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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (6): 1616-1627.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33054

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Compensation mechanism of increased maize density on yield with water and nitrogen reduction supply in oasis irrigation areas

WANG Fei-Er1(), GUO Yao2, LI Pan1, WEI Jin-Gui1, FAN Zhi-Long1, HU Fa-Long1, FAN Hong1, HE Wei1, YIN Wen1,*(), CHEN Gui-Ping1,*()   

  1. 1State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    2College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2023-09-28 Accepted:2024-01-30 Online:2024-06-12 Published:2024-02-20
  • Contact: * E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn;E-mail: chengp@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YED1900405);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101857);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372238);Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(23JRRA704);Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(23JRRA1407);Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University(Gaufx-03Y10)

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Abstract:

Aiming at the production and ecological problems of the lack of water resources and excessive chemical nitrogen fertilizer input in arid oasis irrigation areas, the effect of increased planting density to compensate for the loss of maize yield caused by reducing water and nitrogen inputs was analyzed under reduced water and nitrogen inputs, which could provide theoretical and technical support for the efficient production of maize with water and nitrogen reduction. Based on a split-plot field experiment conducted in 2016, the main plot was divided into two irrigation quotas: reduced irrigation by 20% (W1, 3240 m3 hm-2) and traditional irrigation (W2, 4050 m3 hm-2), and the split-plot was divided into two nitrogen application rates: reduced nitrogen (N1, 270 kg hm-2) by 25% and traditional nitrogen (N2, 360 kg hm-2) were applied, and the sub-split plot was divided into three maize densities: traditional planting density (D1, 75,000 hm-2 plants), increased density by 30% (D2, 97, 500 hm-2 plants) and increased density by 60% (D3, 120,000 hm-2 plants). We measured grain yield and biological yield of maize in 2020 and 2021, analyzed the characteristics of dry matter accumulation, distribution, and transport characteristics, quantified the yield composition factors, and clarified the compensation effect and mechanism of densification on maize yield with water and nitrogen reduction. The study showed that water and nitrogen reduction inputs decreased the grain yield and biological yield in maize, but the increased density by 30% can compensate for the loss of yield due to reducing water and nitrogen inputs and improve maize yield under reduced water while maintaining traditional nitrogen. The grain yield and biological yield of W1N1D1 (reduced water and nitrogen and traditional density) was 9.1%-15.0% and 10.0%-11.0% lower than W2N2D1 (comparison: traditional irrigation, traditional nitrogen application, and traditional density), but there was no significant difference in W1N1D2 (reduced irrigation, reduced nitrogen, and increased density by 30%) compared with W2N2D1. Compared with W2N2D1, W1N2D2 (reduced irrigation, traditional nitrogen, and increased density by 30%) increased grain yield and biological yield by 12.9%-15.4% and 6.4%-12.0%, respectively. Increased density by 30% compensated for the negative effect of water and nitrogen reduction mainly attributed to improving spike number of W1N1D2, which further increased dry matter accumulation from the early-filling stage to the maturity stage in maize, population growth rate and dry matter remobilization at pre-anthesis from seeding stage to the flare opening stage. Increasing spike number of W1N2D2 improved dry matter accumulation and population growth rate, promoted dry matter distribution in the ear, and increased dry matter remobilization. In addition, the dry matter remobilization efficiency and contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain at pre-anthesis were the main reasons for increasing maize yield with the increased density by 30% under water and nitrogen reduction inputs. Therefore, increasing density by 30% was a feasible measure for simultaneous reduction of water and nitrogen in oasis irrigation area to stabilize and increase maize yield.

Key words: water-nitrogen reduction, dense planting, maize, yield components, dry matter accumulation, dry matter distribution and transportation

Fig. 1

Temperature and precipitation during maize growing period at the experiment station in 2020 and 2021"

Fig. 2

Effect of increased density on grain yield of maize under reduced water and nitrogen inputs W1: traditional irrigation reduced by 20% of 3240 m3 hm-2; W2: traditional irrigation of 4050 m3 hm-2; N1: traditional nitrogen reduced by 25% of 270 kg hm-2; N2: traditional nitrogen of 360 kg hm-2; D1: traditional planting density of 75,000 plants hm-2; D2: traditional planting density increased by 30% of 97,500 plants hm-2; D3: traditional planting density increased by 60% of 120,000 plants hm-2. Different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05. **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05; NS: no significant difference."

Fig. 3

Effect of increased density on biological yield of maize under reduced water and nitrogen inputs Different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05. **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05; NS: no significant difference. Treatment abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Table 1

Dry matter accumulation and population growth rate of maize under different treatments"

年份
Year		 灌水Irrigation 施氮Nitrogen 密度
Density		 干物质积累量
Dry matter accumulation (kg hm-2)		 群体生长速率
Population growth rate (kg hm-2 d-1)
P1-P2 P2-P3 P3-P4 P1-P2 P2-P3 P3-P4
2020 W1 N1 D1 2647 e 17,302 g 10,924 cd 62 f 303 f 102 g
D2 3605 d 20,008 ef 10,322 d 72 cd 333 de 127 e
D3 4768 c 22,641 bc 13,413 b 85 b 370 cd 201 a
N2 D1 5520 b 16,386 h 10,012 d 66 e 326 ef 142 d
D2 4553 c 20,671 de 11,783 c 76 c 377 c 157 c
D3 5367 b 24,747 a 14,332 ab 97 a 460 a 176 b
W2 N1 D1 6699 a 18,587 f 11,247 cd 63 ef 371 c 114 f
D2 3404 d 18,926 f 14,483 ab 68 e 354 d 154 c
D3 5714 b 22,938 b 15,183 a 102 a 427 b 199 a
N2 D1 2339 ef 20,359 ef 9969 d 68 de 347 d 121 ef
D2 2131 f 21,402 cd 13,635 b 71 cd 359 cd 204 a
D3 3371 d 26,095 a 13,845 ab 100 a 454 a 171 b
2021 W1 N1 D1 4323 bc 15,248 g 10,076 e 72 e 346 g 93 f
D2 3472 de 18,113 ef 12,352 cd 84 cd 382 f 104 d
D3 4778 a 21,247 bc 14,305 b 115 a 406 de 97 ef
N2 D1 3247 e 18,654 ef 12,155 d 78 de 378 f 109 cd
D2 2841 f 20,394 cd 13,166 c 85 cd 427 bc 112 c
D3 4238 bc 22,059 ab 15,638 a 102 b 442 b 114 c
W2 N1 D1 1841 g 17,687 f 12,262 cd 61 f 359 g 102 de
D2 3556 d 19,351 de 14,350 b 86 c 417 cd 84 g
D3 4393 b 21,706 abc 14,502 b 108 b 424 c 152 a
N2 D1 4071 c 19,002 ef 11,932 d 75 de 400 e 103 de
D2 3244 e 21,050 bc 13,177 c 78 e 429 bc 122 b
D3 4990 a 22,983 a 14,086 b 121 a 471 a 123 b
方差分析ANOVA
灌水W NS ** ** NS ** *
施氮N NS ** NS * ** **
密度D ** ** ** ** ** **
W×N * ** ** NS * **
W×D NS NS * ** NS NS
N×D * NS ** NS * **
W×N×D ** ** * NS * **

Fig. 4

Dry matter distribution of maize in the mature stage under different irrigation, nitrogen application, and densities Different lowercase letters above bars mean significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05. **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05; NS: no significant difference. Treatment abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Table 2

Dry matter transportation of maize under different water and nitrogen treatments"

年份
Year		 灌水Irrigation 施氮Nitrogen 密度Density 花前转运量
Dry matter remobilization at pre-anthesis
(kg hm-2)		 花前转运率
Dry matter
remobilization
efficiency at pre-anthesis (%)		 花前转运贡献率
Contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain at pre-anthesis
(%)		 花后积累量
Dry matter accumulation at post anthesis
(kg hm-2)		 花后积累贡献率
Contribution of dry matter accumulation to grain at post anthesis
(%)
2020 W1 N1 D1 1419 ef 11.29 d 6.72 e 11,160 g 93.28 c
D2 1527 de 10.68 e 7.44 de 12,773 ef 92.56 cd
D3 1377 fg 9.84 fg 5.20 fg 12,428 f 94.80 ab
N2 D1 1793 c 11.73 cd 9.11 b 13,145 ef 90.89 f
D2 1834 c 10.29 f 8.21 cd 15,981 a 91.79 de
D3 2321 b 14.15 ab 8.14 cd 14,004 cd 91.86 de
W2 N1 D1 1608 d 12.26 c 5.85 f 11,444 g 94.15 b
D2 1277 g 9.19 g 5.75 f 12,535 f 94.25 b
D3 1448 ef 9.56 fg 4.66 g 13,400 de 95.34 a
N2 D1 1599 d 10.12 f 7.99 d 14,173 cd 92.01 d
D2 2619 a 14.75 a 13.37 a 15,289 ab 86.63 g
D3 2309 b 13.55 b 8.87 bc 14,735 bc 91.13 ef
2021 W1 N1 D1 1271 gh 8.87 f 6.85 d 12,409 de 93.15 d
D2 1601 de 10.99 d 7.43 c 12,985 cd 92.57 e
D3 1284 gh 8.98 ef 4.95 fg 12,971 cd 95.05 ab
N2 D1 1737 cd 12.71 c 7.90 bc 11,939 e 92.10 ef
D2 1926 c 11.82 cd 8.38 b 14,368 a 91.62 f
D3 1545 e 9.81 e 5.88 ef 13,775 b 94.12 bc
W2 N1 D1 1351 fg 9.83 e 6.93 d 12,262 de 93.07 d
D2 1751 cd 11.77 cd 7.64 bc 13,116 cd 92.36 ef
D3 1110 h 8.17 fg 4.32 g 12,502 de 95.68 a
N2 D1 1450 f 7.87 g 6.29 de 13,062 cd 93.71 cd
D2 2985 a 18.35 a 12.29 a 13,309 c 87.71 g
D3 2335 b 13.91 b 8.40 b 14,227 ab 91.60 f
方差分析ANOVA
灌水W ** * * NS *
施氮N ** ** ** ** **
密度D ** ** ** ** **
W×N ** * ** NS **
W×D * ** * * *
N×D * ** ** NS *
W×N×D ** ** ** * *

Table 3

Yield components of maize under different treatments"

灌水Irrigation 施氮Nitrogen 密度
Density		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 spikes hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernel number per spike
(grain per ear)		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight
(g)
2020 2021 2020 2021 2020 2021
W1 N1 D1 7.38 d 7.29 d 509 e 518 c 323 f 349 bc
D2 9.29 c 9.49 c 478 f 477 ef 311 g 332 cd
D3 11.43 b 11.32 b 456 g 440 h 292 h 293 e
N2 D1 7.66 d 7.53 d 558 bc 564 b 370 ab 367 ab
D2 9.46 c 9.34 c 543 cd 517 cd 366 b 364 ab
D3 11.88 a 11.55 b 484 f 465 fg 333 e 331 cd
W2 N1 D1 7.29 d 7.43 d 554 cd 557 b 369 ab 372 a
D2 9.40 c 9.49 c 539 d 508 d 351 c 346 bc
D3 11.45 b 11.36 b 477 f 453 hg 325 ef 316 d
N2 D1 7.53 d 7.54 d 598 a 585 a 376 a 378 a
D2 9.52 c 9.43 c 574 b 528 c 370 ab 367 ab
D3 11.98 a 12.03 a 510 e 481 e 342 d 334 cd
方差分析ANOVA
灌水W NS * ** ** ** **
施氮N ** ** ** ** ** **
密度D ** ** ** ** ** **
W×N NS NS NS * ** NS
W×D NS NS * NS NS NS
N×D NS ** NS NS * NS
W×N×D NS NS NS NS NS NS

Fig. 5

Path coefficient of maize between grain yield and yield components under different treatments The thick lines represent direct pathways and the fine lines represent indirect pathways. Values in bold are the correlation coefficient and fine values are the path coefficient. **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05; NS: no significant difference. CGR, DMRCG, DMAC, SN, KNS, and TKW indicate population growth rate, contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain at pre-anthesis, contribution of dry matter accumulation to grain at post-anthesis, spike number, kernel number per spike, and 1000-kernel weight, respectively."

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