不同播期下氮素穗肥对大穗型籼粳杂交稻甬优538颖花退化的调控作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.52006

Abstract

Abstract:

Spikelet degeneration is a common issue in large-panicle indica-japonica hybrid rice. This study investigated the effects of nitrogen application on mitigating spikelet degeneration and explored the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Field experiments were conducted over two years (2023 and 2024) using the large-panicle indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivar Yongyou 538. The experiment included three sowing dates (S₁: April 20th; S₂: May 10th; S₃: May 30th), two nitrogen application rates (N12: 180 kg hm^-2; N18: 270 kg hm^-2), and three panicle nitrogen application timings: T₁ (100% applied at leaf age remainder 3.5), T₂ (100% at 1.5), and T₃ (50% at both stages). The effects of these treatments on yield and its components, tiller dynamics, spikelet differentiation and degeneration, dry matter accumulation, and single spikelet dry matter accumulation were analyzed and compared. The results showed that: (1) Under the S₁ sowing condition, the N18T₂ treatment achieved the highest yield, averaging 46.83% higher than that of S₃N12T₁. Sowing date had the greatest effect on seed setting rate, followed by grains per panicle. Nitrogen application rate significantly influenced both effective panicle number and grains per panicle. Compared to N12, N18 increased grains per panicle and effective panicle number by 14.44% and 12.88%, respectively. (2) Nitrogen rate and panicle fertilizer timing mainly affected spikelet development. The nitrogen content in N18 plants was on average 22.51% higher than in N12. In 2023 and 2024, the number of differentiated spikelets increased by 12.12% and 15.35%, and the number of existing spikelets increased by 16.00% and 13.60%, respectively. Delayed panicle fertilizer application effectively reduced spikelet degeneration. The N12T₃ treatment increased plant nitrogen content by 31.58%, and N18T₂ by 26.29% on average. Spikelet degeneration rate in T₂ was on average 18.20% lower than in T₁ and 5.48% lower than in T₃. (3) Spikelet development was directly dependent on dry matter accumulation. At the onset of panicle differentiation (DM-SDI), dry matter accumulation under N18 was 6.96% higher than under N12, and during panicle development (DM-SD), it was 15.08% higher. The number of differentiated spikelets was positively correlated with both DM-SDI and DM-SD, indicating that greater dry matter accumulation promoted spikelet differentiation. (4) The timing of panicle fertilizer application significantly affected the proportion of dry matter allocated to a single spikelet during the panicle differentiation stage (SSDM-SD), with the order T₂ > T₃ > T₁. Spikelet degeneration was negatively correlated with single spikelet dry matter accumulation at both the onset (SSDM-SDI) and during development (SSDM-SD); lower accumulation corresponded to higher degeneration rates. In conclusion, optimized nitrogen management—particularly precise timing of panicle fertilizer application—regulates dry matter accumulation and significantly influences spikelet formation in indica-japonica hybrid rice. Applying panicle fertilizer at a leaf age remainder of 1.5 enhanced single spikelet dry matter accumulation, promoted spikelet survival and development, reduced degeneration, and increased grains per panicle. For practical cultivation, early sowing combined with optimized nitrogen management—especially split application at both 3.5 and 1.5 leaf age remainders—can extend the vegetative growth period, improve dry matter accumulation per spikelet, enhance spikelet differentiation, and reduce degeneration, even with reduced total nitrogen input.

Key words: indica-japonica hybrid rice, nitrogen, panicle fertilizer, yield, spikelet differentiation and degeneration, dry matter accumulation

WANG Jing-Qing, CHEN Hui-Zhe, LAN Tian-Ming, LI Hui, TANG Cheng-Han, MA Xin-Ling, ZHANG Yu-Ping, WANG Ya-Liang. Regulatory effect of panicle nitrogen fertilizer on spikelet degeneration in large panicle indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 538 under different sowing dates[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2025, 51(10): 2759-2774.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Yield and yield components under different sowing dates and fertilization treatments"

年份 Year	播期 Seeding stage	氮素处理 Nitrogen treatment	施肥时间 Fertilization time	有效穗数 No. of productive panicles (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 No. of spikelets	结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t hm^-2)
2023	S₁	N12	T₁	234.64±5.77 b	278.67±8.33 e	79.12±3.14 c	20.10±0.04 b	8.27±0.37 d
			T₂	234.64±4.10 b	318.00±6.08 d	86.53±1.12 a	20.36±0.09 ab	9.14±0.26 c
			T₃	234.64±5.31 b	337.00±8.54 bc	81.13±1.01 b	20.56±0.34 a	9.95±0.63 c
		N18	T₁	245.31±6.58 ab	326.00±3.00 cd	77.43±1.21 c	20.17±0.13 b	9.95±0.32 c
			T₂	250.64±3.34 ab	385.67±3.51 a	83.98±1.20 a	20.40±0.07 ab	13.28±0.48 a
			T₃	255.97±5.12 a	344.00±11.53 b	81.16±1.12 b	20.26±0.17 ab	11.56±0.49 b
	S₂	N12	T₁	191.98±3.30 b	316.33±6.81 f	72.16±2.01 cd	20.26±0.12 a	7.06±0.24 e
			T₂	202.65±4.10 b	332.67±3.79 e	79.23±2.14 ab	20.57±0.50 a	8.80±0.16 d
			T₃	202.65±5.31 b	346.67±9.02 d	78.42±1.14 b	20.78±0.12 a	9.08±0.60 cd
		N18	T₁	223.98±4.67 a	378.33±5.86 c	69.23±1.16 d	20.67±0.61 a	9.67±0.40 cd
			T₂	223.98±3.35 a	431.67±4.16 a	82.57±1.08 a	20.71±0.24 a	13.14±0.33 a
			T₃	229.31±2.96 a	402.67±11.06 b	73.25±3.21 c	20.70±0.19 a	11.16±0.44 b
	S₃	N12	T₁	202.65±5.77 bc	353.00±7.94 e	55.43±2.78 c	19.45±0.06 d	6.20±0.54 d
			T₂	191.98±3.98 c	369.33±7.51 d	67.42±2.01 a	19.90±0.20 cd	7.60±0.27 c
			T₃	197.31±5.31 c	373.67±6.03 d	63.42±4.89 ab	20.78±0.40 ab	7.75±0.38 c
		N18	T₁	218.64±6.58 a	387.33±4.04 c	56.34±2.71 c	21.10±0.11 a	7.95±0.25 c
			T₂	213.31±3.34 ab	428.67±5.77 a	67.31±3.12 a	20.39±0.50 bc	9.91±0.64 b
			T₃	223.98±2.71 a	409.67±10.02 b	62.28±3.21 b	20.21±0.60 bc	9.14±0.38 a
2024	S₁	N12	T₁	185.26±6.40 bc	334.13±12.10 b	67.41±3.11 b	19.85±0.91 b	6.83±0.04 f
			T₂	186.11±4.10 c	354.93±24.97 ab	69.42±4.17 ab	20.20±0.20 ab	7.19±0.20 e
			T₃	191.98±9.20 bc	378.87±26.39 a	72.19±2.07 ab	19.70±0.54 b	8.23±0.21 d
		N18	T₁	223.98±5.40 abc	358.07±7.51 ab	70.23±1.13 ab	20.97±0.03 a	9.41±0.08 c
			T₂	239.98±5.78 a	387.00±29.46 a	75.12±3.12 a	20.17±0.13 ab	11.18±0.09 a
			T₃	234.64±4.41 ab	370.87±7.00 ab	73.12±5.13 ab	20.54±0.45 ab	10.54±0.33 b
	S₂	N12	T₁	186.65±5.77 c	357.60±37.20 b	56.01±10.01 a	20.38±0.47 a	6.10±0.34 d
			T₂	191.98±7.10 bc	360.60±58.80 b	60.02±5.12 a	20.59±0.75 a	6.76±0.21 c
			T₃	186.65±5.31 c	386.20±16.41 b	58.12±1.23 a	20.45±0.32 a	6.85±0.18 c
		N18	T₁	213.31±6.58 ab	403.00±18.00 b	59.23±3.12 a	19.98±0.17 ab	8.06±0.10 b
			T₂	223.98±5.78 a	462.93±13.12 a	63.25±8.12 a	19.55±0.33 b	10.14±0.38 a
			T₃	223.98±5.12 a	419.00±20.72 ab	57.23±3.11 a	19.79±0.22 ab	8.51±0.34 b
	S₃	N12	T₁	202.65±5.77 a	335.60±4.98 e	52.13±1.24 b	19.56±0.84 a	5.55±0.42 e
			T₂	200.51±4.10 a	361.07±11.00 d	58.43±8.01 ab	20.31±0.28 a	6.73±0.08 d
			T₃	202.11±5.31 a	386.87±8.32 c	56.23±3.11 ab	20.40±1.08 a	6.92±0.51 d
		N18	T₁	218.64±8.25 a	422.00±19.71 b	55.21±6.11 ab	19.33±0.55 a	7.82±0.04 c
			T₂	218.64±3.34 a	448.33±7.41 a	63.57±3.12 a	19.74±0.95 a	9.67±0.10 a
			T₃	207.98±5.12 a	423.00±16.93 b	60.02±2.11 ab	20.23±0.77 a	8.52±0.11 b

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 2

Table 4

Effects of different seeding stage and nitrogen fertilizer treatments on spikelet initiation and degeneration"

年份 Year	播期 Seeding stage	氮肥处理 Nitrogen treatment	施肥时间 Fertilization time	颖花分化数 No. of differentiated spikelets		颖花现存数 No. of survived spikelets	颖花退化数 No. of degenerated spikelets		颖花退化率 Spikelets degeneration rate (%)
2023	S₁	N12	T₁	528.67±2.52 c		278.67±2.52 f	250.00±2.00 b		47.29±0.36 a
			T₂	507.00±3.46 d		318.00±3.00 e	189.00±4.58 d		37.28±0.73 d
			T₃	528.67±3.21 c		336.33±2.08 c	192.33±4.73 d		36.38±0.69 d
		N18	T₁	599.67±3.79 a		326.67±3.79 d	273.00±1.00 a		45.53±0.29 a
			T₂	586.33±5.69 b		386.00±4.58 a	200.33±2.52 c		34.17±0.34 e
			T₃	593.67±3.21 a		345.33±3.21 b	248.33±6.43 b		41.83±0.86 c
	S₂	N12	T₁	585.67±4.51 c		316.33±12.86 f	269.33±16.74 a		45.98±2.56 a
			T₂	556.00±4.58 d		332.33±4.51 e	223.67±5.03 c		40.23±0.77 b
			T₃	580.00±2.00 c		346.00±5.29 d	234.00±5.29 bc		40.34±0.90 b
		N18	T₁	636.67±2.52 a		387.67±4.51 c	249.00±6.08 b		39.11±0.84 b
			T₂	626.67±1.15 b		431.00±2.00 a	195.67±3.06 d		31.22±0.43 d
			T₃	637.00±3.46 a		403.00±4.00 b	234.00±7.21 bc		36.73±0.94 c
	S₃	N12	T₁	569.67±4.51 c		353.67±4.73 f	216.00±8.72 b		37.91±1.26 a
			T₂	542.33±6.11 e		369.33±11.68 e	173.00±5.57 d		31.91±1.38 bc
			T₃	551.00±3.61 d		373.67±1.15 d	177.33±4.73 cd		32.18±0.65 bc
		N18	T₁	626.67±2.08 a		387.00±2.65 c	239.67±0.58 a		38.25±0.22 a
			T₂	618.33±4.73 b		429.33±2.52 a	189.00±4.58 c		30.57±0.56 c
			T₃	621.00±1.73 ab		409.67±12.42 b	211.33±13.32 b		34.03±2.09 b
2024	S₁	N12	T₁	545.33±3.21 c		333.67±3.51 d	211.67±6.43 c		38.81±0.96 b
			T₂	521.33±4.04 d		354.00±5.29 c	167.33±5.51 d		32.09±0.98 d
			T₃	542.00±3.61 c		377.67±3.21 b	164.33±3.79 d		30.32±0.60 e
		N18	T₁	611.00±4.36 a		358.00±6.56 c	253.00±10.82 a		41.40±1.48 a
			T₂	604.33±2.31 b		387.00±2.65 a	217.33±2.08 c		35.96±0.33 c
			T₃	610.67±3.06 a		370.33±2.52 b	240.33±0.58 b		39.35±0.11 b
	S₂	N12	T₁	564.00±2.65 b		357.00±3.61 e	207.00±3.00 c		36.70±0.53 b
			T₂	534.00±3.46 d		360.00±5.29 e	174.00±5.29 e		32.58±0.95 c
			T₃	552.00±3.61 c		386.33±5.03 d	165.67±3.21 e		30.01±0.63 d
		N18	T₁	654.67±8.14 a		403.00±6.56 c	251.67±10.41 a		38.44±1.26 a
	S₂	N18	T₂		648.33±3.06 a	462.00±2.65 a	186.33±1.53 d	28.74±0.20 d
	S₂	N18	T₃		651.00±6.24 a	420.33±3.79 b	230.67±9.50 b	35.43±1.14 b
	S₃	N12	T₁		547.33±2.08 c	335.00±3.00 e	212.33±4.73 b	38.79±0.74 a
			T₂		518.67±3.06 e	361.00±4.00 d	157.67±3.06 d	30.40±0.59 c
			T₃		531.33±2.52 d	386.33±2.52 c	145.00±4.36 e	27.29±0.71 d
		N18	T₁		650.33±2.89 a	422.67±4.04 b	227.67±1.15 a	35.01±0.33 b
			T₂		641.67±2.08 b	448.67±1.53 a	193.00±3.46 c	30.08±0.45 c
			T₃		645.00±2.65 b	423.33±2.52 b	221.67±4.93 a	34.36±0.64 b
年份 Year (Y)					35.74^**	552.60^**	245.41^**	403.13^**
播期 Seeding stage (S)					903.53^**	758.01^**	134.67^**	225.61^**
氮肥处理 Nitrogen treatment (N)					12,488.17^**	2731.75^**	607.53^**	1.31
施肥时间 Fertilization time (T)					208.68^**	397.39^**	588.06^**	593.37^**
年份×播期 Y × S					57.67^**	51.87^**	33.03^**	38.71^**
播期×氮肥处理 S × N					53.46^**	138.79^**	57.11^**	75.49^**
氮肥处理×施肥时间 N × T					53.51^**	192.43^**	83.31^**	125.49^**
年份×氮肥处理 Y × N					409.44^**	4.37^*	194.24^**	150.85^**
年份×施肥时间 Y × T					0.54	7.59^**	6.91^**	8.23^**
播期×施肥时间 S × T					5.57^**	4.65^**	3.12^*	4.77^**
年份×播期×氮肥处理 Y × S × N					98.33^**	67.35^**	24.51^**	31.01^**
年份×播期×施肥时间Y × S × T					1.35	5.92^**	4.32^**	6.20^**
播期×氮肥处理×施肥时间 S × N × T					2.90^*	8.84^**	3.61^**	6.06^**
年份×播期×氮肥处理×施肥时间 Y × S × N × T					0.60	10.07^**	6.32^**	8.43^**

Table 4

Table 5

Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on nitrogen content of plants"

播期 Seeding stage	氮肥处理 Nitrogen treatment	施肥时间 Fertilization time	穗分化期氮含量 Nitrogen content at panicle differentiation stage (kg hm^-2)		抽穗期氮含量 Nitrogen content at heading stage (kg hm^-2)
播期 Seeding stage	氮肥处理 Nitrogen treatment	施肥时间 Fertilization time	茎Stem	叶Leaf	茎Stem	叶Leaf	穗Panicle
S₁	N12	T₁	36.57±0.40 f	58.34±1.30 e	58.06±7.17 d	81.63±7.36 c	14.37±0.52 d
		T₂	37.74±0.25 e	75.42±0.33 d	80.90±5.17 c	105.33±2.96 b	19.61±0.31 c
		T₃	46.25±0.45 c	92.43±1.26 b	95.69±1.47 b	113.33±3.91 b	23.05±0.28 b
	N18	T₁	41.53±0.42 d	77.54±1.16 d	83.05±1.72 c	109.05±6.64 b	14.74±0.61 d
		T₂	59.72±1.19 a	110.58±1.11 a	107.68±0.88 a	134.89±2.65 a	36.42±2.92 a
		T₃	52.89±0.48 b	86.45±1.95 c	90.98±1.08 b	130.35±0.68 a	21.19±0.28 bc
S₂	N12	T₁	32.97±1.42 d	58.21±0.81 d	63.58±1.56 d	89.37±6.65 f	19.66±0.54 e
		T₂	36.90±0.66 c	68.78±0.71 c	77.98±2.53 c	107.62±2.18 d	28.13±0.18 d
		T₃	39.88±0.33 b	72.79±1.51 b	87.01±3.20 b	116.86±3.94 c	33.67±0.50 d
	N18	T₁	38.12±0.21 bc	70.49±3.43 bc	74.65±0.95 c	101.45±1.55 e	27.89±0.72 c
		T₂	45.12±1.19 a	77.29±1.96 a	104.78±5.97 a	148.00±0.78 a	43.38±0.56 a
		T₃	42.64±0.40 b	73.28±0.99 b	87.65±0.97 b	131.99±1.48 b	36.06±0.45 b
S₃	N12	T₁	19.88±0.13 e	41.65±0.19 f	35.88±0.29 e	58.98±2.51 e	20.76±0.88 c
		T₂	21.72±0.28 d	52.75±0.67 e	57.79±2.16 d	87.91±3.40 c	28.00±0.36 b
		T₃	22.46±0.18 c	57.29±0.49 d	72.35±1.06 c	115.58±4.14 b	32.19±1.71 a
	N18	T₁	26.10±0.29 b	59.45±0.14 c	59.47±3.05 d	79.97±3.37 d	21.74±1.34 c
		T₂	28.57±0.16 a	62.89±0.15 a	96.73±0.56 a	138.00±1.37 a	30.63±0.79 a
		T₃	26.47±0.31 b	60.89±0.26 b	86.99±0.82 b	116.33±3.24 b	27.91±1.10 b
播期Seeding stage (S)			5854.15^**	2021.47^**	183.99^**	94.07^**	428.67^**
氮肥处理Nitrogen treatment (N)			1974.03^**	1003.08^**	502.78^**	529.26^**	264.97^**
施肥时间Fertilization time (T)			542.41^**	624.47^**	419.46^**	477.27^**	618.44^**
播期×氮肥处理 S × N			127.78^**	55.04^**	23.47^**	0.37	86.48^**
播期×施肥时间 S × T			93.70^**	93.68^**	8.51^**	15.22^**	22.23^**
氮肥处理×施肥时间 N × T			220.48^**	281.24^**	96.89^**	69.11^**	184.82 ^**
播期×氮肥处理×施肥时间 S × N × T			84.29^**	87.29^**	6.01^**	12.57^**	22.83^**

Table 5

Table 6

Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on dry matter accumulation during panicle development"

年份 Year	播期 Seeding stage	氮肥处理 Nitrogen treatment	施肥时间 Fertilization time	穗分化始期单茎干物质 DM-SDI (g)	穗分化期积累的干物质 DM-SD (g)	穗分化始期单朵颖花干物质积累量 SSDM-SDI (mg)	穗分化期单朵颖花干物质积累量 SSDM-SD (mg)
2023	S₁	N12	T₁	1.83±0.02 b	0.83±0.01 e	3.46±0.03 b	1.57±0.01 bc
			T₂	1.83±0.03 b	0.86±0.02 d	3.62±0.07 a	1.70±0.04 a
			T₃	1.84±0.01 b	0.89±0.01 c	3.47±0.01 b	1.69±0.01 a
		N18	T₁	1.95±0.03 a	0.93±0.01 b	3.25±0.04 d	1.55±0.01 c
			T₂	1.96±0.03 a	0.98±0.02 a	3.34±0.07 c	1.67±0.04 a
			T₃	1.95±0.02 a	0.95±0.01 b	3.29±0.03 cd	1.60±0.02 b
	S₂	N12	T₁	2.55±0.02 b	1.15±0.03 e	4.36±0.06 bc	1.96±0.06 e
			T₂	2.55±0.01 b	1.20±0.01 d	4.59±0.05 a	2.16±0.00 ab
			T₃	2.56±0.01 b	1.23±0.02 c	4.41±0.02 b	2.11±0.03 bc
		N18	T₁	2.74±0.02 a	1.31±0.01 b	4.31±0.04 c	2.06±0.02 d
			T₂	2.74±0.01 a	1.36±0.01 a	4.38±0.02 bc	2.18±0.01 a
			T₃	2.75±0.01 a	1.33±0.01 b	4.31±0.02 c	2.09±0.02 cd
	S₃	N12	T₁	2.00±0.02 b	1.05±0.02 f	3.51±0.05 b	1.85±0.02 e
			T₂	2.00±0.02 b	1.08±0.01 e	3.69±0.07 a	1.99±0.01 bc
			T₃	2.00±0.02 b	1.11±0.01 d	3.63±0.01 a	2.01±0.02 ab
		N18	T₁	2.12±0.01 a	1.20±0.01 c	3.38±0.03 c	1.91±0.01 d
			T₂	2.12±0.02 a	1.26±0.01 a	3.43±0.04 c	2.04±0.02 a
			T₃	2.12±0.02 a	1.22±0.02 b	3.42±0.03 c	1.97±0.03 c
2024	S₁	N12	T₁	1.73±0.03 b	0.77±0.02 e	3.17±0.07 b	1.41±0.02 c
			T₂	1.73±0.02 b	0.81±0.04 d	3.31±0.07 a	1.56±0.08 ab
			T₃	1.73±0.03 b	0.85±0.03 c	3.19±0.08 ab	1.57±0.04 ab
		N18	T₁	1.85±0.05 a	0.92±0.01 b	3.03±0.07 c	1.51±0.01 b
			T₂	1.85±0.04 a	0.98±0.01 a	3.06±0.07 bc	1.62±0.02 a
			T₃	1.83±0.04 a	0.97±0.01 a	3.00±0.08 c	1.58±0.01 a
	S₂	N12	T₁	2.41±0.03 b	1.06±0.02 e	4.27±0.03 b	1.89±0.03 c
			T₂	2.41±0.03 b	1.11±0.01 d	4.51±0.09 a	2.08±0.02 a
			T₃	2.41±0.03 b	1.15±0.01 c	4.37±0.03 b	2.08±0.01 a
		N18	T₁	2.61±0.05 a	1.29±0.02 b	3.99±0.10 c	1.98±0.01 b
			T₂	2.63±0.03 a	1.35±0.01 a	4.05±0.03 c	2.09±0.03 a
			T₃	2.61±0.04 a	1.34±0.02 a	4.01±0.06 c	2.05±0.04 a
	S₃	N12	T₁	1.96±0.03 b	1.03±0.03 e	3.58±0.07 c	1.89±0.05 c
			T₂	1.99±0.02 b	1.07±0.01 d	3.83±0.06 a	2.06±0.02 a
			T₃	1.98±0.01 b	1.08±0.01 d	3.73±0.03 b	2.04±0.02 a
		N18	T₁	2.10±0.03 a	1.23±0.01 c	3.22±0.05 d	1.89±0.00 c
			T₂	2.10±0.01 a	1.32±0.01 a	3.27±0.02 d	2.06±0.02 a
			T₃	2.09±0.03 a	1.27±0.01 b	3.25±0.05 d	1.97±0.02 b

Table 6

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 7

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	播期 Seeding stage (month/day)	移栽期 Transplanting stage (month/day)	分蘖盛期 Tillering stage (month/day)	穗分化期 Panicle initiation stage (month/day)	抽穗期 Heading stage (month/day)	成熟期 Maturity stage (month/day)	全生育期 Growth period (d)
2023	S₁N12	04/20	05/10	06/19	07/07	08/12	10/02	165
	S₁N18	04/20	05/10	06/19	07/10	08/15	10/07	170
	S₂N12	05/10	05/30	06/26	07/20	08/22	10/10	153
	S₂N18	05/10	05/30	06/26	07/21	08/25	10/11	154
	S₃N12	05/30	06/17	07/05	07/30	09/05	10/17	140
	S₃N18	05/30	06/17	07/05	08/02	09/07	10/20	143
2024	S₁N12	04/20	05/10	06/17	07/07	08/10	09/30	163
	S₁N18	04/20	05/10	06/17	07/10	08/13	10/05	168
	S₂N12	05/10	05/30	06/25	07/19	08/21	10/09	152
	S₂N18	05/10	05/30	06/25	07/20	08/23	10/11	154
	S₃N12	05/30	06/17	07/03	07/28	09/01	10/15	138
	S₃N18	05/30	06/17	07/03	08/01	09/03	10/17	140

变异来源 Source of variance	有效穗数 No. of productive panicles	穗粒数 No. of spikelets	结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (g plant^-1)
播期 Seeding stage	90.07^**	268.89^**	490.79^**	5.96^**	170.84^**
氮素处理 Nitrogen treatment	86.40^**	689.75^**	5.04^**	5.92^**	360.91^**
施肥时间 Fertilization time	1.67	132.27^**	113.30^**	3.11	143.83^**
播期×氮肥处理 Seeding stage × nitrogen treatment	1.80	26.24^**	0.30	4.11^*	11.47^**
播期×施肥时间 Seeding stage × fertilization time	0.60	39.10^**	1.81^*	12.25^**	18.48^**
氮肥处理×施肥时间 Nitrogen treatment × fertilization time	1.07^*	3.57^*	2.21	0.72	2.88^*
播期×氮肥处理×施肥时间 Seeding stage × nitrogen treatment × fertilization time	0.60	4.35^**	2.50	4.30^**	1.16^*

播期 Seeding stage	氮肥处理 Nitrogen treatment	施肥时间 Fertilization time	单茎茎鞘重 Weight per stem sheath (g)		表观输出率 Apparent output rate (%)	干物质转换率 Transformed percentage of stem and sheath matter (%)
播期 Seeding stage	氮肥处理 Nitrogen treatment	施肥时间 Fertilization time	抽穗期 Heading stage	成熟期 Maturity stage	表观输出率 Apparent output rate (%)	干物质转换率 Transformed percentage of stem and sheath matter (%)
S₁	N12	T₁	5.28±0.03 d	3.57±0.03 b	32.39±0.33 c	34.64±0.45 b
		T₂	5.53±0.03 c	3.66±0.03 a	33.80±0.84 bc	36.48±1.15 a
		T₃	5.57±0.04 c	3.66±0.01 a	34.34±0.64 b	36.25±0.26 ab
	N18	T₁	5.55±0.12 c	3.60±0.01 b	35.17±1.43 ab	36.76±0.23 a
		T₂	5.85±0.02 a	3.70±0.06 a	36.71±1.20 a	37.64±1.82 a
		T₃	5.69±0.05 b	3.72±0.03 a	34.64±1.09 b	35.90±0.45 ab
S₂	N12	T₁	5.14±0.06 f	3.53±0.02 e	31.38±0.65 d	36.64±0.41 cd
		T₂	5.47±0.10 e	3.56±0.04 e	34.85±0.92 b	37.18±0.30 c
		T₃	5.59±0.03 d	3.63±0.03 d	35.06±0.80 b	36.20±0.48 d
	N18	T₁	5.76±0.03 c	3.83±0.03 b	33.51±0.71 c	35.88±0.70 d
		T₂	6.13±0.02 a	3.88±0.04 a	36.69±0.43 a	41.50±0.69 a
		T₃	5.87±0.03 b	3.73±0.01 c	36.40±0.18 a	38.98±0.16 b
S₃	N12	T₁	4.81±0.16 e	2.94±0.02 e	38.85±2.26 b	37.33±0.47 e
		T₂	5.15±0.14 d	3.12±0.06 d	39.38±0.93 b	39.9±0.56 d
		T₃	5.47±0.05 c	3.29±0.02 c	39.88±0.30 b	42.47±0.30 b
	N18	T₁	5.56±0.11 bc	3.32±0.04 c	40.38±0.55 ab	42.82±0.80 b
		T₂	5.85±0.04 a	3.39±0.01 bc	41.99±0.39 a	46.47±0.49 a
		T₃	5.69±0.05 ab	3.46±0.02 a	39.19±0.79 b	41.37±0.35 c
播期Seeding stage (S)			47.113^**	1129.989^**	198.627^**	30.832^**
氮肥处理Nitrogen treatment (N)			460.934^**	498.610^**	41.699^**	14.633^**
施肥时间Fertilization time (T)			98.714^**	72.420^**	20.506^**	6.126^**
播期×氮肥处理 S × N			24.793^**	74.733^**	0.998	1.745
播期×施肥时间 S × T			32.229^**	20.684^**	6.897^**	3.083
播期×氮肥处理×施肥时间 S × N × T			2.771^*	17.449^**	3.285^**	1.472

Regulatory effect of panicle nitrogen fertilizer on spikelet degeneration in large panicle indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 538 under different sowing dates

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