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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1): 165-179.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.02087

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of controlled release fertilizer ratio on yield formation and nitrogen absorption and utilization of late-maturing medium japonica rice under different mechanized cultivation methods

FU Zheng-Hao(), MA Zhong-Tao, WEI Hai-Yan*(), XING Zhi-Peng*(), LIU Guo-Dong, HU Qun, ZHANG Hong-Cheng   

  1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2020-12-05 Accepted:2021-03-19 Online:2022-01-12 Published:2021-03-21
  • Contact: WEI Hai-Yan,XING Zhi-Peng E-mail:1392807710@qq.com;wei_haiyan@163.com;zpxing@yzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    FNational Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300503);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971841);China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01-27);Key Research Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2018355);earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(JATS[2020]450);Program for Scientific Elitists of Yangzhou University

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Abstract:

Rice cultivars of Nanjing 9108 with good taste quality was adopted as material under the pure nitrogen condition of 270 kg hm-2in this study. Rice was cultivated with two methods including mechanical transplanting with pothole seedlings (MT) and mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings (MC). Controlled-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer were mixed at a ratio of 5:5. Controlled-release fertilizer was mixed from four different release periods (40, 80, 100, and 120 days) at a ratio of 1:4 to form three mixing modes (40+80, 40+100, and 40+120). Conventional urea split fertilization (CK) was used as a control, and the effects of different controlled-release fertilizer ratios on yield formation and nitrogen accumulation of high-quality japonica rice were studied. Under the same fertilizer treatment, compared with mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings (MC), the two-year yield of mechanical transplanting with pothole seedlings (MT) was significantly increased by 3.9% and 4.9%, respectively. The reason was that the transplanting of pothole seedling machine could improve the accumulation of photosynthetic substances in the middle and late stages and obtain larger panicle type with higher grain number per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1000-grain weight. Under the cultivation mode of pothole seedling transplanting and carpet seedling transplanting, compared with CK, the two-year yield of 40+80 and 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatments were higher than CK, and the two-year yield of 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatments was the highest, which was significantly increased by 7.3% and 9.2%, respectively. The reason was that 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatment had higher effective panicle number and population glume amount. Compared with 40+80 and 40+120 controlled-release fertilizer treatments, the nutrient absorption law of 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatment was more consistent with Nanjing 9108, which not only ensured the occurrence of early tillering, but also ensured the stable production of photosynthetic substances at later stage, thus obtaining stable panicle number, grains per panicle, and 1000-grain weight. Compared with CK, the nitrogen recovery efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency, and nitrogen partial productivity of 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer treatments were significantly increased by 10.0%-12.5%, 24.6%-30.5%, 11.4%-18.6%, and 7.3%-9.1%, respectively. In conclusion, the mechanical transplanting with pothole seedlings (MT) had obvious advantages over mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings (MC), which was a cultivation method that was conducive to high-quality japonica rice. At the same time, the 40+100 controlled-release fertilizer ratio could better meet the nutrient requirements of good-quality japonica rice at various stages, and could obtain high yield, which could be used as a simplified fertilization scheme for high-quality japonica rice.

Key words: controlled-release fertilizer ratio, cultivation method, rice, yield, nitrogen utilization.

Table 1

Temperature and sunshine hours in rice season from 2018 to 2019"

月份
Month		 平均温度
Average temperature (℃)		 平均最高温度
Average maximum
temperature (℃)		 平均最低温度
Average minimum
temperature (℃)		 日照时数
Sunshine hours
(h)
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
6月Jun. 24.46 24.52 30.33 29.46 20.82 20.49 186.1 156.6
7月July 30.45 27.72 32.77 31.59 25.43 24.41 201.6 146.1
8月Aug. 28.22 27.38 32.33 31.26 25.74 24.14 205.7 200.0
9月Sep. 22.85 23.06 26.13 27.41 18.72 19.31 134.8 165.1
10月Oct. 16.42 17.52 21.22 22.86 12.11 13.30 202.2 150.6

Table 2

Nitrogen fertilizer types, dosages, and application time of each treatment"

处理
Treatment		 基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg hm-2) 分蘖肥 TF 穗肥 SF
控释肥类型 Types of CRF 尿素
U		 复合肥
CF		 尿素
U		 尿素
U
40 d 80 d 100 d 120 d
40+80 27 108 67.50 67.50
40+100 27 108 67.50 67.50
40+120 27 108 67.50 67.50
CK 47.25 47.25 94.5 94.5

Table 3

Number of days at each growth stage of late-maturing medium japonica rice treated with different cultivation methods and controlled-release fertilizer ratios"

处理
Treatment		 播种至移栽
SS-TS		 移栽至拔节
TS-JS		 拔节至抽穗
JS-HS		 抽穗至成熟
HS-MS		 全生育期
Whole growth duration
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
钵苗机插 MT
40+80 30 30 40 41 30 29 56 57 156 157
40+100 30 30 40 41 30 29 56 57 156 157
40+120 30 30 40 41 30 29 56 57 156 157
CK 30 30 40 41 30 29 56 57 156 157
毯苗机插 MC
40+80 20 20 45 45 28 28 55 56 148 149
40+100 20 20 45 45 28 28 55 56 148 149
40+120 20 20 45 45 28 28 55 56 148 149
CK 20 20 45 45 28 28 55 56 148 149

Table 4

Effects of cultivation method and controlled-release fertilizer ratio on yield components of late-maturing medium japonica rice"

年份/类别
Year/type		 处理
Treatment		 单位面积穗数
Panicle number
(×104 hm-2)		 每穗粒数
Spikelet per panicle		 群体颖花量
Total spikelet number
(×106 hm-2)		 结实率
Seed-setting rate
(%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 产量
Grain yield
(t hm-2)
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 373.13 a 137.51 b 513.06 a 94.32 c 25.30 ab 10.38 b
40+100 378.48 a 139.09 b 526.45 a 95.78 a 25.45 ab 10.81 a
40+120 354.36 bc 138.61 b 491.18 b 95.37 b 25.85 ab 9.71 d
CK 347.59 cd 141.79 a 492.85 b 95.49 ab 26.18 a 10.07 c
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 355.23 b 129.55 d 460.20 cd 94.24 c 24.35 b 10.04 c
40+100 360.78 b 131.06 d 472.85 c 95.65 ab 24.48 b 10.41 b
40+120 341.67 d 130.09 d 444.45 e 94.38 c 25.10 ab 9.32 e
CK 331.34 e 134.67 c 446.20 de 94.52 c 25.23 ab 9.68 d
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 378.90 ab 138.37 c 524.29 b 94.17 b 25.50 a 10.82 b
40+100 388.08 a 141.71 b 549.96 a 95.45 a 25.70 a 11.31 a
40+120 366.00 bc 139.39 c 510.16 bc 94.26 b 25.93 a 10.11 cd
CK 353.09 cd 145.09 a 512.28 bc 95.20 a 26.25 a 10.36 bc
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 363.98 bc 128.29 f 466.92 de 93.28 c 25.15 a 10.25 c
40+100 374.00 ab 133.13 e 497.89 c 93.87 bc 25.20 a 10.74 b
40+120 351.68 cd 129.24 f 454.50 ef 93.46 bc 25.25 a 9.69 d
CK 336.25 d 135.46 d 455.46 ef 93.72 bc 25.50 a 9.92 cd
年份Y * * ** ** ns **
栽培方式CM ** ** ** ** * **
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** ** ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR ns * ns * ns ns

Table 5

Effects of cultivation method and controlled-release fertilizer ratio on tiller formation of late-maturing medium japonica rice"

年份/类别
Year/type		 处理
Treatment		 分蘖盛期
Peak seeding
(×104 hm-2)		 拔节期
Jointing
(×104 hm-2)		 抽穗期
Heading
(×104 hm-2)		 成熟期
Maturity
(×104 hm-2)		 成穗率
Percentage of productive tiller (%)
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 573.95 b 516.30 bc 401.25 b 373.13 a 65.02 c
40+100 566.81 bc 506.20 c 415.45 a 378.48 a 66.78 b
40+120 529.33 d 463.45 ef 389.70 c 354.36 bc 66.95 ab
CK 510.90 e 452.50 f 375.80 d 347.59 cd 68.04 a
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 621.35 a 539.50 a 389.00 c 355.23 b 57.18 e
40+100 612.70 a 528.50 ab 401.15 b 360.78 b 58.89 d
40+120 574.97 b 485.10 d 379.30 d 341.67 d 59.43 d
CK 553.71 c 477.90 de 366.35 e 331.34 e 59.84 d
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 578.35 bc 520.25 bc 410.65 ab 378.90 ab 64.52 b
40+100 570.38 cd 510.35 c 421.65 a 388.08 a 66.36 a
40+120 532.09 e 469.35 e 399.45 bc 366.00 bc 66.60 a
CK 515.28 f 460.75 e 382.50 de 353.09 cd 67.46 a
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 632.15 a 544.65 a 402.85 bc 363.98 bc 56.20 e
40+100 623.69 a 532.75 ab 411.35 ab 374.00 ab 57.85 d
40+120 588.25 b 492.95 d 389.20 cd 351.68 cd 58.09 cd
CK 560.35 d 486.70 d 368.30 e 336.25 d 59.14 c
年份Y * * ** * **
栽培方式CM ** ** ** ** **
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR ns ns ns ns ns

Table 6

Effects of cultivation method and controlled-release fertilizer ratio on leaf area index of late-maturing medium japonica rice"

年份/类别
Year/type		 处理
Treatment		 拔节期
Jointing		 抽穗期
Heading		 成熟期
Maturity		 叶面积衰减速率
Decreasing rate of leaf area (LAI d-1)
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 4.85 d 7.34 bc 2.52 d 0.0861 a
40+100 4.70 e 7.52 a 2.89 a 0.0827 a
40+120 4.51 f 7.29 c 2.68 bc 0.0823 a
CK 4.23 g 7.08 f 2.31 e 0.0852 a
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 5.38 a 7.21 d 2.41 de 0.0873 a
40+100 5.15 b 7.38 b 2.73 b 0.0845 a
40+120 4.96 c 7.15 e 2.54 cd 0.0838 a
CK 4.73 e 6.82 g 2.17 f 0.0845 a
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 4.91 d 7.72 b 2.77 bc 0.0868 a
40+100 4.78 e 7.94 a 3.21 a 0.0830 a
40+120 4.59 f 7.61 c 2.94 b 0.0819 a
CK 4.31 g 7.28 e 2.32 ef 0.0870 a
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 5.44 a 7.32 e 2.46 de 0.0868 a
40+100 5.32 b 7.51 d 2.84 b 0.0834 a
40+120 5.12 c 7.21 f 2.62 cd 0.0820 a
CK 4.88 d 6.95 g 2.18 f 0.0852 a
年份Y ** ** ** ns
栽培方式CM ** ** ** ns
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR ns ns ns ns

Table 7

Effects of cultivation methods and controlled-release fertilizer ratios on photosynthetic potential of late-maturing medium japonica rice"

年份/类别
Year/type		 处理
Treatment		 播种至拔节
SS-JS		 拔节至抽穗
JS-HS		 抽穗至成熟
HS-MS
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 169.75 b 182.84 a 276.08 b
40+100 164.50 c 183.30 a 291.48 a
40+120 157.85 e 176.97 b 279.16 b
CK 148.05 g 169.64 c 262.92 c
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 174.85 a 176.23 b 264.55 c
40+100 167.38 bc 175.42 b 278.03 b
40+120 161.20 d 169.54 c 266.48 c
CK 153.73 f 161.70 d 247.23 d
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 174.31 a 183.14 a 298.97 b
40+100 169.69 bc 184.44 a 317.78 a
40+120 162.95 d 176.90 bc 300.68 b
CK 153.01 f 168.06 de 273.60 d
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 176.80 a 178.64 ab 273.84 d
40+100 172.90 ab 179.62 ab 289.80 c
40+120 166.40 cd 172.62 cd 275.24 d
CK 158.60 e 165.62 e 255.64 e
年份Y ** * **
栽培方式CM ** ** **
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR ns ns ns

Table 8

Effects of cultivation method and controlled-release fertilizer ratio on dry matter accumulation of late-maturing medium japonica rice at different stages"

年份/类别
Year/type		 处理
Treatment		 播种至拔节SS-JS 拔节至抽穗JS-HS 抽穗至成熟HS-MS
积累量Accumulation
(t hm-2)		 积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)		 积累量Accumulation
(t hm-2)		 积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)		 积累量Accumulation
(t hm-2)		 积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 4.93 ab 25.95 b 6.95 bc 36.63 c 7.10 c 37.42 f
40+100 4.59 cd 23.82 d 7.23 a 37.50 a 7.45 b 38.68 d
40+120 4.39 d 23.27 e 6.66 de 35.29 f 7.83 a 41.44 a
CK 4.01 e 22.68 f 6.41 fg 36.31 d 7.24 bc 41.01 b
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 5.01 a 26.55 a 6.79 cd 36.00 e 7.06 c 37.45 f
40+100 4.73 bc 24.69 c 7.06 ab 36.87 b 7.36 b 38.44 e
40+120 4.48 d 23.92 d 6.53 ef 34.88 g 7.71 a 41.20 b
CK 4.09 e 23.38 e 6.27 g 35.86 e 7.13 c 40.76 c
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 5.05 c 25.34 ab 6.79 b 34.08 ab 8.09 f 40.58 d
40+100 4.83 d 23.23 bc 7.19 a 34.61 a 8.76 b 42.16 bc
40+120 4.73 e 22.98 bc 6.75 b 32.81 bc 9.10 a 44.21 a
CK 4.38 f 22.21 bc 6.71 b 34.03 ab 8.63 c 43.76 a
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 5.40 a 27.66 a 6.24 c 31.94 cd 7.89 g 40.40 d
40+100 5.14 b 25.23 ab 6.74 b 33.09 bc 8.49 d 41.68 cd
40+120 5.06 c 24.62 ab 6.37 c 31.00 d 9.12 a 44.38 a
CK 4.71 e 24.37 ab 6.21 c 32.13 cd 8.41 e 43.50 b
年份Y ** ns ** ** ** **
栽培方式CM ** * ** ** * **
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** ** ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR ns ns ns * ns ns

Table 9

Effects of cultivation method and controlled-release fertilizer ratio on nitrogen accumulation in late-maturing medium japonica rice"

年份/类别
Year/type		 处理
Treatment		 播种至拔节SS-JS 拔节至抽穗JS-HS 抽穗至成熟HS-MS
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)		 积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)		 积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)		 积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)		 积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)		 积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 112.90 ab 52.20 cd 72.43 a 33.49 bc 30.94 ef 14.31 e
40+100 110.87 bc 50.45 e 74.16 a 33.75 b 34.72 bc 15.80 c
40+120 104.48 de 49.44 e 69.00 ab 32.65 cd 37.86 a 17.91 a
CK 99.85 e 48.03 f 73.00 a 35.12 a 35.01 bc 16.85 b
年份/类别
Year/type		 处理
Treatment		 播种至拔节SS-JS 拔节至抽穗JS-HS 抽穗至成熟HS-MS
积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)		 积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)		 积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)		 积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)		 积累量Accumulation
(kg hm-2)		 积累比例Accumulation
ratio (%)
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 117.23 a 56.00 a 62.13 cd 29.67 f 29.98 f 14.33 de
40+100 114.10 ab 53.66 b 65.93 bc 31.00 e 32.62 de 15.34 cd
40+120 107.07 cd 52.66 bc 60.08 d 29.56 f 36.16 ab 17.78 ab
CK 103.21 de 51.50 d 63.38 cd 31.63 de 33.81 cd 16.87 b
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 115.15 b 52.01 c 74.57 ab 33.68 a 31.68 e 14.31 cd
40+100 111.42 bc 49.43 d 77.16 a 34.23 a 36.86 bc 16.34 b
40+120 106.75 cd 49.29 d 70.22 bc 32.42 b 39.63 a 18.29 a
CK 103.02 d 47.92 e 74.78 ab 34.78 a 37.20 b 17.30 ab
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 122.53 a 56.60 a 63.45 de 29.30 d 30.53 e 14.10 d
40+100 120.80 a 54.56 b 66.83 cd 30.19 cd 33.78 d 15.25 c
40+120 112.68 b 53.15 c 61.57 e 29.04 d 37.76 ab 17.81 a
CK 110.10 bc 52.64 c 63.95 de 30.57 c 35.13 cd 16.79 b
年份Y ** ns * * ** ns
栽培方式CM ** ** ** ** ** *
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** ** ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR * * * * ** ns

Table 10

Effects of cultivation methods and controlled-release fertilizer ratios on nitrogen utilization of late-maturing medium japonica rice"

年份/类别
Year/type		 处理
Treatment		 氮素回收利用率
NRE (%)		 氮素农学利用率
AE (kg kg-1)		 氮素生理利用率
PNUE (kg kg-1)		 氮肥偏生产力
PFP (kg kg-1)		 氮素籽粒生产效率
NUEG (kg kg-1)
2018
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 40.52 ab 12.31 abc 30.38 b 38.44 b 48.00 b
40+100 41.81 a 13.90 a 33.25 a 40.04 a 49.19 a
40+120 38.69 cd 9.83 d 25.40 d 35.96 d 45.94 c
CK 37.40 de 11.16 cd 29.84 bc 37.30 c 48.45 ab
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 39.76 bc 11.90 bc 29.94 bc 37.19 c 47.96 b
40+100 40.98 ab 13.27 ab 32.39 a 38.56 b 48.95 a
40+120 37.52 de 9.23 d 24.62 d 34.52 e 45.84 c
CK 36.44 e 10.56 cd 29.00 c 35.85 d 48.31 ab
2019
钵苗机插 MT 40+80 40.87 ab 13.23 bc 32.38 c 40.07 b 48.87 ab
40+100 42.36 a 15.05 a 35.52 a 41.89 a 50.17 a
40+120 39.09 c 10.60 e 27.13 e 37.44 cd 46.68 de
CK 38.50 cd 11.53 de 29.95 d 38.37 bc 48.19 bc
毯苗机插 MC 40+80 39.94 bc 12.25 cd 30.68 d 37.96 c 47.34 cd
40+100 41.75 a 14.07 ab 33.69 b 39.78 b 48.51 bc
40+120 38.27 cd 10.18 e 26.59 e 35.89 d 45.71 e
CK 37.22 d 11.02 de 29.63 d 36.74 cd 47.42 cd
年份Y * * ** ** ns
栽培方式CM * * ** ** **
控释肥配比CRFR ** ** ** ** **
栽培方式×控释肥CM×CRFR ns ns ns ns ns

Fig. 1

Effects of cultivation methods and controlled-release fertilizer ratio on taste value of late-maturing medium japonica rice Abbreviations and treatment are the same as those in Tables 3 and 2, respectively."

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