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作物学报 ›› 2012, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (10): 1864-1874.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.01864

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

黑龙江省不同年代玉米杂交种产量对种植密度和施氮水平的响应

钱春荣1,3，于洋3，宫秀杰3，姜宇博3，赵杨3，王俊河3，杨忠良4，张卫建1,2,*   

  1. 1 南京农业大学应用生态研究所，江苏南京210095；2 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业部作物生理生态重点实验室，北京100081；3 黑龙江省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所，黑龙江哈尔滨150086；4 黑龙江省农业科学院五常水稻研究所，黑龙江五常150229
  • 收稿日期:2012-03-16 修回日期:2012-06-20 出版日期:2012-10-12 网络出版日期:2012-07-27
  • 通讯作者: 张卫建, E-mail: zhangweij@caas.net.cn, Tel:010-62156856
  • 基金资助:

    本研究由国家“十二五”科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD16B14), 国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2009CB118601), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(200903001-06-5)和黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(C201008)资助。

Response of Grain Yield to Plant Density and Nitrogen Application Rate for Maize Hybrids Released from Different Eras in Heilongjiang Province

QIAN Chun-Rong1,3,YU Yang3,GONG Xiu-Jie3,JIANG Yu-Bo3,ZHAO Yang3,WANG Jun-He3,YANG Zhong-Liang4,ZHANG Wei-Jian1,2,*   

  1. 1 Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; 2 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; 3 Institute of Crop Cultivation and Farming, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China; 4 Rice Institute of Wuchang, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuchang 150229, China
  • Received:2012-03-16 Revised:2012-06-20 Published:2012-10-12 Published online:2012-07-27
  • Contact: 张卫建, E-mail: zhangweij@caas.net.cn, Tel:010-62156856

PDF

1650

被引次数

41

摘要：

明确不同年代春玉米生产力对种植密度和氮肥水平的响应特征及其趋势，对高产高效的耐密品种选育和密植抗倒栽培具有重要的理论参考和技术指导意义。本文以黑龙江近50年来第一积温带大面积种植的8个典型春玉米品种为材料，于2009和2010年进行密度和施肥的田间试验，比较不同年代主栽品种生产力演变特征。结果显示，黑龙江省1970s—2000s玉米品种更替过程中，单株生产力与群体产量均明显提高，平均增幅分别为16.96 g 10年-1和790 kg hm-2 10年-1；植株空秆率和倒伏率显著下降，株高、穗位、单株叶面积、穗粒数、千粒重显著提高。随着密度的提高，各年代玉米的单株产量呈显著下降趋势，群体产量呈抛物线形上升，群体最高产量的理论密度增幅为3 507株 hm-2 10 年-1；空秆率显著提高，但倒伏率仅1970s和1980s的品种呈递增趋势；株高、单株叶面积、棒三叶面积、穗粒数与千粒重均呈现下降趋势，穗位随密度增加呈显著上升趋势。各年代品种株高、穗位、单株叶面积和千粒重随氮肥水平提高呈增加趋势。在150~450 kg hm-2的施氮水平范围，随着氮肥水平的提高，各年代品种增产效果不明显。各主要指标在年代、密度和氮肥水平之间存在显著的互作效应。对照东北玉米现有的品种特性、种植密度和施肥现状表明，选育耐密品种和实施密植抗倒栽培的增产潜力大，在现在的施肥水平上进一步提高种植密度是东北春玉米高产增效耕作栽培的技术创新方向。

关键词: 中国东北, 粮食安全, 玉米品种, 年代差异, 高产高效

Abstract:

Eight typical maize hybrids released over 1970s to 2000s in Heilongjiang province were selected to investigate the productivity response to nitrogen fertilizer and plant density in 2009 and 2010. During the variety improvement period from 1970s to 2000s, the yield gains per plant and per unit area were 19.96 g 10 a-1 and 790 kg ha-1 10 a-1, respectively, while the rates of lodging and barren plant decreased significantly. The plant height, ear height, leaf area per plant, kernel number per ear and 1000-kernel weight of newer hybrids were higher than those of older varieties. For all hybrids released in each era, grain yield per plant decreased with increasing plant density, while grain yield per unit area showed a parabolic shape response. The theoretical optimal density for the highest yield rose by 3 507 plants ha-1 10 yr-1. The barren plant rates of all hybrids increased with the density increasing, and the lodging rates rose only for the older hybrids released in 1970s and 1980s. Higher plant population led to decreases in the agronomic indicators of plant height , leaf area per plant, kernel number per ear and 1000 kernel weight and the increase in the ear height. Higher nitrogen application rate tended to promote the agronomic indicators of plant height, ear height, leaf area and 1000-kernel weight. However, at the nitrogen application rate ranging from 150 kg ha-1 to 450 kg ha-1, no significant increase was found in the yields for all hybrids released in the same era. There were significant interactions among density, nitrogen and era on the yield and agronomic traits. Compared with the present situations of maize variety and cropping technique, the above results indicated that there are great potentials in yield gains from new variety breeding and cultivation technique innovation for higher-yield with higher-efficiency through increasing plant density with unchanged nitrogen application rate in Northeast China.

Key words: Northeast China, Food security, Maize variety, Era difference, High-yield with high efficiency

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