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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (2): 472-484.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23028

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• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effect of different times of spraying chemical regulator on the canopy structure and grain filling characteristics of high planting densities

XU Tong1,2(), LYU Yan-Jie1,2, SHAO Xi-Wen1, GENG Yan-Qiu1, WANG Yong-Jun1,2,*()   

  1. 1Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 131182, Jilin, China
    2Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences / State Engineering Research Center of Predominant Food Crops, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
  • Received:2022-03-15 Accepted:2022-06-07 Online:2022-07-08 Published:2022-07-08
  • Contact: WANG Yong-Jun E-mail:15075235692@163.com;yjwang2004@126.com
  • Supported by:
    Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Jilin Province(CXGC2017JQ006);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300303);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701349)

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Abstract:

A proper canopy structure ensures that the productive functions of the crop community are fully utilized, the spraying chemical regulator is one of the most important measures to shape the crop canopy, among which the selection of chemical control period is very crucial. The maize variety Xianyu 335 was used as the experimental material, field experiments were conducted with three treatments with two planting densities at 60,000 plants hm-2 (D1) and 90,000 plants hm-2 (D2) (chemical regulator made of ethephon), T10 (spray chemical regulator at the 10-leaf), T15 (spray chemical regulator at the 15-leaf), and CK (spray water as control). Therefore, it is important to explore the regulation of maize canopy structure and analyze the effect of changing canopy structure on grain-filling characteristics and yield. The results showed that at D1 density, the chemical regulator treatment had no significant effect on yield; at D2 density, compared with the CK, yield of T15 increased by 7.3% on average in two years, the number of kernel and the 1000-kernel weight increased by 2.6% and 3.3%, respectively, the number of kernels and the 1000-kernel weight decreased in T10. The upper leaf angle was reduced by 17.5% at T15 and the leaf area at the 14-17 leaf position was reduced, increased the light energy interception at the ear position leaf at 11.5%, and maintained a high net photosynthetic rate (Pn) at milk stage, a significant increase of 51.3% in leaf area index (LAI) at the physiological maturity, delayed the senescence of the lower and middle leaves, increased dry matter accumulation of post anthesis and the transfer amount of dry matter, extended active grain filling period (P), reduced the days of maximum grain filling (Tmax) by 0.8 d, increased the weight of maximum grain filling rate (Wmax) and maximum grain-filling rate (Gmax) by 7.3% and 4.0% respectively and increased average grain-filling rate (Vmax) by 6.9%. Compared with D1, D2 significantly improved maize canopy structure, increased light energy utilization in maize populations, increased post-flowering dry matter accumulation, and promoted yield. After the chemical regulator treatment, leaf area of the upper leaves (14-17) was negatively correlated with light energy interception in the middle of the canopy, kernel number, 1000-kernel weight, and yield, and the yield was positively correlated with 1000-kernel weight, kernel number, net photosynthetic rate, post-flowering dry matter accumulation, the weight of maximum grain filling rate and the grain-filling rate. In summary, the spraying of the chemical regulator at the 15-leaf stage of high density was effective in improving the upper canopy structure of the population, resulting in a reduction in leaf area and leaf angle to optimize the light conditions of the population, and enhanced photosynthetic capacity at the late of grain filling, increased grain-filling rate, and it can achieve efficient utilization of light energy and synergistic increase in yield.

Key words: maize, chemical regulator, canopy structure, grain-filling, yield

Fig. 1

Daily average air temperature and precipitation during maize growing season in 2019 and 2020"

Table 1

Effect of different planting densities and times of chemical regulator spraying on grain yield and yield components of maize"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 化控处理
Treatment		 公顷有效穗数
Productive ears per
hectare		 穗粒数
Kernels per ear		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(t hm-2)
2019 D1 CK 55,677.7±1268.9 c 569.8±7.6 b 315.1±1.1 ab 11.6±0.2 cd
T10 56,410.3±1268.9 c 561.5±5.3 b 308.3±7.9 ab 11.3±0.1 d
T15 56,410.3±1268.9 c 572.5±13.8 b 316.8±1.7 a 11.9±0.1 bcd
D2 CK 75,457.9±1268.9 b 465.0±3.9 e 295.7±4.4 d 12.1±0.4 bc
T10 84,249.1±1268.9 b 430.1±6.3 f 280.5±6.1 e 11.8±0.4 bcd
T15 76,190.5±1268.9 a 475.0±4.6 e 306.1±2.8 bc 12.9±0.2 a
2020 D1 CK 55,677.7±1268.9 c 588.4±5.9 a 317.0±1.8 a 12.1±0.3 bc
T10 57,875.5±2537.8 c 593.0±5.0 a 299.1±11.7 cd 11.9±0.3 bcd
T15 57,142.9±2197.8 c 593.9±4.8 a 312.4±3.0 ab 12.3±0.3 b
D2 CK 74,725.3±2197.8 b 488.5±6.2 d 282.9±4.4 e 12.0±0.1 bc
T10 82,783.9±1268.9 a 469.6±7.4 e 265.6±0.3 f 12.0±0.1 bc
T15 75,457.9±2537.8 b 502.9±4.4 c 293.4±3.1 d 12.9±0.6 a
变异来源
Source of variation		 年份Year (Y) ns ** ** *
密度Density (D) ** ** ** **
化控处理Treatment (T) ** ** ** **
Y×D ns ns ** ns
Y×T ns * ns ns
D×T ** ** ** *
Y×D×T ns ns ns ns

Fig. 2

Effect of different planting densities and times of chemical regulator spraying on maize plant height and ear height Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 2

Effect of different planting densities and times of chemical regulator spraying on maize leaf angel and light interception rate"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 化控处理
Treatment		 叶夹角Leaf angel (°) 光能截获率Light interception rate (%)
上部
Upper leaf		 中部
Middle leaf		 下部
Lower leaf		 上部
Upper leaf		 中部
Middle leaf		 下部
Lower leaf
2019 D1 CK 30.2±0.6 a 34.8±0.8 ab 39.4±4.5 a 67.4±8.2 b 76.7±1.9 efg 95.6±1.7 abc
T10 27.6±0.3 bc 36.3±0.8 ab 37.8±0.7 ab 57.5±1.1 cd 79.8±2.4 de 95.1±1.7 bcd
T15 26.1±0.6 def 38.1±1.8 a 33.0±4.3 bcde 49.8±2.1 ef 86.7±2.2 bc 95.0±2.5 bcd
D2 CK 28.5±0.6 b 30.1±0.3 c 28.9±0.3 ef 77.0±3.6 a 82.4±4.1 cd 97.1±0.8 ab
T10 25.4±0.9 ef 33.4±0.9 bc 26.5±0.4 f 67.9±0.5 b 85.1±3.3 bc 96.6±1.3 ab
T15 23.7±0.6 g 35.0±0.9 ab 32.3±1.4 cde 55.2±2.8 de 92.1±0.3 a 97.7±0.8 a
2020 D1 CK 28.7±0.5 b 34.7±3.4 ab 36.9±3.9 abc 62.0±0.7 c 72.4±0.6 g 91.3±0.8 de
T10 26.2±0.5 cdf 38.1±3.9 a 37.0±1.6 abc 52.5±0.9 de 74.6±2.2 fg 90.9±2.1 e
T15 25.2±1.4 ef 37.0±3.7 ab 37.0±2.8 abc 46.4±1.4 f 78.0±5.1 def 90.9±0.4 e
D2 CK 27.3±1.0 bcd 30.6±0.5 c 34.9±1.4 abcd 72.2±1.0 ab 79.6±2.0 de 92.8±0.6 de
T10 24.6±0.8 fg 34.8±0.2 ab 31.0±2.2 def 62.0±0.7 c 82.1±2.8 cd 93.3±0.9 cde
T15 22.3±1.2 h 34.7±0.7 ab 36.1±2.7 abc 54.0±2.3 de 88.5±1.2 ab 94.0±0.8 cde
变异来源
Source of variation		 年份Year (Y) ** ns ** ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** ** ** ** **
化控处理Treatment (T) ** ** ns ** ** ns
Y×D ns ns * ns ns ns
Y×T ns ns ns ns ns ns
D×T ns ns ** ns ns ns
Y×D×P ns ns ns ns ns ns

Fig. 3

Effect of different planting densities and times of chemical regulator spraying on maize leaf area index Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. V15: 15-leaf stage; Vt: silking stage; R3: milk stage; R4: dough stage; R6: physiological maturity stage. **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05."

Fig. 4

Effect of different planting densities and times of chemical regulator spraying on maize leaf area Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 5

Correlation of leaf area at different leaf positions with canopy light interception rate, yield and yield components Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. AL: light interception rate above ear layer; EL: light interception rate of ear layer; UL: light interception rate of under ear layer; TKW: 1000-kernel weight. **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05."

Table 3

Effect of different planting densities and times of chemical regulator spraying on photosynthetic characteristics of maize in 2020"

生育时期Period 密度
Density		 化控处理Treatment 净光合速率
Pn (µmol m-2 s-1)		 气孔导度
Gs (mmol m-2 s-1)		 胞间CO2浓度
Ci (µmol m-2 s-1)		 蒸腾速率
Tr (mmol m-2 s-1)
Vt D1 CK 32.0±0.8 a 0.7±0.1 ab 261.0±11.3 de 6.9±0.8 bc
T10 31.4±1.3 a 0.5±0.1 bcd 274.4±8.9 cde 7.3±0.9 ab
T15 33.3±1.3 a 0.7±0.2 a 288.0±19.7 abc 9.2±1.4 a
D2 CK 24.8±0.8 cd 0.6±0.3 abc 264.1±9.0 de 4.4±1.2 de
T10 23.8±3.0 d 0.3±0.1 de 236.2±13.2 f 4.9±1.7 cde
T15 28.1±1.5 b 0.5±0.1 abcd 229.7±7.3 f 7.7±1.7 ab
R3 D1 CK 27.3±3.0 bc 0.5±0.1 bcd 302.3±9.8 a 6.1±1.1 bcd
T10 27.7±0.8 bc 0.4±0.1 cde 292.5±8.8 abc 6.0±0.7 bcd
T15 28.0±1.9 b 0.6±0.1 abc 299.1±14.8 ab 7.7±1.5 ab
D2 CK 17.9±1.1 e 0.2±0.0 e 279.5±8.1 bcd 3.0±0.3 e
T10 18.4±2.1 e 0.3±0.0 de 262.5±9.5 de 4.3±0.5 de
T15 23.6±1.3 d 0.4±0.1 bcde 257.1±1.3 e 4.7±0.4 de
变异来源
Source of variation		 生育时期Period (P) ** ns ** **
密度Density (D) ** * ** **
化控处理Treatment (T) ** ** ns **
P×D ns ns ns ns
P×T ** ns ns ns
D×T ns ns ** ns
P×D×T ns ** ns ns

Table 4

Effect of different planting densities and times of chemical regulator spraying on dry matter accumulation and transport of maize"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 化控处理
Treatment		 花后干物质积累量
Dry matter accumulation post anthesis
(kg hm-2)		 干物质转移量
Transfer amount of dry matter
(kg hm-2)		 干物质转移率
Translocation
efficiency of dry matter (%)		 转移干物质对籽粒贡献率
Contribution rate to the grain of dry matter
transportation (%)
2019 D1 CK 10,627.0±284.8 f 1768.6±104.8 e 19.3±0.9 ef 16.4±1.1 c
T10 10,389.7±230.3 f 1441.3±16.0 f 17.7±0.1 fg 13.8±0.4 e
T15 10,565.7±159.4 f 2024.8±95.7 cd 20.7±0.6 de 18.6±0.7 b
D2 CK 11,224.4±218.8 e 2203.6±18.1 c 20.1±0.4 de 18.7±0.0 b
T10 11,432.9±173.3 de 1964.0±75.1 d 18.1±0.7 fg 17.4±0.5 c
T15 13,194.0±114.7 a 3489.1±230.8 a 30.0±1.9 a 23.8±0.8 a
2020 D1 CK 9638.8±56.5 g 1708.1±115.9 e 17.9±1.3 fg 16.8±1.0 c
T10 10,734.5±468.6 f 1709.0±124.7 e 17.4±1.2 g 15.2±0.4 d
T15 11,942.0±286.8 bc 2449.6±44.2 b 24.6±0.5 c 18.6±0.5 b
D2 CK 11,760.4±423.4 cd 2482.8±53.0 b 21.5±0.2 d 19.8±0.3 b
T10 12,354.5±37.1 b 2195.8±140.6 c 18.5±1.0 fg 16.8±0.9 c
T15 13,571.8±222.2 a 3510.5±42.2 a 26.4±0.4 b 23.2±0.6 a
变异来源
Source of variation		 年份Year (Y) ** ** ns ns
密度Density (D) ** ** ** **
化控处理Treatment (T) ** ** ** **
Y×D * ns * ns
Y×T ** ns ns ns
D×T ** ** ** **
Y×D×T ** ns ** ns

Fig. 6

Effect of different planting densities and times of chemical regulator spraying on maize 100-kernel weight Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05."

Table 5

Effect of different planting densities and times of chemical regulator spraying on grain filling parameters of maize"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 处理
Treatment		 A B C 决定系数
R2		 Tmax
(d)		 Gmax
(g d-1)		 Wmax
(g)		 Vmean
(g d-1)		 P
(d)
2019 D1 CK 34.70 18.99 0.13 0.997 23.05 1.11 17.35 0.58 46.99
T10 34.26 21.33 0.13 0.998 23.42 1.12 17.13 0.58 45.92
T15 36.13 16.32 0.13 0.997 22.10 1.14 18.06 0.61 47.49
D2 CK 32.25 20.75 0.13 0.997 22.79 1.07 16.12 0.56 45.10
T10 30.93 22.32 0.13 0.998 23.08 1.04 15.46 0.53 44.59
T15 34.26 17.77 0.13 0.998 21.68 1.14 17.13 0.60 45.20
2020 D1 CK 33.47 21.40 0.14 0.997 22.38 1.15 16.73 0.59 43.84
T10 33.07 22.99 0.14 0.997 22.72 1.14 16.54 0.58 43.49
T15 34.84 18.19 0.13 0.996 21.85 1.16 17.42 0.61 45.18
D2 CK 31.26 23.96 0.14 0.999 22.37 1.11 15.63 0.57 42.25
T10 30.22 25.99 0.14 0.995 22.64 1.09 15.11 0.55 41.70
T15 33.90 18.40 0.13 0.997 21.80 1.13 16.95 0.60 44.92

Fig. 7

Correlation of yield and yield components with dry matter accumulation post anthesis, photosynthetic characteristics, and filling parameters TKW: 1000-kernel weight; KN: kernel number per ear; Pn: photosynthetic rate; DMA: dry matter accumulation post anthesis; Gmax: maximum grain-filling rate; Tmax: days of maximum grain filling; Wmax: weight of maximum grain filling rate; Vmean: average grain-filling rate; P: active grain filling period. **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05."

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