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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (10): 1560-1569.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01560

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同降雨年型下种植密度对旱作马铃薯生长、水分利用效率及产量的影响

侯贤清,牛有文,吴文利,徐金鹏,时龙,唐少颖,马旭,李荣()   

  1. 宁夏大学农学院, 宁夏银川 750021
  • 收稿日期:2018-02-07 接受日期:2018-07-20 出版日期:2018-10-10 网络出版日期:2018-07-30
  • 通讯作者: 李荣
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31760370);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项项目(201503120);自治区级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(Q201610749065)

Effect of Planting Density on the Growth, Water Use Efficiency and Yield of Dry-farming Potato under Different Rainfall Year Types

Xian-Qing HOU,You-Wen NIU,Wen-Li WU,Jin-Peng XU,Long SHI,Shao-Ying TANG,Xu MA,Rong LI()   

  1. School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
  • Received:2018-02-07 Accepted:2018-07-20 Published:2018-10-10 Published online:2018-07-30
  • Contact: Rong LI
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760370);the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201503120);the Regional Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship(Q201610749065)

摘要:

为探索宁南半干旱偏旱区覆膜垄作马铃薯合理的种植密度, 于2015和2016年设置37 500、45 000、52 500、60 000、67 500株 hm -2 5个种植密度, 以当地传统种植密度37 500株 hm -2为对照, 研究不同种植密度对土壤水分、马铃薯生长、水分利用效率及产量的影响。结果表明, 不同种植密度可显著影响马铃薯生育前期和中期0~100 cm层土壤水分状况, 以45 000和52 500株 hm -2处理土壤贮水量最高, 均显著高于37 500和67 500株 hm -2处理。45 000和52 500株 hm -2处理较其他处理均显著提高马铃薯出苗率, 促进马铃薯生育前期和中期的生长, 而在马铃薯生育后期各处理间差异不显著。马铃薯产量和商品率均随种植密度的增加呈先增加后下降的变化趋势, 45 000和52 500株 hm -2处理两年平均降水利用效率分别较37 500株 hm -2处理显著提高15.3%和17.6%, 作物水分利用效率分别提高11.1%和15.0%。通过两年数据拟合函数发现, 在宁南半干旱偏旱区2015年平水年和2016年枯水年, 旱作覆膜垄作马铃薯种植密度为51 187~51 302株 hm -2时, 其水分利用效率和块茎产量最高。

关键词: 种植密度, 土壤水分, 马铃薯生长, 产量, 水分利用效率, 降雨年型

Abstract:

In order to explore the reasonable planting density of potato under plastic film mulching and ridge planting, a 2-year field experiment was conducted in semi-arid areas liable to droughts of southern Ningxia between 2015 and 2016, with five planting density treatments, including 37 500 (A), 45 000 (B), 52 500 (C), 60 000 (D), and 67 500 plant ha -1 (E). Local traditional planting density of 37 500 plant ha -1 (A) was as the control. Different planting densities could significantly influence the water status of soil layer at 0-100 cm during the earlier and middle stages of potato growth. The soil water storages in treatments B and C were the highest, which were significantly higher than those in treatments A and E. The treatments B and C could significantly increase emergence rate of potato, and promote the growth of potato during the early stage and middle stage compared with other treatments, whereas there were no significant differences among the five treatments during the later stage of potato growth. The tuber yield and commodity rate of potato increased at first and then decreased with increasing planting density. Compared with treatment A, the 2-year mean rainfall use efficiency of treatments B and C were significantly increased by 15.3% and 17.6%, and mean water use efficiency were significantly increased by 11.1% and 15.0%, respectively. By function fitting with the two-year data, the highest tuber yield and water use efficiency of dry-farming potato under plastic film mulching and ridge planting was demonstrated in normal year and dry year in semi-arid areas liable to droughts of southern Ningxia, which was 51 187-51 302 plant ha -1.

Key words: planting density, soil water, potato growth, yield, water use efficiency, rainfall year types

图1

2015-2016年试验地马铃薯生育期降雨量"

图2

不同种植密度下马铃薯生育期0~100 cm土壤贮水量 A处理为37 500株 hm-2; B处理为45 000株 hm-2; C处理为52 500株 hm-2; D处理为60 000株 hm-2; E处理为67 500株 hm-2。同一生育期, 不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图3

不同种植密度下马铃薯出苗率"

表1

不同种植密度对马铃薯生长的影响"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
苗期
Seedling
开花
Florescence
块茎形成
Tuber initiation
块茎膨大
Tuber expansion
成熟
Maturity
株高
Plant
height
(cm)
茎粗
Stem
diameter
(mm)
株高
Plant
height
(cm)
茎粗
Stem
diameter
(mm)
株高
Plant height
(cm)
茎粗
Stem diameter
(mm)
株高
Plant
height
(cm)
茎粗
Stem
diameter
(mm)
株高
Plant
height
(cm)
茎粗
Stem
diameter
(mm)
2015 A 20.5 a 9.97 b 47.0 c 13.98 c 58.0 c 15.36 cd 55.1 bc 15.00 bc 47.0 a 14.57 a
B 20.3 a 11.11 a 53.4 ab 15.13 b 63.3 b 16.98 b 61.0 ab 16.07 ab 50.1 a 15.26 a
C 23.5 a 12.44 a 55.1 a 16.49 a 70.1 a 17.91 a 64.0 a 16.44 a 50.9 a 15.50 a
D 20.3 a 9.68 b 52.4 b 14.47 bc 61.9 bc 16.07 c 58.8 b 15.38 b 48.0 a 15.06 a
E 22.6 a 9.52 b 48.3 bc 13.60 c 59.7 c 14.24 d 54.7 c 14.82 c 47.1 a 14.85 a
2016 A 12.4 ab 8.93 c 28.7 bc 12.87 c 49.8 b 14.24 bc 45.0 b 13.47 bc 52.0 a 13.68 a
B 15.9 a 10.49 a 33.1 a 14.33 a 61.3 a 16.07 a 56.5 a 14.89 a 56.2 a 14.51 a
C 13.6 ab 9.86 b 29.2 b 13.60 b 54.5 ab 15.41 ab 50.3 ab 14.15 ab 55.0 a 13.96 a
D 12.2 ab 9.66 b 26.4 c 13.19 ab 54.1 ab 15.19 b 47.7 b 13.69 b 51.0 a 14.32 a
E 10.5 b 9.32 bc 27.0 c 12.96 bc 47.8 b 13.57 c 46.3 b 12.56 c 50.3 a 14.08 a

表2

不同种植密度对马铃薯产量性状的影响"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
总产量
Total yield
(kg hm-2)
总薯数
Total
tuber number
(No. hm-2)
大薯 Big tuber 中薯 Middle tuber 小薯 Small tuber 商品薯率
Commodity
rate (%)
薯数
Tuber number
(No. hm-2)
产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
薯数
Tuber number
(No. hm-2)
产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
薯数
Tuber number
(No. hm-2)
产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2015 A 24282.0 cd 364633 d 49625 a 9500.0 bc 94688 b 8812.5 c 220320 d 4969.5 c 75.42 b
B 25869.0 b 413445 c 49875 a 10224.0 b 115500 a 11185.0 a 248070 c 5460.0 bc 82.76 a
C 27787.5 a 428875 bc 50625 a 11182.5 a 115750 a 11530.0 a 262500 b 5875.0 ab 81.74 a
D 24859.5 c 430875 b 32125 b 8295.5 c 105125 b 10522.0 b 293625 a 6042.0 a 75.70 b
E 23580.0 d 452500 a 31500 b 6075.0 d 117000 a 11370.0 a 304000 a 6135.0 a 73.98 b
2016 A 13008.6 b 179353 d 43395 b 6475.5 b 62781 cd 4059.7 a 73177 a 2473.3 a 80.98 b
B 16126.4 a 213357 a 56153 a 8262.0 a 86293 a 5838.1 a 70910 a 2026.3 a 87.43 a
C 15705.4 a 191096 b 53277 a 8047.2 a 73787 b 5581.1 a 64032 a 2077.1 a 86.77 a
D 13767.1 b 189845 c 44272 b 6094.6 b 71161 b 5433.5 a 74412 a 2239.0 a 83.74 ab
E 13035.9 b 179090 d 41646 b 6175.2 b 55153 d 4155.8 a 82291 a 2704.9 a 79.25 b

图4

不同密度下马铃薯产量变化"

表3

不同种植密度下马铃薯耗水量和水分利用效率"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
收获时土壤供水能力
Soil water supply capacity before harvest (mm)
作物耗水量
Water consumption
(mm)
降水利用效率
PUE
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
水分利用效率
WUE
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
2015 A 24282.0 cd 45.02 ab 225.22 ab 134.75 c 107.81 b
B 25869.0 b 49.82 a 230.02 a 143.56 ab 112.46 ab
C 27787.5 a 50.52 a 230.72 a 154.20 a 120.44 a
D 24859.5 c 42.32 b 222.52 ab 137.96 bc 105.97 b
E 23580.0 d 40.62 b 220.82 b 130.85 c 112.58 ab
2016 A 13008.6 b 16.59 a 178.69 ab 80.25 b 72.80 b
B 16126.4 a 20.67 a 182.77 a 99.48 a 88.23 a
C 15705.4 a 17.69 a 179.79 a 96.89 a 87.35 a
D 13767.1 b 12.32 b 174.42 b 84.93 b 78.93 b
E 13035.9 b 10.97 b 173.07 b 80.42 b 75.32 b
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