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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1): 193-202.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.02092

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

田间开放式增温对东北水稻氮素利用的影响

阮俊梅1(), 张俊1, 刘猷红2, 董文军2, 孟英2, 邓艾兴1, 杨万深1, 宋振伟1,*(), 张卫建1   

  1. 1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业农村部作物生理生态重点实验室, 北京 100081
    2黑龙江省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所, 黑龙江哈尔滨 150086
  • 收稿日期:2020-12-26 接受日期:2021-04-26 出版日期:2022-01-12 网络出版日期:2021-06-04
  • 通讯作者: 宋振伟
  • 作者简介:E-mail: ruanjmei2016@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目资助(2017YFD0300104);国家重点研发计划项目资助(2016YFD0300501)

Effects of free air temperature increase on nitrogen utilization of rice in northeastern China

RUAN Jun-Mei1(), ZHANG Jun1, LIU You-Hong2, DONG Wen-Jun2, MENG Ying2, DENG Ai-Xing1, YANG Wan-Shen1, SONG Zhen-Wei1,*(), ZHANG Wei-Jian1   

  1. 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
    2Institute of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang, China
  • Received:2020-12-26 Accepted:2021-04-26 Published:2022-01-12 Published online:2021-06-04
  • Contact: SONG Zhen-Wei
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300104);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300501)

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摘要：

东北地区是全球气候变暖趋势最为显著的地区之一, 研究预期增温对东北水稻氮素吸收利用的影响, 可为区域水稻可持续生产与氮肥优化管理提供借鉴。本研究于2019—2020年在黑龙江省哈尔滨市设置田间开放式增温(free air temperature increase, FATI)系统, 大田与盆栽试验相结合, 采用15N同位素示踪技术, 模拟预期增温(+1.5℃)对水稻产量、氮素利用以及氮肥去向的影响。结果表明, 增温促进了水稻地上部干物质积累, 与对照相比, 大田与盆栽的水稻产量2年平均分别提高10.4%和10.8%; 增温显著提高了水稻氮素吸收总量, 与对照相比, 2年平均增幅达21.3%, 但增温处理的氮素籽粒利用效率呈降低趋势; 增温处理下水稻从肥料中吸收的氮素显著下降, 但从土壤中吸收的氮素显著增加31.1%, 导致氮肥回收率降低12.5%, 而氮肥损失率增加14.2%。总体来看, 增温有增加水稻籽粒产量的趋势, 但降低了水稻对肥料氮的吸收比例, 导致氮素利用效率降低, 氮肥损失率显著增加。在气候变暖背景下, 建议合理增加水稻移栽密度, 以充分利用温度升高对水稻产量的正向效应, 适当减少氮肥施用量、优化氮肥运筹管理, 提高水稻氮素利用效率。

关键词: 水稻, 气候变暖, 开放式增温, 同位素示踪技术, 氮素吸收与利用, 肥料氮去向

Abstract:

Northeastern China is one of the regions where are experiencing the most significant global warming trend. Revealing the effects of anticipated warming on nitrogen absorption and utilization of rice in northeastern China can provide reference for regional sustainable production of rice and optimal management of nitrogen fertilizer. In this study, the field and pot experiments were setup based on free air temperature increase (FATI) system in Harbin, Heilongjiang province during 2019 to 2020, combined with 15N isotope tracer technique, to investigate the effects of anticipated warming (+1.5℃) on rice yield, nitrogen utilization, and the fate of fertilizer nitrogen. The results showed that warming treatment (W) promoted rice above-ground dry-matter accumulation. The mean grain yields in field and pot experiments during 2019 and 2020 under warming treatment were higher by 10.4% and 10.8% than those under control (CK), respectively. Compared with CK, the mean total nitrogen uptake of two years under W treatment significantly increased by 21.3%, however, the nitrogen utilization efficiency of rice grains showed a decreased trend. Under W treatment, the nitrogen absorbed from fertilizer decreased significantly, while the nitrogen absorbed by rice from soil increased by 31.1%, resulting in the reduction of 12.5% in fertilizer nitrogen recovery rate and the increase of 14.2% in fertilizer nitrogen loss rate. Overall, warming tended to increase rice grain yield, but decreased the proportion of fertilizer nitrogen uptake by plant, which leading to the decrease in nitrogen use efficiency and the significant increase in nitrogen loss rate. Under the background of climate warming, it was suggested to reasonably increase the transplanting density of rice to make full use of the positive effect of global warming on rice yield, as well as appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application and optimize the management of nitrogen fertilizer operation to improve the nitrogen use efficiency of rice.

Key words: rice, climate warming, FATI, isotope tracer technique, nitrogen absorption and utilization, fate of fertilizer nitrogen

图1

2019年和2020年水稻生育期月平均气温(A)和降水量(B)"

图2

开放式增温系统(A)和增温范围(B) 1: 15N标记盆栽; 2: 远红外加热管; 3: 温度记录仪; 4: 电线; 5: 灯架。"

图3

开放式增温对水稻冠层(A、B)和土壤(C、D)日平均温度的影响(2019年和2020年) CK: 对照; W: 增温。"

表1

增温对全生育期水稻冠层和土壤日平均温度的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 冠层温度Canopy temperature 土壤温度Soil temperature
日间
Daytime		 夜间
Nighttime		 全天
Diurnal		 日间
Daytime		 夜间
Nighttime		 全天
Diurnal
2019 对照CK 23.81±0.05 b 17.69±0.05 b 20.89±0.05 b 21.14±0.15 b 18.28±0.04 b 20.23±0.06 b
增温W 25.31±0.19 a 19.96±0.10 a 22.75±0.15 a 22.26±0.05 a 20.44±0.12 a 21.63±0.07 a
Δ 1.50±0.24 2.27±0.15 1.86±0.20 1.12±0.19 1.16±1.11 1.14±0.10
2020 对照CK 24.79±0.03 b 18.92±0.07 b 21.94±0.05 b 22.27±0.01 a 20.68±0.07 b 21.50±0.04 b
增温W 25.41±0.07 a 20.19±0.02 a 22.87±0.03 a 22.83±0.22 a 21.40±0.09 a 22.13±0.16 a
Δ 0.61±0.07 1.26±0.07 0.93±0.06 0.56±0.23 0.72±0.14 0.64±0.19

表2

增温对大田水稻产量及产量构成的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 穗数
Effect panicles
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数(粒)
Grains per panicle		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 产量
Yield
(t hm-2)
2019 对照CK 506.67±21.77 a 73.49±2.49 a 19.56±0.51 a 8.30±0.08 b
增温W 520.00±18.86 a 74.29±1.54 a 21.10±0.24 a 9.00±0.10 a
2020 对照CK 458.67±12.12 a 106.92±3.11 a 23.39±0.16 a 10.00±0.32 a
增温W 464.00±26.40 a 113.99±2.48 a 22.46±0.38 a 11.24±0.44 a

表3

增温对盆栽水稻生物量与籽粒产量的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 根系生物量
Root biomass		 秸秆生物量
Straw biomass		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
2019 对照CK 161.87±15.01 a 529.71±9.83 b 670.13±8.94 b
增温W 155.82±5.80 a 689.11±28.99 a 761.73±9.00 a
2020 对照CK 208.89±3.55 a 750.84±8.94 b 1074.89±23.06 a
增温W 242.09±17.21 a 814.58±2.47 a 1158.62±8.77 a

表4

增温对水稻氮素吸收与分配的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮素吸收总量
Total N uptake
(g m-2)		 植株不同部位氮素吸收量
N uptake by different parts of the plant
(g m-2)		 植株不同部位氮素吸收量占比
Ratio of N uptake by different parts of the plant (%)
根系
Root		 秸秆
Straw		 籽粒
Grain		 根系
Root		 秸秆
Straw		 籽粒
Grain
2019 对照CK 12.33±0.18 b 0.98±0.08 a 4.02±0.18 b 7.32±0.07 b 7.99±0.77 a 32.60±1.05 a 59.42±0.52 a
增温W 15.11±0.22 a 0.92±0.03 a 5.54±0.21 a 8.65±0.03 a 6.09±0.14 a 36.62±0.88 a 57.29±1.02 a
2020 对照CK 17.12±0.43 b 0.99±0.02 a 4.64±0.18 b 11.49±0.25 b 5.77±0.09 a 27.08±0.53 a 67.16±0.45 a
增温W 20.55±0.18 a 1.19±0.09 a 5.71±0.04 a 13.65±0.11 a 5.80±0.38 a 27.78±0.20 a 66.42±0.42 a

图4

增温对氮素收获指数(A)、氮素干物质生产效率(B)和氮素籽粒生产效率(C)的影响 CK: 对照; W: 增温。不同字母表示对照与增温处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表5

增温对水稻吸收不同来源氮素的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮素来源Source of the N uptake (g m-2) 占比Ratio of the source of N uptake (%)
肥料Fertilizer 土壤Soil 肥料Fertilizer 土壤Soil
2019 对照CK 3.14±0.03 a 9.18±0.19 b 25.52±0.54 a 74.48±0.54 b
增温W 2.69±0.04 b 12.42±0.24 a 17.80±0.44 b 82.20±0.44 a
2020 对照CK 3.10±0.07 a 14.01±0.48 b 18.19±0.81 a 81.81±0.81 b
增温W 2.78±0.06 b 17.77±0.13 a 13.51±0.21 b 86.49±0.21 a

表6

增温对肥料氮素在水稻植株分配的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 植株不同部位氮素吸收量
N uptake in different parts of the plant (g m-2)		 植株不同部位氮素吸收量占比
Ratio of N uptake in different parts of the plant (%)
根系Root 秸秆Straw 籽粒Grain 根系Root 秸秆Straw 籽粒Grain
2019 对照CK 0.24±0.03 a 1.01±0.02 a 1.89±0.03 a 7.69±0.76 a 32.31±1.04 b 60.00±0.32 a
增温W 0.20±0.01 a 1.05±0.06 a 1.44±0.01 b 7.50±0.49 a 38.85±1.54 a 53.66±1.06 b
2020 对照CK 0.17±0.01 a 0.86±0.01 a 2.07±0.06 a 5.45±0.12 a 27.76±0.26 a 66.79±0.46 a
增温W 0.16±0.02 a 0.76±0.03 a 1.85±0.02 b 5.79±0.46 a 27.50±0.50 a 66.71±0.95 a

表7

增温对土壤氮素在水稻植株分配的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 植株不同部位氮素吸收量
N uptake by different parts of the plant (g m-2)		 植株不同部位氮素吸收量占比
Ratio of N uptake by different parts of the plant (%)
根系Root 秸秆Straw 籽粒Grain 根系Root 秸秆Straw 籽粒Grain
2019 对照CK 0.74±0.06 a 3.01±0.16 b 5.44±0.09 b 8.09±0.78 a 32.70±1.09 a 59.22±0.71 a
增温W 0.72±0.03 a 4.49±0.23 a 7.21±0.02 a 5.79±0.17 a 36.10±1.02 a 58.10±1.32 a
2020 对照CK 0.82±0.02 a 3.78±0.19 b 9.42±0.29 b 5.84±0.13 a 26.92±0.61 a 67.24±0.48 a
增温W 1.03±0.07 a 4.94±0.02 a 11.80±0.11 a 5.80±0.37 a 27.82±0.26 a 66.38±0.37 a

图5

增温对肥料氮回收率(A)、肥料氮土壤残存率(B)和肥料氮损失率(C)的影响 CK: 对照; W: 增温。不同字母表示对照与增温处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

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