: green manure, irrigation level, grain quality, yield, wheat

Fig. 1

Average monthly precipitation and temperature of wheat season in the test area in 2020 and 2021"

Table 1

Code and concrete measure of different treatments"

种植模式
Cropping pattern		 灌水水平
Irrigation level		 处理组合代码 Treatment
combined code		 具体措施
Concrete measure
麦后复种绿肥 Wheat multiple cropping with green manure (W-G) 低灌水
Low irrigation quota (I1)		 W-GI1 小麦收获后浅旋灭茬复种绿肥, 在10月中旬落霜后(绿肥开花期), 将绿肥全量翻压还田, 翻压深度25 cm。
After wheat harvest, shallow rotation stubble killing and replanting of green manure were carried out. After frost fell in mid-October (the green manure flowering period), the full amount of green manure was turned over and returned to the field, with a turning depth of 25 cm.
中灌水
Medium irrigation quota (I2)		 W-GI2
高灌水
High irrigation quota (I3)		 W-GI3
麦后休闲
Wheat with autumn fallow (W)		 低灌水
Low irrigation quota (I1)		 WI1 小麦收获后夏休闲, 在10月中旬落霜后, 与复种绿肥处理同时进行耕翻, 耕翻深度25 cm。
Summer leisure after wheat harvest, after frost fell in mid-October, ploughing was carried out at the same time as green manure treatment, and the ploughing depth was 25 cm.
中灌水
Medium irrigation quota (I2)		 WI2
高灌水
High irrigation quota (I3)		 WI3

Table 2

Irrigation quota and irrigation quota of wheat multiple cropping green manure (mm)"

灌水水平Watering standard 小麦 Wheat 箭筈豌豆 Common vetch 灌溉定额Irrigation quota
苗期
Seedling stage		 孕穗期
Booting stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 苗期
Seedling stage		 现蕾期
Squaring stage
I1 60 70 60 60 70 320
I2 75 90 75 60 70 370
I3 90 110 90 60 70 420

Table 3

Effects of different cropping patterns and irrigation levels on grain quality of wheat"

种植模式
Cropping pattern		 灌水水平
Irrigation level		 蛋白
Protein (%)		 淀粉
Starch (%)		 湿面筋
Wet gluten (%)		 灰分
Ash content (%)		 容重
Unit weight (g L-1)
2020
W-G I1 13.71 a 59.93 b 29.12 a 0.49 a 786.33 b
I2 13.17 ab 61.92 a 29.55 a 0.48 ab 796.71 a
I3 12.85 b 61.91 a 29.73 a 0.49 a 796.64 a
W I1 11.95 c 59.89 b 23.03 c 0.48 ab 783.43 c
I2 11.73 c 61.81 a 25.87 b 0.48 ab 785.84 b
I3 10.16 d 59.87 b 26.17 b 0.45 c 785.83 b
2021
W-G I1 14.52 a 60.55 b 28.49 b 0.52 b 781.02 d
I2 13.98 a 61.22 a 30.25 a 0.51 b 807.33 a
I3 12.85 b 61.12 a 30.95 a 0.53 a 790.85 b
W I1 13.14 b 59.58 c 26.06 c 0.51 b 775.71 e
I2 12.63 bc 61.01 ab 26.93 c 0.51 b 791.11 b
I3 12.15 c 59.28 c 28.14 b 0.50 c 785.87 c
种植模式 (C) ** ** ** ** **
灌水水平 (I) ** ** ** NS **
C×I NS ** * ** **

Fig. 2

Performance of wheat grain yield under different cropping patterns and irrigation levels W-G: wheat multiple cropping with green manure; W: wheat with autumn fallow; I1, I2, and I3 represents low, medium, and high irrigation quota, respectively. Different lowercase letters on the bar indicate significant difference at the 0.05 probability level between the different treatments in the same year."

Fig. 3

Comparison of wheat yield under different cropping patterns and different irrigation levels Abbreviations of treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters on the bars indicate significant difference at the 0.05 probability level between the different treatments in the same year."

Fig. 4

Soil organic matter content with different cropping pattern and irrigation level treatments Abbreviations of treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters on the bars indicate significant difference at the 0.05 probability level between the different treatments in the same year."

Table 4

Correlation analysis between grain quality, yield, and its composition of wheat and soil organic matter with different cropping pattern and irrigation levels"

性状
Trait		 穗数 Panicle number 穗粒数 Kernel number
per ear		 千粒重1000-kernel weight 蛋白 Protein 淀粉 Starch 湿面筋
Wet gluten		 灰分
Ash content		 容重
Unit weight		 土壤有机质Soil organic matter
产量Grain yield 0.957** -0.081 0.499* 0.158 0.677** 0.909** 0.220 0.845** 0.774**
穗数Panicle number -0.090 0.442 0.147 0.622** 0.866** 0.286 0.812** 0.784**
穗粒数Kernel number per ear 0.777** 0.914** 0.323 0.222 0.606** 0.130 0.319
千粒重1000-kernel weight 0.839** 0.626** 0.705** 0.462 0.643** 0.372
蛋白Protein 0.350 0.497* 0.626** 0.258 0.554*
淀粉Starch 0.603** 0.492* 0.789** 0.565*
湿面筋Wet gluten 0.397 0.750** 0.908**
灰分Ash content 0.140 0.600**
容重Unit weight 0.628**
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