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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (6): 1502-1515.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13021

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

叶面喷施甜菜碱对不同播期夏玉米产量形成及抗氧化能力的调控

陈静1(), 任佰朝1,2, 赵斌1, 刘鹏1, 张吉旺1,2,*()   

  1. 1山东农业大学农学院 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
    2山东省玉米技术创新中心, 山东莱州 261400
  • 收稿日期:2021-04-07 接受日期:2021-09-09 出版日期:2022-06-12 网络出版日期:2021-10-09
  • 通讯作者: 张吉旺
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 15650451831@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    山东省重点研发计划项目(2021LZGC014-2);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-18);山东省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZX20203700002548)

Regulation of leaf-spraying glycine betaine on yield formation and antioxidation of summer maize sowed in different dates

CHEN Jing1(), REN Bai-Zhao1,2, ZHAO Bin1, LIU Peng1, ZHANG Ji-Wang1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2Shandong Maize Technology Innovation Center, Laizhou 261400, Shandong, China
  • Received:2021-04-07 Accepted:2021-09-09 Published:2022-06-12 Published online:2021-10-09
  • Contact: ZHANG Ji-Wang
  • Supported by:
    Shandong Province Key Research and Development Program(2021LZGC014-2);National Modern Agricultural Technology and Industry System(CARS-02-18);Shandong Central Guiding the Local Science and Technology Development(YDZX20203700002548)

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摘要：

为探究叶面喷施甜菜碱对夏玉米产量形成及抗氧化能力的调控作用, 于2019—2020年在山东农业大学试验农场进行试验, 选用京农科728 (Jingnongke 728, JNK)和登海618 (Denghai 618, DH)作为试验材料, 设6月5日(early sowing date, E)、6月15日(normal sowing date, N)和6月25日(late sowing date, L) 3个播期, 拔节期(V6)和大喇叭口期(V12)两次叶面喷施10 mmol L-1甜菜碱(leaf-spraying glycine betaine, GB)、等量清水(control check, CK)两种处理方式。结果表明, 与喷施清水相比, JNK和DH喷施甜菜碱后的产量增幅分别为3.05%~12.81%和2.08%~7.83%。较对照处理, 2019年, JNK品种3个播期(E、N和L)甜菜碱处理的总小花数, 分别增加5.09%、4.70%和2.27%, DH品种变化不显著; 2020年DH品种分别增加8.28%、3.95%和4.81%, JNK品种变化不显著; 2个品种2年穗粒数的增幅为0.22%~6.45%, 籽粒百粒重平均增加0.88 g、0.06 g和-0.46 g; 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性, 3个播期平均分别增加1.23%、3.36%和3.20%, 丙二醛(MDA)含量减少11.73%。喷施甜菜碱缩小了不同播期处理间产量的差异, 有利于增加不同播期夏玉米的产量。

关键词: 夏玉米, 甜菜碱, 产量, 结实率, 籽粒灌浆

Abstract:

In order to explore the regulation of leaf-spraying glycine betaine on yield formation and antioxidation in summer maize, Jingnongke 728 (JNK) and Denghai 618 (DH) were selected as experimental materials at three different sowing dates of June 5 (early sowing date, E), June 15 (normal sowing date, N), and June 25 (late sowing date, L) from 2019 to 2020. Besides, two leaf-spraying time treatments were conducted by using 10 mmol L-1 glycine betaine (GB) and clear water (CK) at V6 and V12 stages. The results showed that compared with CK, the yield of summer maize JNK and DH after spraying glycine betaine increased by 3.05%-12.81% and 2.08%-7.83%, respectively. The average total number of florets of JNK obtained in the different treatment of E, N, and L increased by 5.09%, 4.70%, and 2.27%, respectively, which was not notably changed among DH in 2019. In contrast, the average total number of florets of DH at the sowing dates of E, N, and L increased by 8.28%, 3.95%, 4.81%, respectively, which was not notably changed among JNK in 2020 after spraying betaine. The kernels per ear increased by 0.22%-6.45%, and the 100-kernel weight of E, N, and L increased by 0.88, 0.06, and -0.46 g, respectively. In addition, the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT increased by 1.23%, 3.36%, and 3.20%, respectively, while the content of MDA decreased by 11.73%. In conclusion, spraying betaine could reduce the yield difference at different sowing dates and was beneficial to improve the productivity of summer maize at different sowing dates.

Key words: summer maize, glycine betaine, yield, seed setting rate, grain filling

图1

试验期间夏玉米生长季温度、降雨和太阳辐射(2019-2020)"

图2

甜菜碱对不同播期夏玉米产量及其构成因素的影响 E-CK: 6月5日播期对照; N-CK: 6月15日播期对照; L-CK: 6月25日播期对照; E-GB: 6月5日播期喷施甜菜碱; N-GB: 6月15日播期喷施甜菜碱; L-GB: 6月25日播期喷施甜菜碱; JNK: 京农科728; DH: 登海618。不同小写字母表示达到0.05显著水平。"

表1

喷施甜菜碱后不同播期夏玉米产量和产量构成因素的方差分析"

变异来源
Source of variation		 自由度
Degrees of freedom		 产量
Yield		 穗粒数
Kernels per ear		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight		 穗数
Harvest ear number
年份Year (Y) 1 ** ** ** **
播期 Sowing date (S) 2 ** ** ** **
品种 Hybrid (H) 1 ** ** ns **
甜菜碱 Glycine betaine (G) 1 ** ** * ns
S×G 2 ns ns ** **
S×H 2 ** ns ** **
H×G 1 ns ns ** ns
S×H×G 2 ns ns * ns

表2

喷施甜菜碱后不同播期夏玉米的产量和产量构成因素变化率"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield		 穗粒数
Kernels per ear		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight		 穗数
Harvest ear number		 单穗重
Weight per ear		 单位面积穗粒数
Kernels per area
2019 E-JNK 12.81 a 1.83 cd 8.36 a 2.23 b 10.34 a 4.11 b
E-DH 2.08 d 2.29 cd -0.85 b 0.64 b 1.42 b 2.95 b
N-JNK 6.62 bc 4.43 bc 2.09 b 0.00 c 6.62 a 4.43 b
N-DH 2.83 d 6.07 a -4.43 c 1.44 b 1.37 b 7.60 ab
L-JNK 4.38 cd 0.27 d -5.85 c 10.58 a -5.60 c 10.87 a
L-DH 3.64 cd 0.22 d -5.33 c 9.23 a -5.12 c 9.48 a
2020 E-JNK 7.26 a 6.25 a 0.94 b 0.01 b 7.25 a 6.26 a
E-DH 7.16 a 6.67 a 0.63 b 0.07 b 7.34 a 6.49 a
N-JNK 4.75 ab 0.63 b 4.07 a 0.03 b 4.72 ab 0.66 b
N-DH 7.17 a 2.78 ab 4.19 a 0.08 b 7.08 a 2.86 b
L-JNK 3.05 b 3.45 ab -0.56 b 0.18 b 2.86 b 3.64 ab
L-DH 7.83 a 6.45 a 0.54 b 0.76 a 7.02 a 7.26 a

表3

产量和产量构成因素变化率的回归方程"

项目
Item		 标准化回归方程
Standardized regression		 决定系数
R2
所有处理 All treatments Y = 0.837X1+1.469X2+1.220X3 0.9990**
6月5日播期Sowing date June 5 (E) Y = 0.576X1+1.403X2+0.271X3 0.9999**
6月15日播期Sowing date June 15 (N) Y = 1.162X1+1.231X2+2.105X3 0.9999**
6月25日播期Sowing date June 25 (L) Y = 1.585X1+2.016X2+2.104X3 0.9999**
京农科728 Jingnongke 728 Y = 0.698X1+1.453X2+1.208X3 0.9995**
登海618 Denghai 618 Y = 1.045X1+1.422X2+1.340X3 0.9992**

图3

甜菜碱对不同播期夏玉米生育进程的影响 E-CK: 6月5日播期对照; N-CK: 6月15日播期对照; L-CK: 6月25日播期对照; E-GB: 6月5日播期喷施甜菜碱; N-GB: 6月15日播期喷施甜菜碱; L-GB: 6月25日播期喷施甜菜碱; JNK: 京农科728; DH: 登海618; SD: 播种; VT: 抽雄期; R1: 吐丝期; R6: 成熟期。"

图4

甜菜碱对不同播期夏玉米总小花数和总结实率的影响 E-CK: 6月5日播期对照; N-CK: 6月15日播期对照; L-CK: 6月25日播期对照; E-GB: 6月5日播期喷施甜菜碱; N-GB: 6月15日播期喷施甜菜碱; L-GB: 6月25日播期喷施甜菜碱; JNK: 京农科728; DH: 登海618。不同小写字母表示达到0.05显著水平。"

图5

总结实率变化率和总小花数变化率的回归分析 JNK-N: 京农科728总小花数; JNK-T: 京农科728总结实率; DH-N: 登海618总小花数; DH-T: 登海618总结实率; JNK: 京农科728; DH: 登海618。"

图6

甜菜碱对不同播期籽粒干重及干重变化量的影响 E-JNK: 6月5日播期京农科728; N-JNK: 6月15日播期京农科728; L-JNK: 6月25日播期京农科728; E-DH: 6月5日播期登海618; N-DH: 6月15日播期登海618; L-DH: 6月25日播期登海618; CK: 对照。"

图7

不同播期籽粒灌浆速率及总灌浆速率变化量 处理和缩写同图6。"

图8

籽粒干重变化量和总灌浆速率变化量的回归分析 JNK: 京农科728; DH: 登海618。"

表4

甜菜碱对不同播期果穗穗部性状的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 畸形率
Abnormal ear rate (%)		 穗长
Ear length (cm)		 秃顶长
Barren ear length (cm)		 穗粗
Ear diameter (cm)		 秃尖比
Barren ear length/ ear length (%)		 有效穗长
Effective ear length (cm)
2019 京农科728 Jingnongke 728
E-CK 27.16 a 17.57 a 1.54 b 4.62 bc 8.76 b 16.03 a
E-GB 13.03 b 17.59 a 1.47 b 4.56 c 8.36 b 16.12 a
N-CK 27.11 a 17.47 a 2.22 a 4.73 b 12.71 a 15.25 b
N-GB 12.49 b 17.5 a 2.19 a 4.82 b 12.51 a 15.31 b
L-CK 13.70 b 14.46 b 0.94 c 5.11 a 6.50 c 13.52 c
L-GB 28.08 a 14.46 b 0.75 c 5.01 a 5.19 c 13.71 c
登海618 Denghai 618
E-CK 15.56 b 17.17 a 0.34 c 4.6 b 1.98 d 16.83 a
E-GB 10.31 cd 17.05 a 0.21 c 4.49 c 1.23 d 16.84 a
N-CK 12.31 c 17.56 a 1.21 a 4.85 ab 6.89 a 16.35 a
N-GB 9.24 d 17.53 a 1.29 a 4.87 ab 7.36 a 16.24 a
L-CK 8.92 d 17.87 a 0.91 ab 4.95 a 5.09 b 16.96 a
L-GB 22.54 a 17.80 a 0.62 b 4.87 ab 3.48 c 17.18 a
2020 京农科728 Jingnongke 728
E-CK 7.22 c 16.67 a 1.49 a 4.57 c 8.94 a 15.18 a
E-GB 3.13 d 16.69 a 1.38 a 4.72 b 8.20 a 15.31 a
N-CK 9.38 c 16.77 a 1.53 a 4.79 b 9.12 a 15.24 a
N-GB 9.28 c 16.75 a 1.45 a 4.82 ab 8.76 a 15.30 a
L-CK 23.76 b 16.50 a 1.60 a 4.90 a 9.70 a 14.90 a
L-GB 26.04 a 16.86 a 1.50 a 4.85 a 8.90 a 15.36 a
年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 畸形率
Abnormal ear rate (%)		 穗长
Ear length (cm)		 秃顶长
Barren ear length (cm)		 穗粗
Ear diameter (cm)		 秃尖比
Barren ear length/ ear length (%)		 有效穗长
Effective ear length (cm)
登海618 Denghai 618
E-CK 6.19 b 18.48 a 0.67 b 4.67 b 3.63 d 17.81 ab
E-GB 2.97 c 18.63 a 0.63 b 4.65 b 4.99 c 18.00 a
N-CK 4.00 b 18.79 a 0.87 b 4.85 ab 4.63 c 17.92 a
N-GB 4.21 b 18.79 a 0.60 b 4.77 b 3.19 d 18.19 a
L-CK 13.59 a 18.44 a 1.64 a 4.90 a 8.89 a 16.80 b
L-GB 14.14 a 18.84 a 1.14 a 4.91 a 6.05 b 17.70 ab

图9

甜菜碱对夏玉米叶片抗氧化特性的影响 CK: 对照; GB: 喷施甜菜碱; VT、VT+15、VT+30和VT+45分别代表抽雄期、抽雄后15 d、30 d、45 d; R6: 成熟期。"

表5

不同播期夏玉米全生育期的气候条件"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 日均温
DAT
(℃)		 日均温I
DAT I
(℃)		 日均温II
DAT II
(℃)		 日均辐射
DAR
(MJ m-2)		 日均辐射I
DAR I
(MJ m-2)		 日均辐射II
DAR II
(MJ m-2)		 总降雨
TP
(mm)		 降雨天数I TPD I
(d)		 降雨天数II TPD II
(d)
2019 E-JNK 25.96 27.30 24.53 16.16 18.62 13.80 206.50 12 31
E-DH 25.96 27.22 24.70 16.16 18.64 13.94 206.50 12 31
N-JNK 25.49 27.61 23.42 15.54 17.60 13.75 190.50 16 24
N-DH 25.45 27.65 23.43 15.53 17.77 13.68 190.50 15 25
L-JNK 24.54 27.24 22.09 14.78 15.90 13.80 182.00 24 17
L-DH 24.45 27.39 22.02 14.76 16.38 13.48 182.00 22 19
2020 E-JNK 25.42 25.05 25.81 14.57 15.40 13.69 221.20 37 42
E-DH 25.44 25.11 25.77 14.62 15.76 13.48 221.20 35 44
N-JNK 24.84 24.94 25.59 14.08 14.64 13.45 219.00 44 35
N-DH 24.89 24.87 24.91 14.15 14.57 13.74 219.00 43 36
L-JNK 24.01 25.54 22.72 13.56 14.11 13.10 200.50 46 28
L-DH 24.01 25.47 22.83 13.56 14.07 13.15 200.50 45 29

表6

产量及其构成因素与气象因子的相关性"

处理
Treatment		 因子
Factor		 产量
Yield		 穗粒数
Kernels per ear		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight		 穗数
Harvest ear number
CK 日均温 DAT 0.075 -0.350** 0.195 0.349**
日均温I DAT I -0.404** 0.568** -0.640** -0.432**
日均温II DAT II 0.429** -0.734** 0.699** 0.658**
日均辐射 DAR -0.180 0.027 -0.190 -0.016
日均辐射I DAR I -0.182 0.101 -0.240 -0.029
日均辐射II DAR II -0.131 0.006 -0.078 -0.145
总降雨 TP 0.468** -0.805** 0.771** 0.687**
降雨天数I TPD I 0.291* -0.273* 0.389** 0.233
降雨天数II TPD II 0.462** -0.850** 0.802** 0.705**
GB 日均温 DAT 0.133 -0.206 0.207 0.371*
日均温I DAT I -0.463** 0.441** -0.637** -0.167
日均温II DAT II 0.509** -0.492** 0.693** 0.473**
日均辐射 DAR -0.163 0.063 -0.194 0.159
日均辐射I DAR I -0.177 0.116 -0.238 0.169
日均辐射II DAR II -0.114 0.041 -0.115 -0.097
总降雨 TP 0.556** -0.549** 0.763** 0.452**
降雨天数I TPD I 0.303* -0.212 0.388** -0.012
降雨天数II TPD II 0.553** -0.666** 0.830** 0.486**

表7

产量及其构成因素变化率与气象因子的相关性"

因子Factor Y X1 X2 X3
日均温 DAT 0.267 0.127 0.359 -0.301
日均温I DAT I -0.170 -0.289 -0.372 0.497*
日均温II DAT II 0.327 0.283 0.620* -0.663*
日均辐射 DAR 0.108 -0.140 0.071 0.092
日均辐射I DAR I 0.063 -0.119 0.013 0.109
日均辐射II DAR II 0.090 -0.247 0.073 0.154
总降雨 TP 0.354 0.312 0.662** -0.711**
降雨天数I TPD I 0.014 0.198 0.163 -0.312
降雨天数II TPD II 0.362 0.496 0.570* -0.721**
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