作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (11): 3376-3392.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.64026
李雪姣1,燕鹏1,赵佳兵1,周井坤1,魏璋1,梁福斌1,王宇轩1,田景山1,姜闯道2,* ,张旺锋1,*
Li Xue-Jiao1,Yan Peng1,Zhao Jia-Bing1,Zhou Jing-Kun1,Wei Zhang1,Liang Fu-Bin1,Wang Yu-Xuan1,Tian Jing-Shan1,Jiang Chuang-Dao2,*,Zhang Wang-Feng1,*
摘要:
海岛棉纤维细长、强力高,是纺制高档和特种棉纺织品的重要原料。新疆是我国唯一的海岛棉产区。然而,与陆地棉相比,海岛棉存在产量偏低的问题,近年来植棉比较效益下降,种植面积持续缩减,严重影响了我国优质棉的有效供给。因此,解析海岛棉产量形成机制、明确单产提升技术途径具有重要意义。当前栽培条件下,海岛棉单株结铃数高于陆地棉,但单铃重远低于陆地棉,故提高单铃重是增产的关键。然而,单铃重形成的生理机制及调控途径尚不明确。本研究基于单果枝层次的铃叶系统(含主茎叶、果枝叶、棉铃及其他非叶器官),比较了海岛棉(零式果枝和二式果枝品种)与主栽陆地棉(二式果枝品种)在铃叶系统光合性能、干物质积累与分配上的差异。2年试验结果表明,与陆地棉相比,零式果枝和二式果枝海岛棉的单铃重分别低43.0%和49.5%;铃叶系统净光合速率分别低22.2%和29.1%,叶面积分别低24.0%和13.5%,表明海岛棉铃叶系统光合能力不足;干物质积累动态显示,零式果枝和二式果枝海岛棉的棉铃最大干物质积累速率分别为陆地棉的65.5%和51.5%,快速积累持续期均缩短2~3 d;在干物质分配上,二者铃壳占比分别较陆地棉高出10.9%和5.4%,表明同化物向种子和纤维的分配比例偏低。此外,零式果枝海岛棉花后主茎叶持续生长,与棉铃竞争同化物,进一步制约了棉铃内部物质积累。综上,铃叶系统光合速率低是海岛棉单铃重偏小的共性限制因素;而提升策略应因品种竞争位点而异:零式果枝海岛棉需缓解花后主茎叶与棉铃的养分竞争,二式果枝海岛棉则应着重改善果枝叶光合能力。研究结果为以提升单铃重为目标的海岛棉高产育种与栽培调控提供了理论依据。
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