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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (10): 1565-1575.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.93005

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

土壤深松下磷肥施用深度对夏玉米根系分布及磷素吸收利用效率的影响

陈晓影,刘鹏(),程乙,董树亭,张吉旺,赵斌,任佰朝   

  1. 作物生物学国家重点实验室 / 山东农业大学农学院, 山东泰安271018
  • 收稿日期:2019-01-28 接受日期:2019-04-15 出版日期:2019-10-12 网络出版日期:2019-09-10
  • 通讯作者: 刘鹏
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300106);本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0300603);国家自然科学基金项目(31771713);国家自然科学基金项目(31371576);山东省现代农业产业技术体系项目资助(SDAIT-02-08)

Effects of phosphorus fertilizer application depths on root distribution and phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiencies of summer maize under subsoiling tillage

CHEN Xiao-Ying,LIU Peng(),CHENG Yi,DONG Shu-Ting,ZHANG Ji-Wang,ZHAO Bin,REN Bai-Zhao   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology / College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2019-01-28 Accepted:2019-04-15 Published:2019-10-12 Published online:2019-09-10
  • Contact: Peng LIU
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2016YFD0300106);This study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2018YFD0300603);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771713);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371576);the Shandong Province Key Agricultural Project for Application Technology Innovation(SDAIT-02-08)

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摘要：

采用大田试验与土柱试验相结合的方式, 设置距离地表-5 cm (P5)、-10 cm (P10)、-15 cm (P15)和-20 cm (P20)施用磷肥处理, 以不施磷肥为对照(CK), 研究磷肥施用深度对夏玉米根系分布、干物质积累与产量形成及磷肥吸收和利用效率的影响。结果表明, 磷肥施用深度显著影响夏玉米根系干重及根长, 表现为P15>P10>P20>P5>CK。与常规磷肥施用深度(P5)处理相比, P15处理玉米籽粒产量两年平均提高23.1%, 根干重及总根长两年平均提高13.1%、22.9%; P15、P20处理均增加了-20 cm以下土层的根干重比例及根长比例, 土柱试验分别达到35.4%和36.4%、58.7%和59.3%, 大田试验根干重两年均达到19.0%, 根长比重分别达到39.8%和39.9%。根系分布的优化促进了植株磷素积累与转运, P10、P15、P20处理较P5处理磷积累量2年平均提高10.6%、25.2%和14.7%, 磷转运量平均提高46.9%、76.6%和57.6%, 籽粒产量相应增加12.9%、23.1%和10.6%。P15比P5处理的磷肥偏生产力、农学利用效率和表观利用效率两年平均值分别提高19.1 kg kg -1、19.1 kg kg -1和25.2%。磷肥深施能够增加深层土壤根系的分布比例, 提高植株对磷肥的吸收、利用效率, 显著提高夏玉米产量, 在本试验条件下以磷肥集中施用在-15 cm处效果最好。

关键词: 夏玉米, 施磷深度, 根系, 产量, 磷肥利用效率

Abstract:

Phosphorus fertilizer application depths are extremely important for increasing phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiencies. In the present study, root distribution, biomass, grain yield, phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiencies were determined in field experiment and soil column experiment, with five treatments including CK (no P applied), P5 (phosphorus application depth was 5 cm), P10 (phosphorus application depth was 10 cm), P15 (phosphorus application depth was 15 cm), and P20 (phosphorus application depth was 20 cm). Phosphorus fertilizer application depths significantly affected root dry weight and root length of summer maize with a trend of P15>P10>P20>P5>CK. Compared with P5 treatment, averaged grain yield of P15 treatment increased by 23.1% in two years, averaged root dry weight and total root length increased by 13.1% and 22.9% in two years. Both P15 and P20 treatments increased the proportion of root dry weight and root length in the soil layer below -20 cm. The proportion of root dry weight of P15 and P20 treatments reached 35.4% and 36.4%, and the proportion of root length reached 58.7% and 59.3% in soil column experiments; the proportion of root dry weight both reached 19.0% and the proportion of root length reached 39.8% and 39.9% in field experiment, respectively. The optimization of root distribution promoted the accumulation and transport of phosphorus in plants. Compared with P5 treatment, P10, P15, and P20 treatments increased the averaged phosphorus accumulation in two years by 10.6%, 25.2%, and 14.7%, the average phosphorus transport amount in two years by 46.9%, 76.6%, and 57.6%, and the grain yield by 12.9%, 23.1%, and 10.6%, respectively. Compared with P5 treatment, P15 treatment increased the averaged P partial factor productivity, P agronomic efficiency and P apparent utilization efficiency by 19.1 kg kg -1, 19.1 kg kg -1, and 25.2% in two years, respectively. In summary, deep fertilization of phosphorus could increase the distribution of root in deep soil layers, improve the absorption and utilization efficiencies of phosphorus in plants, and significantly improve the grain yield of summer maize. Under the condition of this study, the suitable P fertilizer application depth was 15 cm from the soil surface.

Key words: summer maize, phosphorus application depth, root, yield, phosphorus utilization efficiency

表1

试验田养分含量"

试验类型Experiment 年份
Year		 土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 pH 有机质
Soil organic matter (g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 速效氮
Available N (mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Olsen P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾Available K
(mg kg-1)
大田试验
Field experiment		 2017 0-20 6.35 13.56 0.92 87.52 18.92 145.07
20-40 7.21 9.51 0.56 58.36 13.15 94.13
40-60 7.42 5.70 0.21 42.68 5.38 57.56
2018 0-20 6.24 14.17 0.96 89.02 19.38 158.86
20-40 7.04 10.37 0.61 60.67 12.21 98.24
40-60 7.34 6.03 0.25 49.31 6.42 68.60
土柱试验Soil column experiment 7.23 10.72 0.73 45.54 15.66 66.98

图1

试验田夏玉米全生育期平均温度与降水量"

图2

磷肥施用深度对夏玉米干物质积累的影响 不同字母表示处理间差异达0.05显著水平。CK: 不施磷肥; P5: 距离地表-5 cm处施磷; P10: 距离地表-10 cm处施磷; P15: 距离地表-15 cm处施磷; P20: 距离地表-20 cm处施磷。"

表2

磷肥施用深度对夏玉米产量及产量构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 单位面积穗数
Ears (×104 ear hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains per ear		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Yield (kg hm-2)
2017 CK 6.37 a 425.40 c 381.39 b 7661.53 d
P5 6.49 a 439.83 b 385.23 ab 8293.59 c
P10 6.42 a 450.31 b 391.15 ab 9277.15 b
P15 6.56 a 476.48 a 397.24 a 10023.14 a
P20 6.55 a 448.70 b 398.06 a 8926.96 b
2018 CK 6.44 a 477.24 b 381.39 b 9438.52 c
P5 6.41 a 476.15 b 385.23 ab 9711.62 c
P10 6.33 a 493.59 b 391.15 ab 11063.84 b
P15 6.56 a 525.54 a 397.24 a 12178.65 a
P20 6.34 a 491.54 b 398.06 a 11021.54 b
变异来源 Source of variation
年份 Year (Y) NS *** *** ***
磷肥施用深度
Phosphorus application depth (P)		 NS *** *** ***
年份×磷肥施用深度 Y×P NS NS NS NS

图3

磷肥施用深度对夏玉米根干重及根长的影响 不同字母表示处理间差异达0.05显著水平。CK: 不施磷肥; P5: 距离地表-5 cm处施磷; P10: 距离地表-10 cm处施磷; P15: 距离地表-15 cm处施磷; P20: 距离地表-20 cm处施磷。"

图4

不同施肥深度下夏玉米抽雄期根干重和根长在0~60 cm土壤剖面的垂直分布(2018) CK: 不施磷肥; P5: 距离地表-5 cm处施磷; P10: 距离地表-10 cm处施磷; P15: 距离地表-15 cm处施磷; P20: 距离地表-20 cm处施磷。"

图5

不同施肥深度对夏玉米不同土层中根系干重比例及根长比例的影响 CK: 不施磷肥; P5: 距离地表-5 cm处施磷; P10: 距离地表-10 cm处施磷; P15: 距离地表-15 cm处施磷; P20: 距离地表-20 cm处施磷。"

表3

夏玉米不同器官和植株中磷积累量"

器官
Organ		 处理
Treatment		 2017 2018
抽雄期 VT 灌浆期 R2 完熟期 R6 抽雄期 VT 灌浆期 R2 完熟期 R6
营养器官
Vegetation organ		 CK 41.34 c 47.98 e 36.13 e 46.49 d 54.45 e 43.40 c
P5 51.38 b 56.76 d 40.81 d 59.55 c 67.25 d 51.23 b
P10 58.68 a 75.80 b 49.35 b 62.61 b 72.33 c 51.82 b
P15 60.17 a 83.46 a 51.91 a 69.72 a 82.52 a 57.63 a
P20 57.80 a 73.13 c 45.74 c 63.82 b 76.06 b 53.18 b
籽粒
Grains		 CK 3.48 b 51.60 e 6.66 c 78.45 d
P5 5.31 ab 60.35 d 12.90 b 88.14 c
P10 6.26 a 67.54 c 15.79 a 96.32 b
P15 7.36 a 79.81 a 17.97 a 104.06 a
P20 6.58 a 71.46 b 16.09 a 98.00 b
整株
Whole plant		 CK 41.34 c 51.46 e 87.73 d 46.49 d 61.10 e 121.85 d
P5 51.38 b 62.07 d 101.16 c 59.55 c 80.14 d 139.37 c
P10 58.68 a 82.05 b 116.99 b 62.61 b 88.12 c 148.14 b
P15 60.17 a 90.82 a 131.72 a 69.72 a 100.49 a 161.69 a
P20 57.80 a 79.71 c 117.09 b 63.82 b 92.14 b 151.18 b

表4

磷肥施用深度对夏玉米磷转运的影响"

处理
Treatment		 2017 2018
转运量
Translocation
amount (kg hm-2)		 转运率
Translocation
rate (%)		 贡献率
Contribution
rate (%)		 转运量
Translocation
amount (kg hm-2)		 转运率
Translocation rate (%)		 贡献率
Contribution
rate (%)
CK 11.85 d 24.66 c 23.96 c 11.05 d 20.30 b 14.08 c
P5 15.95 c 28.11 b 27.31 b 16.02 c 23.77 b 18.22 b
P10 26.45 b 34.90 a 37.83 a 20.51 b 28.36 a 21.30 ab
P15 31.55 a 37.79 a 39.90 a 24.89 a 30.16 a 23.95 a
P20 27.50 b 37.61 a 37.46 a 22.88 ab 30.08 a 23.34 a

表5

磷肥施用深度对夏玉米磷肥偏生产力和磷利用效率的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 磷肥偏生产力
PPFP (kg kg-1)		 磷肥表观利用效率
PAUE (%)		 磷肥农学利用效率
PAE (kg kg-1)
2017 P5 78.99 c 12.79 c 6.02 c
P10 88.35 b 27.77 b 15.39 b
P15 95.46 a 41.90 a 22.49 a
P20 85.02 b 27.87 b 12.05 b
2018 P5 94.29 c 16.68 c 5.98 c
P10 105.37 b 25.04 b 17.05 b
P15 115.99 a 37.94 a 27.67 a
P20 104.97 b 27.93 b 16.65 b
变异来源 Source of variation
年份 Year (Y) *** NS *
磷肥施用深度Phosphorus application depth (P) *** *** ***
年份×磷肥施用深度 Y×P NS * NS
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