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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (12): 2440-2449.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03046

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• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Analysis of main quality index of corn harvesting with combine in China

WANG Ke-Ru(), LI Lu-Lu, GAO Shang, WANG Yi-Zhou, HUANG Zhao-Fu, XIE Rui-Zhi, MING Bo, HOU Peng, XUE Jun, ZHANG Guo-Qiang, HOU Liang-Yu, LI Shao-Kun*()   

  1. Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2020-07-25 Accepted:2021-04-14 Online:2021-12-12 Published:2021-07-09
  • Contact: LI Shao-Kun E-mail:wangkeru@caas.cn;lishaokun@caas.cn
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-25);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

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Abstract:

Mechanical harvest of corn grains is of major importance for China’s corn production. In this study, we used data from a total of 155 experimental sites to study mechanical grain harvest in 21 major corn producing provinces, cities, or autonomous regions in China from 2012 to 2019. Corn hybrids suitable for mechanical grain harvest were selected and field tests of mechanical harvest quality were carried out. A total of 865 corn varieties (hybrid combinations) were tested, and 8961 samples of mechanically harvested grain were obtained from 2987 tests. The harvested grains were assessed for grain quality to provide a basis for developing mechanical harvest corn in China. Results showed that, on the average, moisture content of harvested grain was 25.91%, grain breakage rate was 7.96%, impurity rate was 1.18%, and loss rate was 3.54%. Additionally, the ear loss accounted for 76.5% of the total harvest losses. Compared with the test data from 2012 to 2015, the quality of corn harvest in China had been significantly improved in recent years, with the average moisture content of harvested grains decreasing by an average of 0.78 percentage point every year and the average grain breakage rate decreasing by an average of 0.51 percent every year between 2015 and 2019. Compared with data of corn harvest of the United States between 2011 and 2019, the average moisture content of harvested corn from the present study was 9.5 percentage points higher, and the breakage rate and impurity rate were also significantly higher. Further analysis showed that both grain breakage rate and impurity rate were positively correlated with the grain moisture content. Additionally, grain breakage rate was the lowest when grain moisture content was 19.06%. Cross regarding different corn producing regions, the grain moisture content and grain breakage rate were the highest in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer corn region and lowest in the Northern China spring corn region, with medium values in the Northwestern China spring corn region and the Northeastern China spring corn region. The findings suggested that, in China, it was necessary to reduce the grain breakage rate, impurity rate, combine losses, and improve the harvest quality by breeding corn varieties with fast grain dehydration, low grain moisture content, and strong stalk stand ability at harvest stage, as well as by appropriately matching the dehydration characteristics of corn varieties with regional climate characteristics, improving the performance of harvesting machinery, and harvesting at the most appropriate time.

Key words: corn, mechanical harvesting, harvest quality, grain moisture content, grain breakage rate

Fig. 1

Distribution of the experimental sites in major corn production areas of China from 2012 to 2019"

Table 1

Statistics of the quality of mechanically harvested corn from 2012 to 2019"

年份
Year		 样本量
No. of samples		 收获时籽粒含水率
Grain moisture at
harvest (%)		 破碎率
Broken corn (%)		 杂质率
Foreign
material (%)		 落粒量
Grain loss
(kg hm-2)		 落穗量
Grain loss
(kg hm-2)		 总损失量
Whole loss
(kg hm-2)		 总损失率
Whole loss rate (%)
2012 84 21.71 7.85 0.29 103.1 126.0 229.1 1.47
2013 128 25.00 5.34 1.12 256.8 332.4 268.4 1.95
2014 231 26.31 8.72 2.04 79.8 402.0 338.3 4.10
2015 436 26.85 8.43 1.16 163.1 282.8 331.2 2.93
2016 390 26.71 8.64 1.01 62.0 332.9 228.9 2.16
2017 817 27.28 8.79 1.46 86.4 442.1 327.5 3.31
2018 465 24.85 7.83 1.25 140.0 434.9 541.2 4.81
2019 436 23.88 6.48 0.76 127.1 287.4 344.9 5.36
平均值Average 25.91 7.96 1.18 113.6 351.2 345.2 3.54
最大值Max. 44.60 33.94 13.24 3133.8 8960.1 9288.5 58.88
最小值Min. 10.63 0.05 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00
极差Range 33.97 33.89 13.24 3133.8 8960.1 9288.5 58.88
标准误SE 5.03 4.81 1.53 12.1 47.1 42.2 6.42
变异系数CV (%) 19.40 60.38 129.82 159.84 200.99 183.45 181.53

Fig. 2

Frequency distribution of the moisture content and breakage rate of mechanically harvested corn grains from 2012 to 2019 (n=2987)"

Fig. 3

Comparison of the moisture content of corn grains at harvest stage in different regions from 2012 to 2019 The red line shows the upper limit of grain moisture content which is suitable for combine harvesting (25%)."

Fig. 4

Comparison of grain breakage rates among different corn production regions from 2012 to 2019"

Fig. 5

Comparison of impurity rates in different corn production regions from 2012 to 2019"

Fig. 6

Comparison of mechanical loss rates among different corn production regions from 2012 to 2019"

Table 2

Pearson correlation coefficient between grain moisture content, broken corn, foreign material, grains loss, and ears loss from 2012 to 2019"

破碎率
Broken corn		 杂质率
Foreign material		 落粒率
Grain loss rate		 落穗率
Ear loss rate		 总损失率
Whole loss rate
籽粒含水率Grain moisture content 0.480** 0.386** -0.031ns -0.071** -0.103**
破碎率Broken corn 0.211** -0.022ns 0.101** 0.039ns
杂质率Foreign material 0.073** 0.071** 0.036ns
落粒率Grains loss 0.180** 0.567**
落穗率Ears loss 0.931**

Fig. 7

Relationship between grain moisture content and grain breakage rate (2012-2019, n=2987)"

Fig. 8

The change trends of average grain moisture content and average grain broken rate from 2015 to 2019"

Table 3

Statistics of the main attributes of mechanical corn harvest quality in the United States from 2011 to 2019 (%)"

年份
Years		 样本量
No. of samples		 含水率
Moisture		 破碎率
Broken corn		 杂质率
Foreign material		 总损失率
Total damage		 应力裂纹粒率
Stress cracks		 完整粒率
Whole kernels
2011 474 15.6 (9.5-22.0) 0.8 (0.0-10.1) 0.2 (0.0-3.0) 1.1 (0.0-12.0) 3 (0-40) 93.8 (57.0-99.8)
2012 566 15.3 (8.9-24.7) 0.7 (0.1-4.8) 0.2 (0.0-2.5) 0.8 (0.0-12.7) 4 (0-63) 94.4 (68.0-100.0)
2013 610 17.7 (10.9-28.2) 0.7 (0.1-3.9) 0.2 (0.0-2.5) 0.9 (0.0-13.6) 9 (0-86) 92.4 (73.6-99.6)
2014 629 16.6 (10.9-29.9) 0.6 (0.1-3.3) 0.2 (0.0-5.5) 1.7 (0.0-17.3) 8 (0-100) 93.6 (63.6-99.8)
2015 620 15.7 (11.0-23.6) 0.4 (0.0-7.5) 0.3 (0.0-4.5) 1.4 (0.0-13.2) 3 (0-75) 94.9 (78.4-99.8)
2016 624 16.1 (11.2-23.7) 0.5 (0.0-3.8) 0.1 (0.0-1.6) 2.6 (0.0-23.1) 4 (0-84) 95.2 (80.6-100.0)
2017 627 16.6 (9.0-24.4) 0.6 (0.0-3.5) 0.2 (0.0-6.3) 1.3 (0.0-13.6) 5 (0-90) 89.9 (67.0-99.2)
2018 618 16.6 (10.1-25.0) 0.5 (0.0-3.6) 0.2 (0.0-7.3) 1.5 (0.0-19.3) 5 (0-88) 93.0 (66.0-98.6)
2019 623 17.5 (11.0-30.0) 0.7 (0.2-5.3) 0.3 (0.0-3.3) 2.7 (0.0-50.5) 8 (0-95) 90.8 (74.7-97.6)
平均值Average 16.4 0.6 0.2 1.6 6 93.1
最大值Max. 30.0 10.1 7.3 23.1 100 100.0
最小值Min. 8.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 57.0
极差Range 21.1 10.1 7.3 23.1 100 43.0
标准误SE 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.7 2 1.8
变异系数CV (%) 5.03 20.04 25.44 43.85 42.03 1.94
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