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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (8): 2139-2151.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.55015

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of straw incorporation combined with nitrogen management on photosynthetic efficiency and yield of rapeseed following rice

FAN You-Zhong1(), WANG Xian-Ling1, WANG Zong-Kai1, WANG Chun-Yun1, WANG Tian-Yao2, XIE Jie3, KUAI Jie1, WANG Bo1, WANG Jing1, XU Zheng-Hua1, ZHAO Jie1, ZHOU Guang-Sheng1,4,*()   

  1. 1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2Jingzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jingzhou 434007, Hubei, China
    3Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang 441002, Hubei, China
    4Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2025-03-03 Accepted:2025-04-25 Online:2025-08-12 Published:2025-05-23
  • Contact: *E-mail: zhougs@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1901205)

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Abstract:

Rice-rapeseed rotation is the predominant cropping system for winter rapeseed production in the Yangtze River basin. Optimizing nitrogen (N) management under straw incorporation is critical for enhancing rapeseed yield, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and supporting sustainable agricultural development. This study was based on a four-year field experiment within a rice-rapeseed rotation system, evaluating the impact of straw incorporation combined with different nitrogen management strategies. The objective was to assess their effects on yield, biomass accumulation, and photosynthetic performance in high-density, direct-seeded rapeseed. A split-plot design was employed, with straw management as the main factor (R0: no straw return; R1: full straw return) and nitrogen fertilization strategy as the sub-factor. Five nitrogen treatments were applied: a conventional rate of 240 kg N hm-2 (CK, basal:seedling:bolting:flowering = 6:4:0:0) and a 20% nitrogen reduction (192 kg N hm-2) under four application regimes (N1: 10:0:0:0; N2: 6:4:0:0; N3: 6:2:2:0; N4: 6:2:0:2). Full straw return (R1) significantly increased rapeseed yield by 6.7%, primarily due to higher silique number and seed yield per plant. Under R0, nitrogen reduction led to yield losses ranging from 2.1% to 23.4%, with the N3 treatment showing the smallest decline. Yields under N3 were statistically comparable to CK, attributed to improved plant survival and seed yield per plant from optimized N allocation. Although R1 reduced aboveground dry matter by 26.9% at the seedling stage—likely due to nitrogen competition between decomposing straw and young plants—biomass accumulation increased by 10.3% at maturity. At the seedling and bolting stages, the 20% N reduction significantly decreased leaf area compared to CK. However, during flowering, the N3 treatment maintained a leaf area similar to CK, and significantly higher than other reduced-N treatments, resulting in enhanced light interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE), particularly under R1. At flowering, R1 significantly increased Rubisco activity by 3.5%-20.9%, enhancing photosynthetic capacity. The activities of sucrose synthase (SS-I, in the degradation direction) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) were also elevated, promoting sucrose conversion, carbohydrate accumulation, and translocation, thereby contributing to final yield formation. Under N3, Rubisco activity increased by 5.8%-12.4%, accompanied by increased SS-I and SPS activities. These physiological improvements led to higher net photosynthetic rates and RUE during flowering, supporting greater dry matter accumulation and yield. For high-density rapeseed cultivation with full straw incorporation in the Yangtze River basin, the optimal nitrogen strategy is 192 kg hm-2 N applied as 6:2:2 (basal:seedling:bolting). This fertilization regime effectively balances yield maximization with nitrogen reduction, achieving both high productivity and sustainable nitrogen management.

Key words: rapeseed, straw incorporation, nitrogen management, yield, photosynthesis

Fig. 1

Major meteorological factors during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 growing seasons"

Table 1

Effects of rice straw incorporation and nitrogen application strategy on yield and yield components of rapeseed (2018-2020)"

年份
Year		 秸秆管理
Straw
management		 氮肥运筹
Nitrogen
management		 单株角果数
Effective pods per plant		 每角果粒数
Seeds per pod		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)		 单株产量
Yield per plant (g)		 成株率
Survival rate (%)		 实际产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2018-2019 R0 CK 79.6 b 17.4 bcd 3.44 ab 4.76 b 76.4 cde 2544.8 bc
N1 64.1 e 19.2 a 3.53 a 4.33 c 78.8 bcd 1949.3 h
N2 69.7 d 17.0 de 3.42 ab 4.05 e 86.0 a 2256.6 f
N3 74.1 c 16.5 e 3.47 ab 4.22 cd 83.5 ab 2425.6 cd
N4 65.3 e 17.3 bcd 3.32 b 3.75 f 74.6 de 2114.9 g
R1 CK 85.9 a 18.0 b 3.33 b 5.16 a 73.9 de 2625.8 b
N1 53.7 f 19.0 a 3.43 ab 3.50 g 73.3 de 2034.4 gh
N2 69.1 d 17.1 cde 3.46 ab 4.08 de 85.3 ab 2403.7 de
N3 81.6 b 18.9 a 3.42 ab 5.28 a 82.8 abc 2781.0 a
N4 64.7 e 17.8 bc 3.34 b 3.85 f 70.7 e 2280.1 ef
2019-2020 R0 CK 95.1 ab 20.4 a 3.17 ab 6.10 ab 78.7 ab 2678.2 abc
N1 66.9 e 20.4 a 3.13 ab 4.25 e 80.1 abd 2369.5 de
N2 84.8 cd 20.5 a 3.06 b 5.30 cd 81.3 ab 2456.0 cde
N3 90.1 bcd 20.3 a 3.11 b 5.62 bc 82.6 a 2620.8 abcd
N4 81.4 d 18.3 a 3.50 a 5.17 cd 78.9 abdef 2272.3 e
R1 CK 98.5 ab 19.4 a 3.18 ab 6.06 ab 79.1 abde 2827.9 a
N1 70.5 e 20.7 a 3.37 ab 4.89 d 78.1 bc 2549.8 bcd
N2 93.6 abc 20.4 a 3.27 ab 6.20 a 80.1 abd 2608.9 abcd
N3 101.1 a 21.1 a 3.08 b 6.47 a 81.0 ab 2720.9 ab
N4 81.4 d 19.4 a 3.50 a 5.50 c 74.2 c 2419.8 cde
方差分析Variance analyses
年份Year (Y) ** ** ** ** ns **
秸秆管理Straw management (R) * ns ns ** * **
氮肥运筹Nitrogen management (N) ** ns ns ** ** **
R×N ** ns ns ** ns ns
R×Y * ns ns ** ns ns
N×Y ns ns ** ** ** **
R×N×Y ns ns ns ** ns ns

Table 2

Effects of rice straw incorporation and nitrogen application strategy on dry matter accumulation of rapeseed at different growth stages (g plant-1)"

秸秆管理
Straw
management		 氮肥运筹
Nitrogen management		 2018-2019 2019-2020
苗期
Seedling stage		 花期
Florescence		 成熟期
Mature period		 苗期
Seedling stage		 花期
Florescence		 成熟期
Mature period
地上部
Shoot		 根
Root		 地上部
Shoot		 根
Root		 地上部
Shoot		 根
Root		 地上部
Shoot		 根
Root		 地上部
Shoot		 根
Root		 地上部
Shoot		 根
Root
R0 CK 7.15 a 1.31 c 17.22 a 3.33 a 34.09 b 4.40 b 9.29 a 1.70 c 22.49 a 4.76 a 35.23 ab 5.29 abc
N1 6.10 b 1.91 a 12.87 de 2.42 de 23.20 de 3.06 de 7.82 b 2.37 a 16.18 c 3.44 e 27.11 d 2.73 f
N2 5.73 bc 1.55 b 14.14 bcd 2.81 bc 24.59 cde 3.10 de 6.97 c 1.98 b 17.67 c 4.22 bc 32.16 bc 4.77 cde
N3 4.66 de 1.26 cd 14.71 bc 2.61 bcd 28.22 c 3.37 de 6.10 d 1.65 c 17.67 c 3.85 d 33.02 bc 5.02 bcd
N4 4.95 cd 1.28 cd 11.19 ef 2.54 cde 23.55 de 2.97 e 6.36 cd 1.55 cde 13.83 d 3.81 d 31.80 bc 4.83 bcde
R1 CK 5.22 cd 1.06 e 15.52 ab 2.89 b 38.29 a 5.16 a 6.79 c 1.36 e 19.40 b 4.34 b 36.86 a 5.68 a
N1 5.13 cd 1.55 b 13.06 cd 2.36 de 22.73 e 2.99 e 6.66 cd 2.02 b 16.33 c 3.71 de 29.77 cd 4.56 de
N2 2.88 g 1.20 cde 15.04 b 2.77 bc 26.62 cd 3.86 c 3.89 f 1.56 cd 17.77 bc 4.07 bcd 37.22 a 5.38 ab
N3 3.65 fg 1.18 cde 13.77 bcd 2.64 bcd 34.16 b 4.59 b 4.42 f 1.53 cde 17.21 c 3.96 cd 37.84 a 5.09 bcd
N4 3.90 ef 1.11 de 10.57 f 2.28 e 26.28 cde 3.41 d 5.07 e 1.40 de 13.21 d 3.42 e 33.11 bc 4.44 e
方差分析Variance analyses
秸秆管理Straw management (R) ** ** ns * ** ** ** ** * ns ** **
氮肥运筹Nitrogen management (N) ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
R×N ** ns ns ns ns ** ** ns ns * ns **

Fig. 2

Effects of rice straw incorporation and nitrogen application strategy on dry matter distribution of rapeseed Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 3

Effects of rice straw incorporation and nitrogen application strategy on net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) of rapeseed at the flowering stage Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively, while ns indicates no significant difference."

Fig. 4

Effects of rice straw incorporation and nitrogen application strategy on the photosynthetic organ area of rapeseed at the seedling, bolting, and flowering stages Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively, while ns indicates no significant difference."

Fig. 5

Effects of rice straw incorporation and nitrogen application strategy on the canopy light interception rate of rapeseed at the seedling, flowering, and silique stages Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively, while ns indicates no significant difference."

Table 3

Effects of rice straw incorporation and nitrogen application strategy on light use efficiency of rapeseed at different growth stages from 2018 to 2019 (g MJ-1)"

秸秆管理
Straw
management		 氮肥运筹
Nitrogen
management		 播种-苗期
Sowing-
seedling stage		 苗期-花期
Seedling stage-
flowing stage		 花期-成熟期
Flowing stage-maturity stage		 全生育期
Whole
growth period
R0 CK 1.90 a 1.16 abc 2.92 b 1.88 b
N1 1.69 ab 0.77 d 1.82 d 1.28 de
N2 1.56 bc 0.97 bcd 1.77 d 1.36 cde
N3 1.27 de 1.13 bc 2.14 cd 1.56 c
N4 1.36 cd 0.75 d 2.21 cd 1.30 de
R1 CK 1.40 cd 1.19 bc 3.79 a 2.11 a
N1 1.39 cd 0.95 cd 1.78 d 1.25 e
N2 0.79 g 1.38 a 1.95 d 1.47 cd
N3 1.00 fg 1.13 bc 3.16 ab 1.88 b
N4 1.08 ef 0.78 d 2.72 bc 1.45 cde
方差分析Variance analysis
秸秆管理Straw management (R) ** * ** **
氮肥运筹Nitrogen management (N) ** ** ** **
R×N * ns ns ns

Fig. 6

Effects of rice straw incorporation and nitrogen application strategy on the activity of Rubisco enzyme (A), SPS enzyme (B), and SS-I enzyme (C) in rapeseed leaves at the flowering stage Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively, while ns indicates no significant difference."

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