“独秆”栽培模式下全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻产量和品质的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02052

Abstract

Abstract:

In a rice-wheat cropping system, dry direct seeding rice growth was directly affected by harvest dates of the previous crop of wheat, the return of full wheat straw to the field, and the poor quality of tillage and land preparation. A “solo-stalk” cultivation mode with main stem panicles by late sowing dates, large sowing rates and high basic seedlings was commonly used in dry direct seeding. However, the nitrogen fertilizer management of high-quality and high-yield dry direct-seeding rice for the “solo-stalk” cultivation mode was still lacking in systematic research. With high-quality japonica rice Nanjing 9108, 380×10⁴ hm^-2 basic seedlings were realized by mechanical dry direct seeding method. The leaf age treatments of 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 leaf age and nitrogen application amount treatments of 180 and 225 kg hm^-2 were designed with accurate quantitative nitrogen management (total nitrogen was 270 kg hm^-2, base fertilizer:tiller fertilizer:spike fertilizer = 3.5:3.5:3.0) at basic seedlings of 380×10⁴ and 300×10⁴ hm^-2 as the control. Then dry direct seeding rice yield and quality were systematically determined and compared with the control and “solo-stalk” cultural method with nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied in middle and late tillering stage. The results showed that rice yield showed a trend of first increased and then decreased with nitrogen application at bigger leaf age. Rice yield was significantly higher than other treatments when applying nitrogen fertilizer at the 8-leaf stage, and the yield was further improved with the increase of nitrogen application amount. Compare with the controls, nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration of 180 kg N hm^-2 applied one time at 8-leaf stage could significantly increase rice yield by 5.10% and 8.65%, and reduced nitrogen fertilizer by 33.3%, whereas nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration of 225 kg N hm^-2 applied two time at 8-leaf stage and 7 days later could significantly increase rice yield by 7.46% and 11.09%, and reduced the nitrogen by 16.7%. The reason was that, compared with the control, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight, effective panicle number was significantly increased resulting in the increasing total spikelet amount per hectare and yield on the basis of maintaining larger panicle type. With nitrogen applied at bigger leaf age, the head rice rate, chalkiness and protein content of rice revealed an increasing trend, but the amylose content and taste value of rice showed a decreasing trend. Compare to the two controls, the processing quality of rice with the head rice rate was increased by 0.67%-2.23% with nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied at 8-leaf age; the appearance quality was improved with the chalkiness decreased by 3.6%-14.5%; the nutrition quality was better with protein content increased by 3.03%-14.08%; the cooking and eating quality showed a tendency of getting better with amylose content decreased by 4.23%-10.95%; and there was no insignificant difference in taste value. In conclusion, nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied at suitable leaf age in the middle and late tillering stage could improve the quality and increase the yield of dry direct seeding rice under “solo-stalk” cultural method caused by late sowing dates, large sowing rate, and high basic seedlings in a rice-wheat cropping system.

Key words: “solo-stalk” cultivation mode, base fertilizer without nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer in middle and late tillering stage, nitrogen fertilizer management mode, direct seeding rice, yield, quality

ZHAO Jie, LI Shao-Ping, CHENG Shuang, TIAN Jin-Yu, XING Zhi-Peng, TAO Yu, ZHOU Lei, LIU Qiu-Yuan, HU Ya-Jie, GUO Bao-Wei, GAO Hui, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied in the middle and late tillering stage on yield and quality of dry direct seeding rice under “solo-stalk” cultivation mode[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2021, 47(6): 1162-1174.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1

Table 1

Fig. 2

Table 2

Table 3

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied in the middle and late tillering stages on panicle structure of dry direct seed rice under “solo-stalk” cultural code"

处理Treatment		整穗Panicle						一次枝梗Primary branches				二次枝梗Secondary branches
氮肥水平 N level	追肥叶龄 Leaf age	穗长 PL (cm)	着粒密度 GD (grain cm^-1)	单穗重 GWPP (g)	一二次枝梗比 RN	一二次枝梗总粒数比 RTG	总粒数 TG	枝梗数 NB	单枝梗着粒数 GPB	总粒数 TG	结实率 SSR (%)	枝梗数 NB	单枝梗着粒数 GPB	总粒数 TG	结实率 SSR (%)
N1	L6	13.8 ab	6.21 de	2.17 c	0.75 a	1.53 a	85.6 c	9.0 a	5.72 a	51.7 a	97.7 b	12.1 de	2.81 b	33.9 d	88.0 b
	L7	13.7 ab	6.44 bc	2.20 bc	0.64 cd	1.34 bc	88.4 b	8.5 b	5.94 a	50.5 a	97.4 b	13.3 bc	2.85 b	37.9 bc	87.0 c
	L8	13.6 b	6.87 a	2.36 a	0.56 f	1.16 de	93.7 a	8.4 b	6.00 a	50.2 a	96.6 c	14.9 a	2.91 ab	43.5 a	85.9 d
	L9	13.7 ab	6.09 e	2.11 d	0.61 e	1.28 cde	83.7 cd	7.8 c	5.99 a	46.9 b	96.6 c	13.0 c	2.84 b	36.8 bcd	87.7 b
	L10	13.9 ab	5.39 g	1.91 e	0.74 ab	1.55 a	75.2 e	7.7 c	5.96 a	45.7 bc	97.0 c	10.4 g	2.84 b	29.5 e	88.2 b
N2	L6	14.0 a	6.29 cd	2.20 bc	0.73 ab	1.44 abc	88.1 b	9.1 a	5.74 a	52.0 a	98.3 a	12.4 d	2.92 ab	36.2 cd	88.2 b
	L7	13.9 ab	6.49 b	2.24 b	0.63 de	1.28 cde	90.0 b	8.4 b	5.87 a	50.6 a	97.6 b	13.4 b	2.94 ab	39.5 b	86.4 cd
	L8	13.9 ab	6.86 a	2.38 a	0.57 f	1.11 e	95.1 a	8.3 b	6.02 a	50.1 a	97.5 b	14.6 a	3.09 a	45.1 a	84.9 e
	L9	13.9 ab	5.92 f	2.07 d	0.66 c	1.32 bcd	82.2 d	7.8 c	5.99 a	46.6 bc	97.6 b	11.8 e	3.01 ab	35.6 cd	84.6 e
	L10	13.9 ab	5.40 g	1.93 e	0.71 b	1.45 ab	74.8 e	7.7 c	5.73 a	44.3 c	97.8 b	10.8 f	2.82 b	30.6 e	89.2 a
F-value
N		9.9^NS	1.27^NS	9.15^NS	0.55^NS	2.59^NS	5.14^NS	0.13^NS	0.25^NS	0.27^NS	80.18^*	4.07^NS	8.07^NS	3.14^NS	171.26^**
L		0.88^NS	147.44^**	183.93^**	109.43^**	29.80^**	169.64^**	57.35^**	5.97^**	28.35^**	33.59^**	339.47^**	3.77^*	105.76^**	73.40^**
N×L		0.96^NS	1.2^NS	1.41^NS	4.99^**	0.96^NS	2.2^NS	0.14^NS	1.32^NS	0.40^NS	6.44^**	14.76^**	1.37^NS	1.71^NS	22.74^**
CK1		13.9	6.60	2.22	0.67	1.42	91.7	9.0	5.99	53.8	94.05	13.4	2.83	37.9	85.04
CK2		14.2	7.37	2.48	0.63	1.31	104.7	9.9	6.00	59.3	95.28	15.7	2.90	45.4	86.51

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 3

Table 5

Table 6

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氮肥水平 N level	基肥 Base fertilizer			分蘖肥 Tiller fertilizer	叶龄追肥 Fertilization at leaf age			促花肥 Flower-promoting fertilizer		保花肥 Flower-preserving fertilizer	合计 Total
氮肥水平 N level	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	K₂O	N	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
N1		22.5	112.5		180	112.5	112.5				180	135	225
N2		22.5	112.5		225	112.5	112.5				225	135	225
CK1	94.5	135	112.5	94.5				40.5	112.5	40.5	270	135	225
CK2	94.5	135	112.5	94.5				40.5	112.5	40.5	270	135	225

处理Treatment		基本苗 Basic seedlings (×10⁴ hm^-2)	有效穗数 Number of panicle (×10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	群体颖花量 Total spikelet number (×10⁸ hm^-2)	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
氮肥水平 N level	追肥叶龄 Leaf age	基本苗 Basic seedlings (×10⁴ hm^-2)	有效穗数 Number of panicle (×10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	群体颖花量 Total spikelet number (×10⁸ hm^-2)	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
N1	L6	381.8 a	409.8 e	85.6 cd	3.51 cd	95.66 a	27.2 a
	L7	381.9 a	428.6 d	88.4 bc	3.78 c	93.85 ab	27.4 a
	L8	382.0 a	455.3 b	93.7 a	4.29 ab	92.85 bc	27.4 a
	L9	382.4 a	436.5 cd	83.5 d	3.69 cd	91.66 c	27.2 a
	L10	382.8 a	446.2 bc	75.3 e	3.45 d	92.72 bc	27.1 a
N2	L6	382.1 a	429.3 d	88.0 bc	3.69 cd	95.46 a	27.3 a
	L7	381.5 a	450.2 b	90.4 ab	4.09 b	94.17 ab	27.1 a
	L8	383.2 a	474.2 a	94.5 a	4.54 a	92.59 bc	27.3 a
	L9	382.3 a	449.8 b	82.0 d	3.79 c	91.31 c	27.2 a
	L10	382.4 a	454.2 b	75.0 e	3.55 cd	92.21 bc	27.2 a
F-value
N		0.23^NS	147.00^**	1.25^NS	32.28^*	0.22^NS	0.05^NS
L		0.70^NS	28.14^**	59.11^**	32.17^**	25.96^**	0.15^NS
N×L		0.48^NS	0.79^NS	0.76^NS	0.55^NS	0.26^NS	0.13^NS
CK1		382.1	419.2	91.6	3.85	90.73	27.2
CK2		303.5	372.7	104.7	3.92	91.52	27.2

处理Treatment		六叶期 6-leaf stage	十叶期 10-leaf stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	抽穗期 Heading stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
氮肥水平 N level	追肥叶龄 Leaf age	六叶期 6-leaf stage	十叶期 10-leaf stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	抽穗期 Heading stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
N1	L6	426.7 a	766.7 a	574.7 d	428.0 e	409.8 e
	L7	423.4 a	566.0 b	689.4 ab	474.0 bc	428.6 d
	L8	420.0 a	541.4 b	626.0 cd	489.4 b	455.3 b
	L9	420.7 a	542.7 b	578.0 d	458.7 cd	436.5 cd
	L10	421.4 a	542.0 b	575.4 d	449.4 cde	446.2 bc
N2	L6	425.4 a	801.4 a	601.4 cd	434.7 de	429.3 d
	L7	423.4 a	568.0 b	724.0 a	490.7 b	450.2 b
	L8	420.0 a	542.0 b	646.7 bc	514.7 a	474.2 a
	L9	422.0 a	538.7 b	581.4 d	470.7 bc	449.8 b
	L10	426.7 a	544.0 b	583.4 d	456.0 cd	454.2 b
F-value
N		0.84^NS	1.28^NS	25.69^*	29.23^*	147.00^**
L		0.79^NS	84.57^**	61.33^**	22.29^**	28.14^**
N×L		0.25^NS	0.46^NS	0.86^NS	0.47^NS	0.79^NS
CK1		529.4	679.7	545.4	430.0	419.2
CK2		340.7	556.0	393.4	381.4	372.7

处理Treatment		加工品质Processing quality			外观品质Appearance quality
氮肥水平 N level	追肥叶龄 Leaf age	糙米率 BRR (%)	精米率 MRR (%)	整精米率 HMR (%)	长宽比 LWR	透明度 TD	垩白大小 CS (%)	垩白粒率 CGR (%)	垩白度 CD (%)
N1	L6	84.67 a	66.18 a	62.19 a	1.65 a	3.0 a	56.9 a	9.3 a	5.3 f
	L7	84.76 a	66.36 a	62.66 a	1.66 a	3.0 a	60.5 a	9.2 a	5.5 ef
	L8	84.86 a	66.54 a	63.15 a	1.66 a	3.0 a	59.0 a	11.1 a	6.4 cde
	L9	84.96 a	66.68 a	63.89 a	1.66 a	3.0 a	61.6 a	11.7 a	7.2 abc
	L10	85.30 a	67.15 a	64.29 a	1.67 a	3.0 a	67.8 a	11.4 a	7.8 ab
N2	L6	84.66 a	66.38 a	62.40 a	1.66 a	3.0 a	61.2 a	9.6 a	5.5 ef
	L7	84.76 a	66.97 a	63.01 a	1.66 a	3.0 a	62.1 a	9.6 a	5.9 def
	L8	85.13 a	67.11 a	63.74 a	1.66 a	3.0 a	60.2 a	11.6 a	7.0 bcd
	L9	85.20 a	67.52 a	64.01 a	1.66 a	3.0 a	63.9 a	12.1 a	7.7 ab
	L10	85.30 a	68.04 a	64.64 a	1.67 a	3.0 a	70.3 a	11.7 a	8.2 a
F-value
N		1.13^NS	0.59^NS	0.29^NS	0.07^NS	—	0.60^NS	0.42^NS	8.41^NS
L		1.66^NS	1.03^NS	3.68^NS	1.14^NS	—	2.94^NS	3.61^*	22.50^**
N×L		0.14^NS	0.08^NS	0.04^NS	0.05^NS	—	0.06^NS	0.01^NS	0.05^NS
CK1		84.28	66.34	62.35	1.67	3.0	71.5	10.5	7.5
CK2		84.88	66.72	62.72	1.67	3.0	65.2	11.1	7.2

处理Treatment		食味值 Taste value	外观 Appearance	硬度 Hardness	黏度 Viscosity	蛋白质含量 PC (%)	直链淀粉含量 AC (%)
氮肥水平 N level	追肥叶龄 Leaf age	食味值 Taste value	外观 Appearance	硬度 Hardness	黏度 Viscosity	蛋白质含量 PC (%)	直链淀粉含量 AC (%)
N1	L6	82.1 a	8.3 a	5.8 e	8.7 a	7.63 e	12.49 a
	L7	78.7 a	7.8 a	6.0 d	8.3 a	7.73 de	12.08 ab
	L8	74.0 bc	7.1 bc	6.3 bc	7.6 b	7.93 de	11.69 abc
	L9	73.8 bc	7.0 bc	6.4 bc	7.6 b	8.13 cde	11.10 bcd
	L10	70.8 cd	6.5 cd	6.6 a	7.2 bc	8.28 bcde	10.42 d
N2	L6	81.4 a	8.2 a	5.8 e	8.6 a	7.98 cde	12.15 ab
	L7	74.8 b	7.2 b	6.2 cd	7.6 b	8.35 bcd	11.52 abc
	L8	73.2 bc	7.0 bc	6.3 bc	7.4 bc	8.62 abc	11.13 bcd
	L9	70.8 cd	6.6 cd	6.5 ab	7.1 bc	8.83 ab	10.64 cd
	L10	68.7 d	6.3 d	6.7 a	6.8 c	9.13 a	10.15 d
F-value
N		17.27^NS	12.98^NS	3.27^NS	16.69^NS	132.13^**	51.64^*
L		39.29^**	38.67^**	45.57^**	28.14^**	5.90^**	10.00^**
N×L		0.89^NS	1.03^NS	0.44^NS	1.15^NS	0.39^NS	0.07^NS
CK1		72.0	7.0	6.4	7.2	7.70	12.20
CK2		74.1	7.2	6.1	7.6	7.55	12.50

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied in the middle and late tillering stage on yield and quality of dry direct seeding rice under “solo-stalk” cultivation mode

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