作物学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (08): 1226-1233.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2017.01226
肖克1,唐静1,李继福1,*,邹家龙2,朱建强1
XIAO Ke1,TANG Jing1,LI Ji-Fu1,*,ZOU Jia-Long2,ZHU Jian-Qiang1
摘要:
研究长期施用钾肥对水稻?冬油菜轮作系统作物生产力、钾肥利用率和土壤供钾能力的影响,为水旱轮作区钾肥的统筹分配提供科学依据。2011—2016年在湖北省粮油主要生产区江汉平原布置中稻?冬油菜轮作定位田间试验。共设5个钾肥用量处理,分别为0 kg hm-2(K0),45 kg hm-2(K1),90 kg hm-2(K2),135 kg hm-2(K3)和180 kg hm-2(K4),其中K2处理为当地测土配方推荐钾肥用量(K2O 90 kg hm-2)。在土壤供钾能力较高情况下,水稻和油菜年均产量分别为6.87 t hm-2和2.25 t hm-2,经过一个轮作周期后施用钾肥具有明显的增产效果,且冬油菜季的产量和地上部吸钾量增幅最为明显,分别为16.9%和63.8%。长期施用推荐钾肥用量后,水稻和冬油菜的钾肥农学利用率年均分别为5.1 kg kg-1和3.2 kg kg-1,而钾肥吸收利用率和钾肥贡献率水稻季明显低于冬油菜,这表明水稻吸收的钾素主要来自土壤,而冬油菜则需要较多的外源钾来满足自身对养分的需求。通过线性加平台肥效模型拟合得出,水稻季适宜钾肥用量为70.5~100.9 kg hm-2,平均96.6 kg hm-2,比推荐用量提高了7.3%;冬油菜季适宜钾肥用量为75.6~118.2 kg hm-2,平均107.0 kg hm-2,比推荐用量提高18.9%,且冬油菜对钾肥需求高于水稻。因此,在本试验条件下,长期施用年均推荐钾肥用量(180 kg hm-2)不仅影响作物产量的稳定性,还导致轮作系统钾素持续亏缺和土壤有效钾含量降低,故钾肥应优先施用于油菜季并且重视作物秸秆还田、归还秸秆钾素,以维持农田钾素平衡和生产力可持续性。
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