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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (1): 277-285.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.11116

• RESEARCH NOTES • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of foliar spraying of urea post anthesis on nitrogen uptake and utilization and yield in winter wheat

CHEN Jia-Jun1(), LIN Xiang2, GU Shu-Bo1, WANG Wei-Yan2, ZHANG Bao-Jun2, ZHU Jun-Ke3, WANG Dong2,*()   

  1. 1Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
    3Zibo Hefeng Seed Technology Co., Ltd., Linzi 255000, Shandong, China
  • Received:2021-12-28 Accepted:2022-05-05 Online:2023-01-12 Published:2022-05-10
  • Contact: WANG Dong E-mail:1107289168@qq.com;wangd@nwafu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Key Research & Development Program Project of Shandong Province(LJNY202010);Key Research & Development Program Project of Shaanxi Province(2021ZDLNY01-05)

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Abstract:

Foliar spraying of nitrogen fertilizer can delay senescence and increase yield of wheat post anthesis, but few studies of its effect on nitrogen use efficiency of wheat is known. In this study, Jimai 229, a strong gluten winter wheat variety, was used as experimental material, and a two-factor random block design was used to set two periods of urea spraying on leaves, namely 7 d (S) and 21 d (T) post anthesis. Setting 4 urea solution concentrations (0, 2%, 6%, and 10%) was to explore the effects of foliar urea spraying post anthesis on nitrogen absorption and accumulation, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat. The results showed that grain yield of wheat increased first and then decreased with the increase of spraying urea solution concentration, and reached the highest at 2% concentration (5.1% higher than the control), mainly due to the increase of 1000-grain weight (3.3% higher than the control). Spraying 2% urea solution at different times post anthesis promoted the redistribution of pre-flowering storage nitrogen to grains, and increased the amount of post-flowering assimilation nitrogen to grains by 8.8% and 21.1%, respectively. Grain nitrogen accumulation per unit area and nitrogen harvest index increased by 10.9% and 7.9%, respectively, resulting in significantly increasing the grain nitrogen content, protein content, and nitrogen use efficiency. When 2% urea solution was applied foliar spraying, and the spraying time was delayed from 7 days post anthesis to 21 days post anthesis, the increase of grain nitrogen accumulation, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency was greater. In conclusion, spraying 2% urea solution on leaves post anthesis can promote the absorption of nitrogen and the redistribution of temporary storage nitrogen in vegetative organs to grains post anthesis, thus significantly improving grain protein content and yield, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency. Grain protein content and yield, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency were increased more by spraying at the middle and late filling stages than at the early filling stage.

Key words: winter wheat, foliar spray, urea, nitrogen use efficiency, grain yield

Table 1

Soil nutrient content in 0-20 cm soil layer before sowing in the test plots"

年度
Year		 有机质
Organic matter
(%)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Hydrolysable nitrogen
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium
(mg kg-1)
2019-2020 1.79 1.15 98.82 41.67 133.19
2020-2021 2.07 1.13 93.25 37.05 120.92

Fig. 1

Daily average temperature and daily rainfall post anthesis in winter wheat"

Table 2

Nitrogen accumulation in each organ at the maturity stage"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 积累量Accumulation (kg hm-2)
茎秆+叶鞘
Stem+sheath		 穗轴+颖壳
Spike axis+glume		 叶
Leaf		 籽粒
Grain
2019-2020 SN0 39.79 b 20.86 ab 12.88 b 204.83 d
SN2 35.63 c 12.39 d 11.85 c 226.13 b
SN6 40.41 a 19.13 bc 13.62 a 217.92 c
SN10 40.46 a 21.44 a 13.67 a 219.48 c
TN0 39.79 b 20.86 ab 12.88 b 204.83 d
TN2 34.53 c 10.25 e 10.83 d 232.16 a
TN6 40.42 a 18.87 c 13.61 a 217.91 c
TN10 40.49 a 21.32 a 13.68 a 220.01 c
2020-2021 SN0 42.04 a 30.08 c 16.53 b 261.46 d
SN2 36.41 b 23.15 d 14.02 c 281.73 b
SN6 42.59 a 31.31 b 14.18 c 268.92 c
SN10 43.39 a 31.66 b 16.63 b 272.92 c
TN0 42.04 a 30.08 c 16.53 b 261.46 d
TN2 35.91 b 19.45 e 12.31 d 292.72 a
TN6 42.37 a 31.51 b 14.26 c 269.26 c
TN10 43.18 a 32.78 a 17.71 a 271.09 c

Table 3

Effects of different treatments on post-anthesis nitrogen assimilation and nitrogen redistribution from vegetative organs"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮素收获指数
Nitrogen harvest index
(%)		 开花前营养器官贮藏氮素
Pre-anthesis reserves		 开花后同化氮素
Post-anthesis assimilates
向籽粒转运量Translocated into grain
(kg hm-2)		 转运率Transport rate (%) 对籽粒贡献率Contribution rate to grain (%) 输入籽粒量Allocation to grain
(kg hm-2)		 对籽粒贡献率Contribution rate to grain (%)
2019-2020 SN0 73.59 c 170.51 cd 69.87 c 83.24 a 34.32 c 16.76 b
SN2 79.06 b 184.15 b 75.46 b 81.45 a 41.98 b 18.55 b
SN6 74.87 c 170.87 c 70.02 c 78.43 b 47.05 ab 21.57 a
SN10 74.39 c 168.46 d 69.03 c 76.76 b 51.02 a 23.24 a
TN0 73.59 c 170.51 cd 69.87 c 83.24 a 34.32 c 16.76 b
TN2 80.67 a 188.41 a 77.21 a 81.16 a 43.74 b 18.84 b
TN6 74.93 c 171.13 c 70.13 c 78.53 b 46.78 ab 21.47 a
TN10 74.45 c 168.53 d 69.06 c 76.61 b 51.47 a 23.39 a
2020-2021 SN0 74.68 c 216.58 c 70.96 c 82.84 a 44.88 c 17.16 c
SN2 79.29 b 231.65 b 75.89 b 82.22 ab 50.08 bc 17.78 bc
SN6 75.33 c 217.15 c 71.14 c 80.75 b 51.77 b 19.25 b
SN10 74.88 c 213.65 d 70.00 d 78.29 c 59.27 a 21.75 a
TN0 74.68 c 216.58 c 70.96 c 82.84 a 44.88 c 17.16 c
TN2 80.94 a 237.55 a 77.83 a 81.15 ab 55.16 ab 18.85 bc
TN6 75.34 c 217.10 c 71.13 c 80.63 b 52.16 b 19.37 b
TN10 74.33 c 211.55 d 69.31 d 78.06 c 59.53 a 21.96 a

Fig. 2

Effects of different treatments on nitrogen transport in various organs S:7 days post anthesis; T: 21 days post anthesis; N0: 0 concentration urea solution; N2: 2% urea solution; N6: 6% concentration urea solution;N10: 10% concentration urea solution. The error line is the standard deviation. Different small letters at the top of the column indicate significant differences among treatments at each growing season at P < 0.05."

Fig. 3

Contribution rate of nitrogen transported from various organs to grain S: 7 days post anthesis; T: 21 days post anthesis; N0: 0 concentration urea solution; N2: 2% urea solution; N6: 6% concentration urea solution; N10: 10% concentration urea solution. The error line is the standard deviation. Different small letters at the top of the column indicate significant differences among treatments at each growing season at P < 0.05."

Table 4

Effects of different treatments on grain yield and its components in winter wheat"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 穗数
Spike number (×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)
2019-2020 SN0 706.00 a 35.53 a 38.41 d 6655.05 d
SN2 720.00 a 35.44 a 39.35 b 6970.37 b
SN6 717.00 a 35.54 a 38.81 c 6805.15 c
SN10 716.00 a 35.63 a 38.71 c 6836.73 c
TN0 706.00 a 35.53 a 38.41 d 6655.05 d
TN2 714.00 a 35.44 a 40.06 a 7111.26 a
TN6 708.00 a 35.49 a 38.70 c 6809.63 c
TN10 718.00 a 35.42 a 38.79 c 6842.80 c
2020-2021 SN0 655.00 a 45.16 a 34.24 c 7725.19 c
SN2 658.00 a 45.25 a 34.90 b 7970.00 b
SN6 653.00 a 45.31 a 34.47 c 7825.09 c
SN10 650.00 a 45.03 a 34.37 c 7737.54 c
TN0 655.00 a 45.16 a 34.24 c 7725.56 c
TN2 658.00 a 45.29 a 35.79 a 8175.64 a
TN6 659.00 a 45.28 a 34.61 c 7850.00 c
TN10 660.00 a 44.83 a 34.44 c 7754.59 c

Table 5

Effects of different treatments on nitrogen content, protein content of grains, and protein yield in winter wheat"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 含氮量
Nitrogen content (%)		 蛋白质含量
Protein content (%)		 蛋白质产量
Protein production (kg hm-2)
2019-2020 SN0 2.77 c 15.82 c 1052.61 d
SN2 2.85 a 16.24 a 1131.94 b
SN6 2.81 b 16.02 b 1088.73 c
SN10 2.81 b 16.02 b 1095.65 c
TN0 2.77 c 15.82 c 1052.61 d
TN2 2.86 a 16.30 a 1159.06 a
TN6 2.79 b 15.93 b 1084.58 c
TN10 2.80 b 15.98 b 1093.34 c
年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 含氮量
Nitrogen content (%)		 蛋白质含量
Protein content (%)		 蛋白质产量
Protein production (kg hm-2)
2020-2021 SN0 2.78 c 15.86 c 1224.85 d
SN2 2.87 a 16.35 a 1303.10 b
SN6 2.83 b 16.12 b 1261.19 c
SN10 2.84 b 16.16 b 1258.46 c
TN0 2.78 c 15.86 c 1224.91 d
TN2 2.87 a 16.38 a 1338.93 a
TN6 2.82 b 16.09 b 1263.33 c
TN10 2.82 b 16.10 b 1254.44 c

Table 6

Effects of different treatments on nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen absorption efficiency and partial nitrogen productivity"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮素利用效率
NUtE (kg kg-1)		 氮素吸收效率
NUpE (%)		 氮肥偏生产力
PFPn (kg kg-1)
2019-2020 SN0 23.91 c 64.3 b 27.73 b
SN2 24.37 b 65.0 a 28.23 b
SN6 23.38 d 64.2 b 26.10 c
SN10 23.17 d 63.1 c 24.91 d
TN0 23.91 c 64.3 b 27.73 b
TN2 24.71 a 65.4 a 28.80 a
TN6 23.42 d 64.1 b 26.12 c
TN10 23.16 d 63.2 c 24.93 d
2020-2021 SN0 22.07 c 80.9 b 32.19 b
SN2 22.43 b 80.8 b 32.28 b
SN6 21.92 c 78.7 c 30.02 c
SN10 21.22 d 78.0 d 28.19 d
TN0 22.07 c 80.9 b 32.19 b
TN2 22.69 a 81.9 a 33.11 a
TN6 21.96 c 78.8 c 30.11 c
TN10 21.26 d 78.0 d 28.25 d
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