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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (3): 696-712.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43031

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• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer on yield and grain quality of spring maize

LI Xiang-Yu(), JI Xin-Jie(), WANG Xue-Lian, LONG An-Ran, WANG Zheng-Yu, YANG Zi-Hui, GONG Xiang-Wei(), JIANG Ying, QI Hua   

  1. College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
  • Received:2024-07-18 Accepted:2024-10-25 Online:2025-03-12 Published:2024-11-11
  • Contact: *E-mail: gongxiangwei@syau.edu.cn
  • About author:

    **Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    Shenyang Science and Technology Talent Special Project(RC230899);Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of Shenyang Agricultural University(D202406091411428680)

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Abstract:

To elucidate the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on spring maize grain yield and quality under different straw returning methods, this study analyzed the pasting and thermal characteristics of maize starch and explored the optimal N fertilizer rate under varying straw returning practices. The goal was to provide a scientific basis for improving cultivation practices to enhance maize quality. This research utilized a long-term field experiment initiated in 2015 at the Shenyang Agricultural University Experimental Base in Cainiu town, Tieling county, Liaoning province. The study addressed issues of unstable spring maize yields and the challenge of balancing yield and quality in Northeast China. From 2021 to 2022, the effects of two straw returning methods—rotary tillage with straw returning (RTS) and plow tillage with straw returning (PTS)—and five N application levels (0, 112, 187, 262, and 337 kg hm-2) were investigated. The results showed that, compared to RTS, PTS increased grain yield by 6.09% and enhanced total starch content as well as amylose content and the amylose/amylopectin ratio, while effectively reducing fat content and promoting the pasting and retrogradation properties of maize starch. Additionally, PTS increased the enthalpy of pasting (?H) by 14.09%, which optimized the relative crystallinity and microstructure of starch. In comparison to tillage methods, N application had a more significant effect on crude protein, crude fat, and sugar content in maize grains, with the maximum values observed at an N rate of 262 kg hm-2. Under N fertilizer treatment, the contents of crude protein, crude fat, sucrose, soluble sugar, amylose, and the amylose/amylopectin ratio increased by 17.99%-31.20%, 3.19%-14.91%, 32.88%-45.41%, 13.93%-23.73%, 6.80%-21.02%, and 10.26%-33.77%, respectively, compared to no N application. However, excessive N application (337 kg hm-2) reduced maize starch and crude fat content, decreased total starch and amylopectin levels, and led to lower peak and final viscosities, as well as a decrease in breakdown value, which could negatively affect starch pasting characteristics during processing. N application increased the peak time and pasting temperature of maize starch by 1.42% and 6.79%, respectively, enhancing viscosity, taste, and cooking stability. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive association between total starch content and viscosity parameters (including peak, trough, and final viscosity), while crude protein content was negatively correlated with these indexes. Furthermore, the interaction between different tillage methods and N fertilizer rates significantly improved maize yield and enhanced sucrose content, starch enthalpy, and gelatinization characteristics, demonstrating that the synergistic effects of these factors can more effectively enhance maize grain quality. In conclusion, the combined application of 262 kg hm-2 N fertilizer with plow tillage and straw returning (PTS) can significantly increase maize yield, promote starch accumulation in maize grains, and improve the thermal and pasting characteristics of maize, thereby achieving overall improvements in maize quality.

Key words: returning straw, nitrogen fertilizer, maize, grain quality, yield

Fig. 1

Climate factors during maize growth period"

Table S1

Soil nutrient contents in 0-20 cm soil layer were treated before sowing"

耕作方式Tillage method 施氮处理
Nitrogen treatment		 SOC
(g kg-1)		 TN
(g kg-1)		 TP
(g kg-1)		 TK
(g kg-1)		 NH4+-N
(mg kg-1)		 NO3--N
(mg kg-1)		 AP
(mg kg-1)		 AK
(mg kg-1)
RTS N0 12.12 1.11 0.83 11.66 4.71 6.54 19.77 124.49
N1 12.91 1.21 0.84 11.65 4.90 9.32 21.05 129.41
N2 13.51 1.26 0.84 11.84 5.07 10.12 24.36 134.30
N3 13.17 1.26 0.83 11.29 3.99 9.31 23.38 130.51
N4 12.83 1.27 0.86 11.07 3.48 7.42 21.77 123.37
PTS N0 12.63 1.22 0.82 10.90 4.48 12.35 20.24 105.63
N1 14.35 1.26 0.92 13.29 5.19 28.53 22.04 120.52
N2 15.77 1.30 1.04 14.57 6.54 30.15 25.94 126.13
N3 13.89 1.28 0.95 13.98 6.42 18.93 23.30 124.06
N4 13.67 1.12 0.89 11.26 6.30 8.77 23.77 120.49

Table 1

Effects of straw returning combined with N fertilizer on the yield and yield components of maize"

年份
Year		 耕作方式
Tillage
method		 氮肥
Nitrogen
fertilizer		 穗数
Ear number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain per ear
(hm-2)		 百粒重
100-grain weight
(g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(t hm-2)
2021 RTS N0 5.47±0.12 b 259.44±3.05 d 32.48±1.18 c 3.59±0.12 c
N1 6.45±0.01 a 462.92±5.81 c 37.68±0.63 b 11.98±0.27 b
N2 6.52±0.01 a 506.36±1.16 ab 39.75±0.69 ab 13.15±0.12 a
N3 6.53±0.01 a 513.26±6.95 a 41.14±0.53 a 13.20±0.01 a
N4 6.50±0.04 a 492.46±6.13 b 39.69±0.38 ab 12.99±0.35 a
PTS N0 5.60±0.04 b 355.18±12.30 c 30.55±0.59 d 6.39±0.22 b
N1 6.45±0.01 a 468.37±5.28 b 38.41±0.69 c 12.75±0.50 a
N2 6.52±0.01 a 501.50±4.78 ab 39.31±0.72 bc 12.96±0.31 a
N3 6.54±0 a 528.71±35.32 a 41.93±0.53 a 13.40±0.23 a
N4 6.50±0.04 a 454.41±7.26 b 40.71±0.52 ab 13.33±0.16 a
2022 RTS N0 4.65±0.24 b 325.73±12.49 b 26.88±0.05 c 3.98±0.08 c
N1 6.42±0.28 a 552.02±29.09 a 35.94±0.25 b 12.12±0.07 b
N2 6.52±0.06 a 544.20±19.56 a 37.93±0.34 a 12.17±0.11 b
N3 6.54±0.02 a 555.38±2.44 a 35.91±0.27 b 12.50±0.20 ab
N4 6.59±0.04 a 562.55±1.03 a 35.78±0.74 b 12.63±0.13 a
PTS N0 5.22±0.33 b 396.92±11.20 b 29.25±0.12 b 6.00±0.24 c
N1 6.45±0.04 a 540.10±4.40 a 35.96±0.06 a 12.11±0.36 b
N2 6.59±0.03 a 554.00±22.56 a 36.31±0.55 a 12.45±0.18 a
N3 6.61±0.03 a 544.13±10.07 a 35.97±0.19 a 12.74±0.27 a
N4 6.54±0.02 a 527.55±2.30 a 35.78±0.15 a 12.78±0.09 a
显著性Significance
年份 Year (Y) ns ** ** **
耕作方式 Tillage method (T) ns ns ns **
氮肥水平 Nitrogen fertilizer (N) ** ** ** **
Y×T ns ns ns ns
Y×N ** ns ** ns
T×N ns ** ns **
Y×T×N ns ns ** ns

Fig. 2

Effects of straw returning combined with N fertilizer on total starch, amylose, amylopectin and amylose/amylopectin of maize grains a: effects of tillage method and nitrogen application on different starch content; b: morphological structure diagram of amylose and amylopectin; c: influence of tillage method and nitrogen application on amylose/amylopectin ratio; Y: year; T: tillage method; N: nitrogen application level; Y×T: interaction between year and tillage method; Y×N: interaction between year and nitrogen application level; T×N: interaction between tillage method and nitrogen application level; Y×T×N: interaction of year, tillage method, and nitrogen application level. Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Data presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). In the same year, different letters with different farming methods showed significant difference (P < 0.05). * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. ns: no significant differences."

Fig. 3

Effects of straw returning combined with N fertilizer on crude protein and soluble protein of maize grains a: effects of tillage method and nitrogen application on crude protein content of maize grains; b: effects of tillage method and nitrogen application on soluble protein content of maize grains. Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Table 1 and Fig. 2. In the same year, different letters with different farming methods showed significant difference (P < 0.05). * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. ns: no significant differences."

Fig. 4

Effects of straw returning combined with N fertilizer on crude fat of maize grains Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Table 1 and Fig. 2. In the same year, different letters with different farming methods showed significant difference (P < 0.05). * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. ns: no significant differences."

Fig. 5

Effects of straw returning combined with N fertilizer on sucrose and soluble sugar of maize grains a: effect of tillage method and nitrogen application on sucrose content in grains; b: effect of tillage method and nitrogen application on soluble sugar content of grains. Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Table 1 and Fig. 2. In the same year, different letters with different farming methods showed significant difference (P < 0.05). * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. ns: no significant differences."

Table 2

Effects of straw returning combined with N fertilizer on thermal characteristics of maize starch"

年份
Year		 耕作方式
Tillage
method		 氮肥
Nitrogen
fertilizer		 起始温度
To (℃)		 峰值温度
Tp (℃)		 终止温度
Tc (℃)		 热焓值
ΔH (J g-1)
2021 RTS N0 61.40±0.62 c 66.86±0.62 c 72.85±0.56 b 6.20±0.20 c
N1 63.51±0.41 b 68.65±0.62 bc 74.22±0.06 b 7.69±0.09 b
N2 64.72±0.31 b 69.99±0.39 b 76.36±0.62 a 7.76±0.12 b
N3 67.01±0.59 a 72.46±0.75 a 77.13±0.44 a 7.97±0.05 ab
N4 68.32±0.31 a 73.77±0.58 a 77.55±0.34 a 8.24±0.07 a
PTS N0 61.45±0.45 d 66.55±0.43 d 72.53±0.31 d 7.15±0.04 c
N1 63.82±0.15 c 69.18±0.37 c 74.36±0.31 c 7.63±0.03 b
N2 64.36±0.27 bc 71.14±0.51 b 75.51±0.29 b 7.80±0.05 b
N3 65.25±0.37 ab 73.07±0.45 a 76.53±0.32 a 8.28±0.24 a
N4 65.59±0.35 a 74.03±0.05 a 76.95±0.29 a 8.29±0.03 a
2022 RTS N0 62.44±0.49 d 66.49±0.29 c 72.33±0.33 c 7.39±0.04 d
N1 63.29±0.45 cd 69.65±0.70 b 73.17±0.39 c 8.54±0.12 c
N2 64.46±0.70 c 70.16±0.40 b 76.14±0.42 b 8.74±0.13 bc
N3 67.07±0.42 b 72.38±0.92 a 77.19±0.60 ab 8.95±0.12 b
N4 69.46±0.48 a 73.86±0.14 a 77.75±0.17 a 9.41±0.08 a
PTS N0 61.33±0.25 c 66.20±0.65 d 72.84±0.51 c 8.28±0.11 c
N1 63.99±0.16 b 69.29±0.32 c 73.03±0.60 c 8.80±0.07 b
N2 64.95±0.49 ab 71.14±0.28 b 75.44±0.51 b 8.88±0.01 b
N3 64.07±0.04 b 73.50±0.64 a 76.22±0.70 ab 9.41±0.27 a
N4 65.60±0.35 a 73.67±0.52 a 77.95±0.55 a 9.48±0.19 a
显著性Significance
年份Year (Y) ns ns ns **
耕作方式 Tillage method (T) ** ns ns **
氮肥水平 Nitrogen fertilizer (N) ** ** ** **
Y×T ns ns ns ns
Y×N ns ns ns ns
T×N ** ns ns **
Y×T×N ns ns ns ns

Table 3

Effects of straw returning combined with N fertilizer on pasting characteristics of maize starch"

年份
Year		 耕作方式Tillage
modes		 氮肥
Nitrogen
fertilizer		 峰值黏度
Peak viscosity
(cp)		 谷值黏度
Trough viscosity
(cp)		 最终黏度
Final viscosity
(cp)		 破损值
Breakdown
(cp)		 回升值
Setback
(cp)		 糊化温度
Pasting temperature (℃)		 峰值时间
Peak time
(min)
2021 RTS N0 1658.00 ± 21.00 a 1148.50 ± 6.50 a 3140.00 ± 42.00 a 509.50 ± 27.50 a 1991.50 ± 48.50 a 75.88 ± 0.03 e 5.25 ± 0.02 d
N1 1342.00 ± 2.00 b 972.50 ± 42.50 b 2631.50 ± 64.50 b 369.50 ± 44.50 b 1659.00 ± 22.00 a 81.55 ± 0.01 d 5.29 ± 0.01 d
N2 1345.00 ± 6.00 b 984.00 ± 29.00 b 2715.00 ± 58.00 b 361.00 ± 23.00 b 1731.00 ± 29.00 a 85.60 ± 0.05 b 5.50 ± 0.03 b
N3 1377.00 ± 4.00 b 971.50 ± 0.50 b 2736.50 ± 5.50 b 405.50 ± 3.50 b 1765.00 ± 6.00 a 86.38 ± 0.03 a 5.60 ± 0 a
N4 1369.50 ± 3.50 b 970.50 ± 0.50 b 2686.50 ± 195.50 b 399.00 ± 4.00 b 1716.00 ± 19.50 a 83.60 ± 0.40 c 5.40 ± 0 c
PTS N0 1712.50 ± 2.50 a 1101.00 ± 4.00 b 3282.00 ± 47.00 a 611.50 ± 6.50 a 2681.00 ± 51.00 a 76.25 ± 0.40 c 5.30 ± 0.10 a
N1 1396.50 ± 8.50 e 988.00 ± 6.00 d 2716.50 ± 0.50 d 408.50 ± 2.50 b 1928.50 ± 5.50 c 84.43 ± 0.38 a 5.40 ± 0.07 a
N2 1494.50 ± 15.50 d 1009.00 ± 3.00 d 3091.50 ± 15.50 b 485.50 ± 18.50 c 2082.50 ± 18.50 b 78.73 ± 0.43 b 5.30 ± 0.03 a
N3 1647.50 ± 13.50 b 1142.00 ± 12.00 a 2931.00 ± 47.00 c 505.50 ± 1.50 b 1989.00 ± 35.00 bc 77.38 ± 0.03 c 5.37 ± 0.03 a
N4 1567.50 ± 31.50 c 1066.50 ± 1.50 c 2890.00 ± 3.00 c 501.00 ± 30.00 b 2073.50 ± 51.50 b 77.05 ± 0.35 c 5.23 ± 0.03 a
2022 RTS N0 2071.67 ± 27.94 a 1087.67 ± 5.81 a 2884.67 ± 5.17 a 984.00 ± 33.31 a 1797.00 ± 10.82 a 73.45 ± 0.03 b 5.08 ± 0.02 b
N1 1608.00 ± 6.25 b 874.67 ± 2.19 c 2395.33 ± 36.40 b 733.33 ± 6.84 b 1520.67 ± 34.42 b 77.05 ± 0.03 b 5.10 ± 0 b
N2 1625.67 ± 16.37 b 889.67 ± 18.12 bc 2491.67 ± 110.73 b 736.00 ± 6.81 b 1602.00 ± 93.95 b 77.08 ± 0.04 a 5.11 ± 0.01 b
N3 1665.67 ± 39.83 b 920.33 ± 19.94 b 2744.67 ± 48.57 a 745.33 ± 22.60 b 1824.33 ± 28.64 a 78.77 ± 0.40 ab 5.17 ± 0 a
N4 1341.33 ± 3.76 c 729.00 ± 12.90 d 1976.00 ± 65.51 c 612.33 ± 12.35 c 1247.00 ± 69.96 c 76.83 ± 0.27 b 5.01 ± 0.02 c
PTS N0 1921.00 ± 23.52 a 1127.67 ± 8.01 a 3107.33 ± 25.20 a 793.33 ± 16.15 a 1979.67 ± 18.11 a 72.88 ± 0.28 d 5.06 ± 0.02 c
N1 1409.00 ± 27.61 c 837.33 ± 3.28 c 2510.00 ± 29.50 c 571.67 ± 25.96 c 1672.67 ± 26.52 c 76.60 ± 0.25 c 5.06 ± 0.02 b
N2 1458.67 ± 10.53 bc 881.33 ± 14.84 b 2553.00 ± 22.01 c 577.33 ± 9.21 c 1671.67 ± 20.10 c 77.87 ± 0.03 ab 5.17 ± 0.04 b
N3 1503.67 ± 10.74 b 861.00 ± 7.09 bc 2710.67 ± 45.12 b 642.67 ± 13.20 b 1849.67 ± 44.82 b 78.65 ± 0.31 a 5.12 ± 0.02 a
N4 1347.00 ± 12.90 d 782.00 ± 14.93 d 2192.67 ± 29.55 d 565.00 ± 6.43 c 1410.67 ± 16.19 d 77.33 ± 0.28 bc 5.08 ± 0.02 b
显著性Significance
年份 Years (Y) ** ** ** ** ** ** **
耕作方式 Tillage methods (T) ns ** ** ** ** ** **
氮肥水平 Nitrogen fertilizer (N) ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Y×T ** ** * ** ** ** **
Y×N ** ** ** ** ** ** **
T×N ** ** ns ** ** ** **
Y×T×N ** ** * ** * ** **

Fig. 6

Correlation of straw returning with nitrogen fertilizer on maize grain quality parameters PV: peak viscosity; TV: trough viscosity; FV: final viscosity; SB: setback value; BD: breakdown value; PT: peak time; PT℃: pasting temperature; To: temperature onset; Tp: temperature peak; Tc: temperature conclusion; ΔH: gelatinization enthalpy. The red line shows a positive correlation and the blue line shows a negative correlation. * and ** indicate significant correlation at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively."

Fig. 7

Principal component analysis of maize grain quality parameters of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer PC1: principal component 1; PC2: principal component 2; PV: peak viscosity; TV: trough viscosity; FV: final viscosity; SB: setback value; BD: breakdown value; PT: peak time; PT℃: pasting temperature; To: temperature onset; Tp: temperature peak; Tc: temperature conclusion; ΔH: gelatinization enthalpy. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

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