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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (10): 1544-1553.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.93002

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同栽培管理条件下夏玉米产量与肥料利用效率的差异解析

王洪章,刘鹏(),贾绪存,李静,任昊,董树亭,张吉旺,赵斌   

  1. 山东农业大学农学院 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
  • 收稿日期:2019-01-22 接受日期:2019-05-12 出版日期:2019-10-12 网络出版日期:2019-09-10
  • 通讯作者: 刘鹏
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300106);国家自然科学基金项目(31771713);国家自然科学基金项目(31371576);山东省现代农业产业技术体系项目资助(SDAIT02-08)

Analysis of differences in summer maize yield and fertilizer use efficiency under different cultivation managements

WANG Hong-Zhang,LIU Peng(),JIA Xu-Cun,LI Jing,REN Hao,DONG Shu-Ting,ZHANG Ji-Wang,ZHAO Bin   

  1. College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2019-01-22 Accepted:2019-05-12 Published:2019-10-12 Published online:2019-09-10
  • Contact: Peng LIU
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0300106);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771713);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371576);the Shandong Modern Agricultural Industry Technical System Project(SDAIT02-08)

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摘要：

于2017—2018年在泰安、淄博和烟台, 根据生产调研和各地夏玉米高产经验, 在同一地块综合设置了超高产栽培、高产高效栽培和农户栽培3种栽培模式, 分别模拟超高产生产水平(SH)、高产高效生产水平(HH)和农户生产水平(FP) 3个层次。并分别设置不施氮(SHN0、HHN0、FPN0)、不施磷(SHP0、HHP0、FPP0)和不施钾(SHK0、HHK0、FPK0)的肥料空白处理。定量分析不同产量层次之间产量差及肥料利用效率差, 探究产量差和效率差的影响因素及缩差增效途径。结果显示, 当前山东省夏玉米SH、HH和FP的籽粒产量分别实现了光温潜力产量的68.13%、63.71%、53.22%。随着产量差距的增大, 肥料利用效率降低。FP的N、P、K肥料利用效率分别为4.23、5.83、4.94 kg kg -1, SH的分别为3.84、4.64、2.97 kg kg -1。通过优化栽培措施后, 高产高效管理模式能够较FP籽粒产量提升10.49%, N、P、K的肥料利用效率分别提高67.07%、101.35%、57.65%, 是实现产量与肥料利用效率协同提升的有效技术途径。对各产量水平进行产量性能分析发现, 随着产量水平的提高, 平均叶面积指数和单位面积穗数明显提高, 而穗粒数、平均净同化率和粒重则有所下降。随着产量水平的提高, 吐丝后干物质和N、P、K元素积累比例有增加的趋势。因此, 在保持现有功能性参数不降低情况下, 优化结构性参数是当前产量与资源利用效率协同提升的有效措施, 今后高产高效应更加注重生育后期群体结构性能的优化。

关键词: 夏玉米, 产量差, 肥料利用

Abstract:

Our study was conducted in Tai’an, Zibo, and Yantai city from 2017 to 2018. According to the production research and experience of high-yield summer maize, three cultivation modes simulating super-high production level (SH), high production and high-efficiency production level (HH), and farmer production level (FP) were comprehensively set up in the same plot. The fertilizer blanks were applied with no nitrogen (SHN0, HHN0, FPN0), no phosphorus (SHP0, HHP0, FPP0), and no potassium (SHK0, HHK0, FPK0). Quantitative analysis of the yield gap and fertilizer utilization efficiency gap under different yield levels was carried out to explore the factors affecting yield gap and efficiency gap, and the way to reduce the gap and improve the efficiency. The grain yields of SH, HH, and FP of summer maize in Shandong province were realized 68.13%, 63.71%, and 53.22% of the potential yield of light and temperature. The fertilizer utilization efficiency decreased with the enlarged yield gap. The agronomic utilization rates of N, P and K fertilizers in FP were 4.23, 5.83, and 4.94 kg kg -1, respectively. The N, P, and K fertilizer utilization efficiencies of FP were 4.23, 5.83, and 4.94 kg kg -1, and those of SH were 3.84, 4.64, and 2.97 kg kg -1, respectively. After optimizing the cultivation measures, the high-yield and high-efficiency management mode increased the fertilizer utilization efficiency of N, P, and K by 67.07%, 101.35%, and 57.65%, respectively, and the output by 10.49%, as compared with FP. It is an effective technical way to achieve the synergistic improvement of yield and fertilizer use efficiency. The yield performance analysis of summer maize yields showed that with the increase of yield level, the mean leaf area index and the number of panicles per unit area increased significantly, while the number of kernels per panicle, average net assimilation rate and grain weight decreased. At the same time, with the increase of yield level, the accumulation ratio of biomass and N, P, and K uptake decreased in pre-silking stage, and increased in post-silking stage. Therefore, under the condition of keeping functional parameters unchanged on the existing basis, optimizing structural parameters is an effective measure for current yield and efficiency increase, and with the increase of yield, more attention should be paid to structural optimization in post-silking stage.

Key words: summer maize, yield gap, fertilizer utilization

表1

试验期间生育进程及生育期气象因子"

年份
Year		 地点
Site		 播种日期
Sowing date
(month/day)		 收获日期
Harvest date
(month/day)		 生育期天数
Total days
(d)		 ≥10℃有效积温
Accumulated
temperature
(℃)		 光合有效辐射量
Radiation
(MJ m-2)		 降雨量
Rainfall
(mm)
2017 泰安Tai’an 6/12 10/06 116 1788.8 1102.8 427.5
淄博Zibo 6/12 9/29 109 1778.9 991.5 244.4
烟台Yantai 6/20 10/06 108 1722.5 1067.4 420.8
2018 泰安Tai’an 6/12 10/06 116 1833.3 1175.8 515.4
淄博Zibo 6/13 10/01 110 1875.6 1165.2 632.8
烟台Yantai 6/20 10/08 110 1742.5 1177.5 449.1

表2

各处理的种植密度及肥料运筹"

处理
Treatment		 种植密度
Plant
density
(plant hm-2)		 目标产量
Target yield
(kg hm-2)		 肥料种类
Fertilizer		 用量
Rate
(kg hm-2)		 比例 Percentage
播种期
Sowing		 大喇叭口期
Bell stage		 开花期
Flowering stage		 乳熟期
Milking stage
SH 82500 18000 有机肥OF 7500 100% — — —
N 540 30%PU+10%U 30%U 20%U 10%U
P2O5 180 100% — — —
K2O 360 75% — 25% —
HH 82500 15000 有机肥OF 7500 100%
N 375 30%PU+10%U 30%U 20%U 10%U
P2O5 150 100% — — —
K2O 300 75% — 25% —
FP 67500 — N 208.5 100% — — —
P2O5 120 100% — — —
K2O 112.5 100% — — —

表3

不同产量层次夏玉米产量及各级产量差"

年份
Year		 地点
Site		 产量 Yield (t hm-2) 产量差 Yield gap (%)
YRT YSH YHH YFP YGI YGII YGIII
2017 泰安Tai’an 17.71 12.30 a 11.30 b 9.97 c 30.55 36.19 43.70
淄博Zibo 16.78 12.07 a 11.42 b 9.80 c 28.07 31.94 41.60
烟台Yantai 15.84 11.99 a 11.91 a 9.85 b 24.31 24.81 37.82
2018 泰安Tai’an 19.06 12.53 a 11.33 b 8.75 c 34.26 40.56 54.09
淄博Zibo 20.25 12.34 a 11.29 b 9.41 c 39.06 44.25 53.53
烟台Yantai 19.09 12.41 a 11.46 b 9.56 c 34.99 39.97 49.92
平均Average 18.12 12.27 a 11.45 b 9.56 c 31.87 36.29 46.78

图1

不同产量层次夏玉米的地上部生物量的差异 SH: 超高产水平; HH: 高产高效水平; FP: 农户生产水平。"

图2

不同产量层次夏玉米吐丝前、吐丝后干物质积累占比与产量之间的关系 缩写同图1。"

表4

不同产量层次夏玉米产量性能方程参数的差异"

年份
Year		 产量水平
Yield level		 结构性参数Structural parameter 功能性参数Functional parameter
MLAI EN
(×104 hm-2)		 GN MNAR
(g m-2 d-1)		 HI GW
(g)
2017 SH 3.69 a 7.93 a 501.30 b 6.69 b 0.51 a 370.16 b
HH 3.51 b 7.61 a 502.97 b 6.77 b 0.51 a 366.66 b
FP 3.00 c 6.76 b 557.40 a 8.38 a 0.50 a 383.32 a
2018 SH 3.47 a 7.84 a 524.40 b 7.23 b 0.53 a 371.36 a
HH 3.28 b 7.46 a 506.00 c 6.92 c 0.53 a 370.52 a
FP 3.01 c 6.44 b 563.47 a 7.49 a 0.53 a 379.31 a
平均
Average		 SH 3.45 7.93 516.20 7.85 0.51 377.38
HH 3.23 7.57 507.50 7.72 0.52 377.76
FP 2.94 6.64 562.57 8.88 0.50 383.86

图3

不同产量层次夏玉米地上部N、P、K元素积累量的差异 图中不同小写字母表示处理间差异达0.05显著水平。缩写同图1。"

图4

不同产量层次夏玉米肥料利用效率的差异 图中不同小写字母表示处理间差异达0.05显著水平。缩写同图1。"

图5

不同产量层次夏玉米产量与肥料利用效率的关系 缩写同图1。"

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