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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1): 215-225.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.02091

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

连作杂交晚稻精准条播长秧龄机插的生长及产量特性分析

王亚梁1(), 朱德峰1,*(), 张玉屏1, 陈若霞2, 向镜1, 陈惠哲1, 谌江华2, 汪峰2   

  1. 1中国水稻研究所, 浙江杭州 311400
    2宁波市农业科学研究院, 浙江宁波 315040
  • 收稿日期:2020-12-25 接受日期:2021-03-19 出版日期:2022-01-12 网络出版日期:2021-04-13
  • 通讯作者: 朱德峰
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wangyaliang@caas.cn
  • 基金资助:
    宁波市科技计划项目(2019B10003);国家重点研发计划项目(2019B10003);中国水稻研究所中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202117);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资助(CARS-01-03A)

Analysis on the plant growth and yield formation of double cropping late season hybrid rice in machine transplanting with long seedling age by precision drill sowing

WANG Ya-Liang1(), ZHU De-Feng1,*(), ZHANG Yu-Ping1, CHEN Ruo-Xia2, XIANG Jing1, CHEN Hui-Zhe1, CHEN Jiang-Hua2, WANG Feng2   

  1. 1China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China
    2Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2020-12-25 Accepted:2021-03-19 Published:2022-01-12 Published online:2021-04-13
  • Contact: ZHU De-Feng
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019B10003);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019B10003);Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of China National Rice Research Institute(CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202117);China Agri-culture Research System(CARS-01-03A)

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摘要：

为明确精准条播(precision drill sowing, PS)在连作晚稻长秧龄机插中的有益效果。本试验以甬优1540为供试品种, 设置标准9寸秧盘横向16条(PS-16, 45.7 g 盘-1)和18条(PS-18, 60.5 g 盘-1)精准条播, 并以传统撒播(broadcast sowing, BS, 60.5 g 盘-1)作为对照, 同期播种, 设置20、25、30和35 d 4个机插秧龄, 比较分析各播种方式水稻秧苗素质、机插特性、群体生长及产量形成的变化。结果表明: (1) 精准条播提高秧苗群体透光性, 与撒播相比, 精准条播提高了长秧龄秧苗的素质, 增加了带分蘖秧苗的比例, 其中PS-16秧苗素质最好, 带分蘖秧苗的比例最高。(2) 与撒播相比, 精准条播显著降低机插漏秧率, 提高机插取秧2~3株苗比例, PS-16和PS-18间差异不明显。秧龄延长增加机插秧苗伤根程度和伤苗率, 降低秧苗存活率, 其中PS-16的伤根程度和伤苗率增加幅度最小, 机插秧苗存活率最高。(3) 机插秧龄延长增加了秧苗缓苗返青天数进而推迟水稻生育期, 各机插秧龄下, PS-16的缓苗返青期最短, 生育期因秧龄延长而推迟的天数最少。(4) 精准条播有效促进分蘖, 其中PS-16效果最好, PS-16机插10 d分蘖数平均比PS-18和BS高16.4%和20.8%。机插秧龄延长降低群体分蘖高峰苗数, 各秧龄下高峰苗数PS-16>PS-18>BS。成穗率在不同播种方式处理间差异不大。(5) 秧龄延长降低抽穗期叶面积指数和干物质积累, PS-16下降幅度最小。(6) 不同机插秧龄下, 精准条播通过增加有效穗数进而提高水稻产量, 有效降低了机插秧龄延长导致的产量损失, 各机插秧龄下产量PS-16>PS-18>BS。试验说明, 与传统撒播相比, 精准条播增强了秧苗素质, 提高了机插质量, 缩短了长秧龄下的返青时间, 促进了分蘖早发, 增加了叶面积指数和干物质积累, 进而有效减少了连作杂交晚稻因机插秧龄延长而引起的产量损失, 其中精准16条条播效果好于18条条播。

关键词: 连作晚稻, 杂交稻, 精准条播, 长秧龄, 机插, 产量

Abstract:

In order to ascertain the beneficial effects of precision drill sowing (PS) in machine transplanting with long seedling age of double cropping late season hybrid rice. In this study, seed of Yongyou 1540 (YY1540) was subjected to precision drill sowing of 16 rows (PS-16, 45.7 g tray-1), precision drill sowing of 18 rows (PS-18, 60.5 g tray-1) and traditional broadcast sowing (BS, 60.5 g tray-1) in standard seedling tray at the same day. Seedling ages of 20, 25, 30, and 35 days were set for machine transplanting to analyze the rice seedling quality, machine transplanting characters, rice population growth, and yield formation between PS-16, PS-18, and BS. The results were as follows: (1) PS improved the light transmittance of seedling population, compared to BS, PS enhanced the seedling quality and increased the percentage of seedlings with tillering buds, among the treatments, PS-16 got the best seedling quality and highest percentage of seedling with tillering buds. (2) Compared to BS, PS significantly reduced the missing hill percent and increased the ratio of hills with 2-3 seedlings transplanted, and there was no significant difference between PS-16 and PS-18. Seedling age prolonging increased the root injury degree and seedling injury rate, and decreased the seedling survival rate after machine-transplanting, in which, PS-16 had the minimal increasing in root injury degree and seedling injury rate, meanwhile PS-16 got the highest survival rate of seedling machine-transplanted. (3) The seedling age prolonging postponed the rice growth duration by increasing the duration of seedling rejuvenation period. Among the seedling age treatments, the shortest period of rejuvenation period was observed in PS-16, and then the growth period minimal delayed in PS-16 with the seedling age prolonging. (4) PS effectively promoted plant tillering, and PS-16 got the best effect. The number of tillers at 10 d after machine transplanting of PS-16 machine was 16.4% and 20.8% higher than that of PS-18 and BS, in average. Seedling age prolonging decreased the tiller number at tillering peak stage, and the tiller number at tillering peak stage was PS-16>PS-18>BS at different seedling age treatments. The productive tiller percentage presented no difference among the sowing methods and seedling ages. (5) Seedling age prolonging decreased the leaf area index and dry matter accumulation by the degree of PS-16<PS-18<BS. (6) PS contributed to yield enhancing by increasing the number of productive tillers, and effectively reduced the yield loss caused by the prolonging of seedling age, and rice yield was PS-16>PS-18>BS under different seedling age treatments, in average. In conclusion, compared to BS, PS could improve the seedling quality, reduce the missing hill percentage in machine transplanting, improve the machine transplanting quality, shorten the seedling rejuvenation period, promote plant tillering, and increase the leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, and then effectively reduce the yield loss of double late season hybrid rice with long seedling age in machine transplanting, and the benefits of PS-16 were better than that of PS-18.

Key words: late season rice of double cropping, hybrid rice, precision drill sowing, long seedling age, machine transplanting, yield.

图1

水稻生长期间空气温度和太阳辐射量 A: 空气温度; B: 太阳辐射量和日长。"

表1

不同秧龄及播种方式对水稻秧苗素质的影响"

机插秧龄
Seedling age (d)		 播种方式
Sowing method		 叶龄
Leaf age		 苗高
Seedling height
(cm)		 黄叶数
The number of yellow leaves		 茎基宽
Basal stem
width (cm)		 根长
Root length
(cm)		 茎叶干重
Dry weight of stem and leaves (mg)		 根干重
Dry weight
of root
(mg)
20 PS-16 4.40±0.17 a 14.40±1.30 a 0.27±0.04 b 0.35±0.01 a 9.48±1.35 a 51.27±1.62 a 18.40±0.66 a
PS-18 4.33±0.15 a 14.94±0.18 a 0.40±0.05 a 0.33±0.02 a 7.98±0.48 b 46.60±1.25 b 15.23±0.90 b
BS 4.43±0.23 a 15.48±0.51 a 0.33±0.05 a 0.33±0.02 a 7.73±0.22 b 46.20±1.15 b 15.16±0.91 b
25 PS-16 5.37±0.31 a 19.17±0.63 a 0.67±0.10 b 0.40±0.01 a 11.89±0.28 a 94.60±7.29 a 38.53±2.86 a
PS-18 5.29±0.02 a 19.94±0.18 a 1.25±0.10 a 0.36±0.01 b 9.65±0.12 b 76.60±1.25 b 29.77±3.06 b
BS 5.23±0.12 a 19.80±0.82 a 1.27±0.07 a 0.36±0.01 b 9.43±0.46 b 80.20±4.42 b 30.83±2.91 b
30 PS-16 5.77±0.11 a 21.70±0.53 a 0.81±0.10 b 0.45±0.03 ab 12.13±0.76 a 132.33±10.97 ab 59.20±2.59 b
PS-18 5.63±0.12 a 21.69±0.13 a 1.22±0.10 a 0.40±0.01 bc 11.05±0.48 ab 117.67±4.62 b 51.17±5.01 c
BS 5.50±0.20 a 21.61±0.64 a 1.18±0.06 a 0.38±0.01 c 10.18±0.25 b 119.00±13.53 b 51.17±2.90 c
35 PS-16 6.37±0.12 a 23.43±0.90 a 1.40±0.11 bc 0.47±0.00 a 14.67±0.71 a 149.00±8.19 a 69.20±2.59 a
PS-18 6.03±0.12 b 23.83±0.42 a 2.21±0.13 a 0.42±0.01 b 11.83±0.31 b 122.33±4.47 b 58.23±6.60 b
BS 5.97±0.12 b 23.95±0.08 a 1.91±0.51 ab 0.40±0.01 b 10.10±0.17 c 129.00±13.53 b 58.17±3.15 b
机插秧龄
Seedling age (A)		 167.39** 314.73** 123.23** 55.76** 74.43** 247.82** 349.38**
播种方法
Sowing method (M)		 5.36** 2.33 25.69** 21.19** 55.94** 17.45** 20.02**
机插秧龄×播种方法A × M 1.05 0.53 2.43 1.7 4.46** 1.17 0.98

图2

不同秧龄及播种方式对秧苗群体带分蘖秧苗比例的影响 处理同表1。数据为平均数±标准差(n = 3); 不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图3

不同秧龄及播种方式对秧苗群体可见光绝对辐射强度的影响 处理同表1。A: 秧龄20 d; B: 秧龄25 d; C: 秧龄30 d; D: 秧龄35 d。"

表2

不同秧龄及播种方式对水稻机插特性的影响"

机插秧龄 Seedling age (d) 播种方法
Sowing method		 机插每穴苗数
Number of
seedling transplanted per hill		 漏秧率Missing hill percent (%) 2~3株苗比率
Ratio of hills with 2-3 seedling
transplanted (%)		 伤根程度
Degree of root injury (%)		 伤苗率
Ratio of seedling injury (%)		 秧苗存活率 Seedling
survival rate
(%)
20 PS-16 2.47±0.14 a 3.11±1.95 b 78.89±3.85 a 24.19±2.75 b 6.20±1.55 a 97.92±3.61 a
PS-18 2.43±0.03 a 4.78±2.50 b 76.67±8.82 a 36.09±4.20 a 9.63±3.39 a 92.16±2.24 a
BS 2.45±0.14 a 13.33±3.33 a 36.67±6.67 b 38.01±4.39 a 7.44±0.83 a 85.52±2.09 b
25 PS-16 2.51±0.08 a 3.89±2.55 b 77.78±5.09 a 25.99±3.05 b 13.70±1.95 ab 93.27±6.31 a
PS-18 2.54±0.02 a 4.86±1.46 b 73.33±3.33 a 46.13±4.28 a 15.56±1.92 a 88.09±4.24 ab
BS 2.56±0.05 a 16.67±3.33 a 44.44±11.71 b 48.30±4.59 a 10.19±2.08 b 83.68±1.88 b
30 PS-16 2.43±0.15 a 3.67±0.58 b 74.44±9.18 a 39.87±3.42 b 12.75±2.53 c 94.76±9.07 a
PS-18 2.48±0.13 a 3.39±3.25 b 73.89±2.55 a 56.13±4.28 a 26.72±3.04 b 70.88±7.70 b
BS 2.43±0.12 a 16.79±6.16 a 57.22±8.39 b 51.38±2.85 a 36.82±7.76 a 69.39±7.23 b
35 PS-16 2.28±0.13 a 3.89±1.92 b 76.11±5.09 a 49.32±8.32 a 12.91±1.73 b 94.76±5.02 a
PS-18 2.32±0.05 a 4.17±2.20 b 74.44±4.19 a 49.47±6.83 a 34.62±6.29 a 74.21±4.48 b
BS 2.28±0.10 a 15.97±2.51 a 52.78±6.94 b 51.63±5.23 a 41.62±11.26 a 72.72±5.92 b
机插秧龄Seedling age (A) 8.51** 0.35 0.85 26.42** 41.99** 12.28**
播种方法Sowing method (M) 0.14 63.14** 66.66** 26.48** 23.86** 33.87**
机插秧龄×播种方法A × M 0.16 0.37 2.41 3.37 8.86** 2.66*

图4

不同秧龄及播种方式对水稻生育期的影响 处理同表1。A: 播种-抽穗期; B: 缓苗返青期; C: 缓苗-抽穗期天数。数据为平均数±标准差(n = 3)。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图5

不同秧龄及播种方式对机插10 d的分蘖数、分蘖高峰苗数和分蘖成穗率的影响 处理同表1。A: 机插10 d群体分蘖数; B: 群体高峰苗数; C: 群体成穗率。数据为平均数±标准差(n = 3)。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图6

不同秧龄及播种方式对群体抽穗期叶面积指数、株高及干物质积累的影响 处理同表1。A: 抽穗期叶面积指数; B: 株高; C: 抽穗期干物质积累; D: 成熟期干物质积累。数据为平均数±标准差(n = 3)。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表3

不同秧龄及播种方式对产量及产量结构的影响"

秧龄
Seedling age (d)		 播种方式
Sowing method		 有效穗数
Number of
productive tillers
(×105 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Number of spikelet
per panicle		 结实率
Filled grain rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(t hm-2)
20 PS-16 23.61±2.00 a 242.02±3.88 a 85.30±1.39 a 22.98±0.51 a 11.20±0.99 a
PS-18 23.57±1.42 a 241.91±1.41 a 84.16±1.31 a 22.79±0.28 a 10.94±0.68 a
BS 21.18±0.81 a 237.03±7.28 a 84.95±1.56 a 22.63±0.14 a 9.66±0.76 a
25 PS-16 23.51±1.59 a 244.03±10.00 a 84.66±4.64 a 22.25±0.68 a 10.82±1.21 a
PS-18 23.16±0.37 a 242.04±8.27 a 82.40±1.73 a 22.90±0.28 a 10.58±0.21 a
BS 21.81±1.68 a 238.10±6.20 a 82.76±2.18 a 22.66±0.40 a 9.75±1.02 a
30 PS-16 22.53±0.47 a 247.10±5.20 a 82.34±1.98 ab 22.43±0.33 b 10.29±0.61 a
PS-18 21.70±0.67 a 243.47±1.63 a 82.93±1.91 a 22.73±0.30 ab 9.83±0.46 a
BS 20.21±0.68 b 239.48±5.95 a 78.91±1.21 b 23.09±0.21 a 8.83±0.33 b
35 PS-16 22.15±1.23 a 239.91±1.81 a 79.89±1.23 a 22.91±0.18 ab 9.72±0.33 a
PS-18 21.07±0.51 ab 237.54±6.17 a 81.47±5.23 a 22.61±0.08 b 9.22±0.57 ab
BS 19.69±0.63 b 237.74±1.24 a 78.61±3.61 a 23.18±0.16 a 8.54±0.65 b
机插秧龄Seedling age (A) 6.10** 1.30 5.57** 3.18* 7.81**
播种方法Sowing method (M) 12.47** 2.46 1.43 2.28 10.80**
机插秧龄×播种方法A × M 0.23 0.18 0.72 1.56 0.13
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