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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (02): 245-259.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00245

• Orginal Article • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Endosperm Structure of Grains at Different Positions of Rice Panicle and Regulation Effect of Irrigation Regimes on It during Grain Filling

Li-Min YUAN, Ming-Fei ZHAN, Xing-Chuan ZHANG, Zhi-Qin WANG, Jian-Chang YANG*()   

  1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China;
  • Received:2017-08-15 Accepted:2017-11-21 Online:2018-02-12 Published:2017-12-20
  • Contact: Jian-Chang YANG E-mail:jcyang@yzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471438, 31461143015), the National Key Technology Support Program of China (2014AA10A605), the National Key Research and Development Support Program of China (2016YFD0300206-4), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), and the Top Talent Supporting program of Yangzhou University (2015-01).

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Abstract:

In this study, an indica cultivar Yangdao 6 and a japonica cultivar Wuyunjing 24 were used to observe the changes in endosperm structure of grains at different positions of panicle with scanning electron microscope. Three irrigation treatments, namely shallow water layer (CK), alternate wetting and moderate drying (WMD), and alternate wetting and severe drying (WSD), were designed to investigate the effect of irrigation regimes on grain yield and grain endosperm structure. The endosperm structure formation in grains was earlier at the upper part of panicle than at the mid part of panicle, and earlier than at the lower part of panicle; the formation was earlier on a primary branch than on a secondary branch, and earlier in superior grains than in inferior grains. Compared with CK, WMD significantly increased grain yield. The starch granule in endosperm of grains at the lower part of panicle showed more compact arrangement, and that in the back part of grains was more crowded and even more adhered each other under WMD than under CK. Under WSD, the endosperm structure in grains showed that the starch granule arrangement was looser, the granule volume was decreased, and the differences in granule size and the gap between granules were increased, relative to those under CK. The effect of irrigation regimes on endosperm structure varied with grain positions, which was the most significant on the belly of grains at the secondary branch located at the lower part of panicle. The results suggest that the formation of endosperm structure in the grains at different parts of panicle is closely related to days after anthesis. WMD may improve, whereas WSD deteriorate, the endosperm structure of grains at the lower part of rice panicle. Soil water potential -20 kPa can be used as the low limit of soil water potential index in the water-saving irrigation for improving endosperm structure in grains during the grain filling period of rice.

Key words: rice, grain position, endosperm structure, starch granule, irrigation regimes

Fig. 1

Schematic representation of a rice panicle"

Plate I

Endosperm structure in the grains at different positions on a rice panicle at 5-10 d after flowering Fig. 1: Endosperm structure of back of 1st grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 5 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 2: Endosperm structure of 1st grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, at 5 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 3: Endosperm structure of 2nd grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, at 5 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 4: Endosperm structure of 1st grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 5 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 5: Endosperm structure of 5th grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 5 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 6: Endosperm structure of back of 2nd grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 10 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 7: Endosperm structure of belly of 6th grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 10 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig.8: Endosperm structure of back of 2nd grain on a primary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at 10 d after flowering of Yangdao 6."

Plate II

Endosperm structure in the grains at different positions on a rice panicle at 10 d after flowering Fig. 1: Endosperm structure of back of 5th grain on a primary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at 10 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 2: Endosperm structure of 4th grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, at 10 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 3: Endosperm structure of back of 1st grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 10 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 4: Endosperm structure of back of 3rd grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 10 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 5: Endosperm structure of 2nd grain on a primary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at 10 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 6: Endosperm structure of 6th grain on a primary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at 10 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 7: Endosperm structure of back of 1st grain on a secondary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, at 10 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 8: Endosperm structure of back of 4th grain on a secondary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, at 10 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24."

Plate III

Endosperm structure in the grains at different positions on a rice panicle at 15 d after flowering Fig. 1: Endosperm structure of back of 1st grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 15 d after flowering of Yangdao 6.Fig. 2: Endosperm structure of the center portion of 5th grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 15 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 3: Endosperm structure of back of 2nd grain on a secondary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 15 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 4: Endosperm structure of belly of 1st grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, at 15 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 5: Endosperm structure of the center portion of 5th grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 15 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 6: Endosperm structure of belly of 1st grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 15 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 7: Endosperm structure of 2nd grain on a secondary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 15 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 8: Endosperm structure of 2nd grain on a secondary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, at 15 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24."

Plate IV

Endosperm structure in the grains at different positions on a rice panicle at 20 d after flowering Fig. 1: Endosperm structure of back of 5th grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 20 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 2: Endosperm structure of back of 1st grain on a secondary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at 20 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 3: Endosperm structure of belly of 1st grain on a secondary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at 20 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 4: Endosperm structure of back of 1st grain on a secondary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, at 20 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 5: Endosperm structure of back of 1st grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 20 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 6: Endosperm structure of the center of 1st grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 20 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 7: Endosperm structure of belly of 6th grain on a primary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at 20 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 8: Endosperm structure of belly of 4th grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, at 20 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24."

Plate V

Endosperm structure in the grains at different positions on a rice panicle at 25 d after flowering Fig. 1: Endosperm structure of belly of 1st grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 25 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 2: Endosperm structure of back of 2nd grain on a secondary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at 25 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 3: Endosperm structure of the center of 4th grain on a secondary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at 25 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 4: Endosperm structure of 2nd grain on a secondary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, at 25 d after flowering of Yangdao 6. Fig. 5: Endosperm structure of the center of 7th grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 25 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 6: Endosperm structure of back of 7th grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 25 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 7: Endosperm structure of belly of 7th grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at 25 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 8: Endosperm structure of belly of 4th grain on a primary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at 25 d after flowering of Wuyunjing 24."

Plate VI

Endosperm structure in the grains at different positions on a rice panicle at maturity Fig. 1: Endosperm structure of back of 1st grain on a primary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at maturity of Yangdao 6. Fig. 2: Endosperm structure of back of 2nd grain on a secondary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at maturity of Yangdao 6. Fig. 3: Endosperm structure of belly of 3rd grain on a secondary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at maturity of Yangdao 6. Fig. 4: Endosperm structure of the center of 3rd grain on a secondary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, at maturity of Yangdao 6. Fig. 5: Endosperm structure of the center of 2nd grain on a primary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, at maturity of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 6: Endosperm structure of belly of 2nd grain on a primary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at maturity of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 7: Endosperm structure of belly of 5th grain on a primary branch at the mid parts on a panicle, at maturity of Wuyunjing 24. Fig. 8: Endosperm structure of belly of 2nd grain on a secondary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, at maturity of Wuyunjing 24."

Table 1

Effect of alternate wetting and drying irrigation during grain filling on grain yield and its components of rice"

试验/品种
Exp./cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 穗数
Panicles per m2		 每穗粒数
Spikelets per panicle		 结实率
Seed-setting rate
(%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(g m-2)
土培池试验 Tank exp.
扬稻6号
Yangdao 6		 CK 280.4 a 150.2 a 84.6 b 26.5 b 957.7 b
T1 282.6 a 148.9 a 90.2 a 27.7 a 1051.4 a
T2 279.3 a 152.1 a 78.6 c 26.1 b 871.5 c
武运粳24
Wuyunjing 24		 CK 271.3 a 167.5 a 82.6 b 27.0 b 986.5 b
T1 273.5 a 168.9 a 87.5 a 27.6 a 1035.2 a
T2 270.8 a 165.3 a 75.6 c 26.3 c 870.4 c
大田试验 Field exp.
扬稻6号
Yangdao 6		 CK 257.5 a 156.4 a 82.5 b 26.3 b 873.8 b
T1 255.3 a 157.9 a 89.6 a 27.5 a 993.4 a
T2 256.6 a 158.2 a 77.3 c 26.1 b 818.9 c
武运粳24
Wuyunjing 24		 CK 264.5 a 169.3 a 83.7 a 27.1 b 985.6 b
T1 265.3 a 170.5 a 88.4 b 27.8 a 1110.2 a
T2 263.6 a 168.4 a 77.5 c 26.4 c 908.1 c

Plate VII

Effect of alternate wetting and drying irrigation on the endosperm structure of the indica cultivar Yangdao 6 Fig. 1: Endosperm structure of belly of grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under CK (shallow water layer). Fig. 2 Endosperm structure of belly of grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under T1 (alternate wetting and moderate drying (WMD)). Fig. 3: Endosperm structure of belly of grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under T2 (alternate wetting and severe drying (WSD)). Fig. 4: Endosperm structure of belly of grain on a secondary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under CK. Fig. 5: Endosperm structure of belly of grain on a secondary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under T1. Fig. 6: Endosperm structure of belly of grain on a secondary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under T2. Fig. 7: Endosperm structure of back of grain on a secondary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, under CK. Fig. 8: Endosperm structure of back of grain on a secondary branch at the upper parts on a panicle, under T2."

Plate VIII

Effect of alternate wetting and drying irrigation on the endosperm structure of the japonica cultivar Wuyunjing 24 Fig. 1: Endosperm structure of back of grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under CK (shallow water layer). Fig. 2: Endosperm structure of back of grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under T1 (alternate wetting and moderate drying (WMD)). Fig. 3: Endosperm structure of back of grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under T2 (alternate wetting and severe drying (WSD)). Fig. 4: Endosperm structure of belly of grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under CK. Fig. 5: Endosperm structure of belly of grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under T1. Fig. 6: Endosperm structure of belly of grain on a primary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under T2. Fig. 7: Endosperm structure of back of grain on a secondary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under CK. Fig. 8: Endosperm structure of back of grain on a secondary branch at the lower parts on a panicle, under T2."

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