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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (1): 233-248.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.55042

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of straw incorporation combined with nitrogen management on stem quality and lodging resistance of rapeseed following rice

Zhu Jia-Bao1(), Wang Xian-Ling1, Fan You-Zhong1, Wang Zong-Kai1, Kuai Jie1, Wang Bo1, Wang Jing1, Xu Zheng-Hua1, Zhao Jie1, Zhou Guang-Sheng1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2025-06-30 Accepted:2025-09-10 Online:2026-01-12 Published:2025-09-18
  • Contact: *E-mail: zhougs@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1901205)

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Abstract:

Lodging is a major constraint limiting the yield and stability of direct-seeded rapeseed in the Yangtze River Basin. Straw incorporation from the preceding rice crop can influence lodging resistance in rapeseed by affecting carbon-nitrogen metabolism and stem morphology, especially when combined with tailored nitrogen management strategies. In this study, a split-plot design was used with the rapeseed hybrid Huayouza 62, based on a long-term rice-rapeseed rotation field experiment. The main plots comprised straw incorporation treatments (R0: no straw incorporation; R1: full straw incorporation). Subplots consisted of nitrogen application regimes: CK (conventional nitrogen rate of 240 kg hm-2 with basal: seedling fertilizer ratio 6:4:0:0) and four 20%-reduced nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, N3, N4), maintaining identical total nitrogen reduction but differing fertilizer ratios (basal:seedling:bolting:flower fertilizer stages): N1 (10:0:0:0), N2 (6:4:0:0), N3 (6:2:2:0), and N4 (6:2:0:2). The effects of these treatments on stem cell wall composition at maturity, stem silicon and calcium content, and stem anatomical structure at flowering were evaluated. Compared with no straw return, full straw incorporation significantly increased aboveground fresh biomass by 29.1% and stem breaking strength by 23.3%. Increases were also observed in stem contents of cellulose (26.3%), total lignin (3.4%), pectin (30.6%), silicon (45.0%), and calcium (9.5%) (P < 0.05), contributing to improved stem strength and toughness. However, the gains in plant height and biomass outpaced the improvements in stem strength, leading to a 7.9% average increase in the lodging index. Appropriate nitrogen allocation strategies improved stem structural quality and reduced lodging risk. Notably, the N3 treatment (192 kg hm-2, applied as 6:2:2:0) under full straw return conditions reduced the actual lodging angle by 2.6%, increased stem breaking strength by 15.2%, and decreased the lodging index by 10.2% compared to the conventional treatment. These improvements were attributed to significant increases in stem cellulose, pectin, and calcium contents, as well as enhanced anatomical characteristics at flowering, including greater cortex and epidermis thickness, increased vascular bundle length and area, and a higher number of vascular bundles. A more uniform vascular bundle arrangement further contributed to improved stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance. Therefore, under high-density direct-seeded rapeseed cultivation with rice straw incorporation in the Yangtze River Basin, an optimized nitrogen regime of 192 kg hm-2 (basal:seedling:bolting = 6:2:2) is recommended. This strategy not only reduces nitrogen input but also enhances stem strength and lodging resistance, thereby improving mechanical harvest efficiency while maintaining high yield and structural resilience.

Key words: rapeseed, straw incorporation, nitrogen management, lodging index, stem composition, microstructure

Fig. 1

Main meteorological factors in 2018-2019 growing season (A) and in 2019-2020 growing season (B)"

Table 1

Basic physicochemical properties of the experimental soil"

年份
Year		 全氮TN
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮AN
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷AP
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾AK
(mg kg-1)		 有机质SOC
(g kg-1)		 pH
2018-2019 1.58 107.54 19.17 174.87 11.62 7.41
2019-2020 1.64 102.24 20.85 190.24 8.44 7.13

Fig. 2

Effects of rice straw management and nitrogen management on the actual lodging angle of rapeseed stems at maturity N: nitrogen management; R: straw management; R0 represents no straw incorporation, while R1 represents straw incorporation. CK: application of 100% nitrogen fertilizer (N 240 kg hm-2) with a basal:seedling:bolting:flowering fertilizer ratio of 6:4:0:0; N1: application of 80% nitrogen fertilizer with a basal:seedling:bolting:flowering fertilizer ratio of 10:0:0:0; N2: application of 80% nitrogen fertilizer with a basal: seedling:bolting:flowering fertilizer ratio of 6:4:0:0; N3: application of 80% nitrogen fertilizer with a basal:seedling:bolting:flowering fertilizer ratio of 6:2:2:0; N4: application of 80% nitrogen fertilizer with a basal:seedling:bolting:flowering fertilizer ratio of 6:2:0:2. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). ** indicates significant differences at the 0.01 probability level."

Fig. 3

Effects of rice straw management and nitrogen management on aboveground fresh weight of rapeseed at maturity Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively."

Fig. 4

Effects of rice straw management and nitrogen management on stem bending resistance of rapeseed at maturity Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). ** indicates significant differences at the 0.01 probability level, while ns indicates no significant difference."

Fig. 5

Effects of rice straw management and nitrogen management on the lodging index of rapeseed stems at maturity Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). ** indicates significant differences at the 0.01 probability level, while ns indicates no significant difference."

Table 2

Correlation between yield, yield components and lodging-related traits"

倒伏相关性状
Lodging-related traits		 单株角果数
Effective pods per plant		 每角果粒数
Seeds per pod		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)		 实际产量
Yield (kg hm-2)
地上部鲜重Shoot fresh weight (g plant-1) 0.643** -0.360 -0.464* 0.483*
倒伏角度Lodging angle (°) 0.594** -0.790** -0.172 0.332
茎秆抗折力Stem breaking strength (N) 0.643** -0.303 -0.619** 0.540**
倒伏指数Lodging index -0.583** -0.092 0.492* -0.721**

Table 3

Effects of rice straw management and nitrogen management on basal stem composition of rapeseed at maturity (%)"

年份
Year		 秸秆管理
Straw
management		 氮肥运筹
Nitrogen
management		 酸不溶木质素
Acid-insoluble lignin		 总木质素
Total
lignin		 可溶性糖
Soluble sugars		 半纤维素
Hemicellulose		 纤维素
Cellulose		 果胶
Pectin
2018-2019 R0 CK 21.5 h 24.8 d 3.2 b 14.7 bc 19.2 e 16.6 cd
N1 22.9 c 26.3 bc 3.5 a 16.3 a 21.6 bc 15.7 d
N2 22.0 fg 25.2 cd 3.3 ab 16.0 ab 21.1 bcd 15.7 d
N3 24.7 a 27.9 a 2.6 e 14.8 bc 22.0 b 13.2 d
N4 21.6 gh 25.2 cd 3.4 ab 14.6 c 18.9 e 14.6 d
2018-2019 R1 CK 22.4 de 25.7 bcd 2.9 cd 15.2 abc 22.6 b 19.8 bc
N1 23.7 b 26.9 ab 2.9 cd 15.3 abc 20.2 cde 21.5 ab
N2 22.3 ef 26.2 bc 2.7 de 15.1 bc 21.0 bcd 24.1 a
N3 22.7 cd 26.3 bc 2.9 cd 14.8 bc 24.5 a 23.7 a
N4 24.0 b 27.9 a 2.7 cde 15.1 abc 19.6 de 24.1 a
2019-2020 R0 CK 16.6 de 21.1 ab 2.4 b 16.9 a 16.8 de 19.5 de
N1 16.1 fg 20.4 b 3.1 a 17.0 a 16.5 de 21.9 cd
N2 16.0 gh 20.5 b 2.1 cd 16.6 a 15.9 e 23.1 bc
N3 16.4 ef 20.8 ab 1.9 de 17.0 a 20.4 b 22.7 bc
N4 15.7 h 20.4 b 1.9 de 17.8 a 18.1 cd 18.7 e
R1 CK 18.0 a 22.1 ab 1.9 de 14.1 b 17.3 cde 23.3 bc
N1 17.7 b 22.3 a 2.5 b 14.7 b 16.7 de 25.7 ab
N2 17.2 c 21.3 ab 2.1 cd 14.5 b 20.7 b 25.5 ab
N3 17.0 cd 21.2 ab 2.2 c 12.4 c 22.4 a 26.7 a
N4 16.7 de 21.6 ab 1.8 e 13.9 b 18.7 c 24.8 abc
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ns ** **
秸秆管理Straw management (R) ** ** ** ** ** **
氮肥运筹Nitrogen management (N) ** ns ** ** ** **
R×N ** ns * ** ns **
R×Y ** ** ** ns ** *
N×Y ** ** ** ns ** **
R×N×Y ** ns ** ** ** **

Table 4

Effects of rice straw management and nitrogen management on upper stem composition of rapeseed at maturity (%)"

年份
Year		 秸秆管理
Straw
management		 氮肥运筹
Nitrogen management		 酸不溶木质素
Acid-insoluble lignin		 总木质素
Total lignin		 可溶性糖
Soluble sugars		 半纤维素
Hemicellulose		 纤维素
Cellulose		 果胶
Pectin
2018-
2019		 R0 CK 20.2 e 25.0 c 3.8 b 23.2 bc 17.4 e 15.3 b
N1 18.5 f 23.3 d 4.3 a 24.8 a 21.0 d 6.4 f
N2 20.5 de 25.9 bc 3.7 bc 23.6 ab 18.1 e 7.6 ef
N3 21.8 a 26.6 b 3.5 bcd 21.6 cd 24.8 c 8.7 def
N4 20.4 e 24.9 c 3.4 cd 22.7 bc 27.1 bc 10.9 cd
R1 CK 20.8 cd 26.2 b 2.7 e 19.0 f 30.6 a 15.0 b
N1 21.9 a 27.6 a 3.3 d 20.8 de 28.6 ab 9.9 cde
N2 21.1 bc 26.7 ab 2.5 e 19.6 ef 30.5 a 12.5 c
N3 20.5 de 26.1 b 2.4 e 20.8 de 27.1 bc 18.6 a
N4 21.3 b 26.2 b 2.7 e 20.1 def 27.4 bc 15.7 b
2019-
2020		 R0 CK 23.3 a 27.1 a 3.8 b 18.0 ab 19.6 cd 15.2 bc
N1 21.9 d 25.7 abc 4.7 a 17.5 abc 20.7 c 14.6 bc
N2 20.8 f 24.7 c 2.9 def 17.7 abc 12.9 e 10.7 e
N3 22.1 d 26.0 abc 3.4 bc 18.8 a 22.2 c 14.1 bcd
N4 22.4 c 26.4 ab 2.9 efg 18.6 ab 17.4 d 11.0 e
R1 CK 23.0 b 26.9 a 2.6 fg 16.4 c 25.7 b 13.3 cd
N1 22.4 c 26.1 abc 3.3 cd 16.4 c 28.5 ab 17.9 a
N2 21.1 e 24.8 bc 3.1 cde 17.4 abc 29.5 a 14.4 bc
N3 20.9 ef 24.7 c 2.9 def 16.3 c 30.7 a 16.4 ab
N4 23.1 ab 27.2 a 2.5 g 17.3 bc 30.3 a 12.0 de
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ns ns **
秸秆管理Straw management (R) ** ** ** * ** **
氮肥运筹Nitrogen management (N) ** ns ** ns ** ns
R×N ** ns ** * ** **
R×Y ** ** ** ** ** *
N×Y ** ** ** * ** ns
R×N×Y ** ns ** ns ** **

Fig. 6

Effects of rice straw management and nitrogen management on stem silicon content of rapeseed at maturity Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). ** indicates significant differences at the 0.01 probability level, respectively, while ns indicates no significant difference."

Fig. 7

Effects of rice straw management and nitrogen management on stem calcium content of rapeseed at maturity Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively, while ns indicates no significant difference."

Table 5

Effects of rice straw management and nitrogen management on stem microstructure of rapeseed at flowering stage"

秸秆管理
Straw
management		 氮肥运筹
Nitrogen
management		 表皮厚度
Epidermal
thickness (μm)		 皮层厚度
Cortical thickness
(μm)		 维管束长
Vascular length
(μm)		 维管束周长
Vascular
circumference
(mm)		 横截面积
Cross-sectional area
(mm2)		 维管束数目
Number of vascular
bundles		 维管束面积
Vascular
bundle area (mm2)
R0 CK 20.3 abc 255.5 e 659.4 e 35.9 a 98.3 bcd 78.0 c 13.4 abc
N1 17.2 e 328.9 bc 857.5 cd 25.9 c 52.8 h 65.0 e 8.2 d
N2 20.3 abc 337.7 b 983.7 a 34.6 ab 92.7 de 80.0 bc 12.4 c
N3 19.4 bcd 296.4 d 807.6 d 35.7 a 95.2 cd 86.0 a 13.2 bc
N4 17.0 e 322.2 bcd 939.9 ab 30.9 b 85.3 f 82.0 abc 12.8 bc
R1 CK 20.1 abc 323.0 bcd 843.2 cd 35.8 a 103.9 ab 86.0 a 14.5 a
N1 18.3 cde 348.7 b 706.3 e 31.1 b 77.1 g 72.0 d 8.6 d
N2 21.4 ab 321.8 bcd 903.3 bc 35.8 a 106.9 a 84.0 ab 14.0 ab
N3 22.2 a 397.3 a 996.5 a 36.4 a 101.7 abc 86.0 a 13.8 ab
N4 17.7 de 306.3 cd 817.8 d 31.6 b 88.0 ef 78.0 c 12.5 c
方差分析ANOVA
秸秆管理
Straw management (R)		 *
 **
 ns
 ns ** * *
氮肥运筹
Nitrogen management (N)		 **
 **
 ** ** ** ** **
R×N ns ** ** ns ** ** ns

Fig. 8

Effects of straw management and nitrogen management on calcium content of stems at maturity stage of field rapeseed A-E: microstructure of stems managements with N1 (A), N2 (B), N3 (C), N4 (D) and CK (E) under full straw incorporation (R1). F-J: microstructure of stems managements with N1 (F), N2 (G), N3 (H), N4 (I) and CK (J) under no straw incorporation (R0). CO: cortex; SVB: small vascular bundle; LVB: great vascular bundle; PI: medulla. Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Scale bar = 500 μm."

Table 6

Correlation between stem microstructure and lodging-related traits"

倒伏相关性状
Lodging-related traits		 表皮厚度
Epidermal thickness
(μm)		 皮层厚度
Cortical thickness
(μm)		 维管束长
Vascular length
(μm)		 维管束周长
Vascular circumference (mm)
地上部鲜重Shoot fresh weight (g plant-1) 0.510** 0.301 0.346 0.435*
倒伏角度Lodging angle (°) -0.066 -0.111 0.164 0.019
茎秆抗折力Stem breaking strength (N) 0.538** 0.349 0.376* 0.538**
倒伏指数Lodging index -0.087 0.096 0.146 0.303
倒伏相关性状
Lodging-related traits		 横截面积
Cross-sectional area (mm2)		 维管束数目
Number of vascular bundles		 维管束面积
Vascular bundle area (mm2)
地上部鲜重Shoot fresh weight (g plant-1) 0.458* 0.382* 0.533**
倒伏角度Lodging angle (°) 0.281 0.334 0.415*
茎秆抗折力Stem breaking strength (N) 0.544** 0.387* 0.561**
倒伏指数Lodging index 0.372* 0.251 0.365*

Table 7

Correlation between stem composition and lodging-related traits"

倒伏相关性状
Lodging-related traits		 酸不溶木质素
Acid-insoluble lignin		 总木质素
Total lignin		 可溶性糖
Soluble sugars		 半纤维素
Hemicellulose
地上部鲜重Shoot fresh weight (g plant-1) -0.458** -0.465** -0.575** -0.695**
倒伏角度Lodging angle (°) -0.630** -0.627** -0.731** -0.661**
茎秆抗折力Stem breaking strength (N) 0.639** 0.638** -0.009 0.177
倒伏指数Lodging index -0.782** -0.789** -0.508** -0.703**
倒伏相关性状
Lodging-related traits		 纤维素
Cellulose		 果胶
Pectin		 硅
Si		 钙
Ca
地上部鲜重Shoot fresh weight (g plant-1) 0.095 0.456** -0.394* 0.058
倒伏角度Lodging angle (°) -0.093 0.545** -0.390* -0.160
茎秆抗折力Stem breaking strength (N) 0.442* -0.553** 0.127 0.557**
倒伏指数Lodging index -0.279 0.618** -0.299 -0.256
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