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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (10): 2793-2805.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23074

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

麦后复种绿肥翻压还田结合减氮对土壤水热特性及玉米产量的影响

王鹏飞(), 于爱忠*(), 王玉珑, 苏向向, 柴健, 李悦, 吕汉强, 尚永盼, 杨学慧   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院 / 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2022-11-08 接受日期:2023-02-21 出版日期:2023-10-12 网络出版日期:2023-03-03
  • 通讯作者: 于爱忠, E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: Wangpf19970801@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    甘肃省教育厅产业支撑项目(2021CYZC-54);国家自然科学基金项目(32160524);甘肃省基础研究创新群体项目(20JR5RA037);甘肃农业大学伏羲杰出人才培育计划项目(Gaufx-04J01)

Effects of multiple cropping green manure after wheat harvest combined with reduced nitrogen application on soil hydrothermal characteristics and maize yield

WANG Peng-Fei(), YU Ai-Zhong*(), WANG Yu-Long, SU Xiang-Xiang, CHAI Jian, LI Yue, LYU Han-Qiang, SHANG Yong-Pan, YANG Xue-Hui   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2022-11-08 Accepted:2023-02-21 Published:2023-10-12 Published online:2023-03-03
  • Contact: E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Industrial Support Project of Gansu Provincial Department of Education(2021CYZC-54);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160524);Innovation group of basic Research in Gansu Province(20JR5RA037);Fuxi Outstanding Talent Cultivation Program of Gansu Agricultural University(Gaufx-04J01)

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摘要：

为了寻求西北灌区集约农田可持续发展的生态高效氮肥管理制度, 本文通过复种绿肥还田结合氮肥调控, 重点从土壤水热特性及玉米产量的角度分析研究, 以期为区域发展节氮增效农业提供理论依据。于2020—2021年在武威绿洲农业试验站开展田间试验, 研究了绿肥还田结合减量施氮(绿肥还田结合减量施氮0, N100; 绿肥还田结合减量施氮10%, N90; 绿肥还田结合减量施氮20%, N80; 绿肥还田结合减量施氮30%, N70; 绿肥还田结合减量施氮40%, N60)对玉米田土壤水热特性及玉米产量的影响。结果表明, N80处理可提高玉米田0~110 cm土层土壤含水量, 而且还合理调节0~25 cm土壤温度, 在播种期, N80处理较N70、N60处理土壤温度提高0.6~0.8℃, 土壤积温提高22~32℃, 有利于玉米出苗; 在吐丝期至灌浆期, N80处理较N100、N90处理土壤温度降低0.5~0.8℃, 土壤积温降低29~41℃, 有效避免了玉米根系及叶片发生早衰, 同时N80处理在增温和降温阶段的变化幅度小于其他处理, 稳温效果较好; 且该条件下玉米籽粒产量相较于传统施氮处理未下降。通过相关性分析表明玉米籽粒产量与土壤温度间呈显著正相关关系, 而与土壤水分间无显著相关关系。因此, 麦后复种绿肥翻压还田结合减量施氮20%可作为西北绿洲灌区发展蓄水调温的合理氮肥管理制度。

关键词: 绿肥, 氮肥, 土壤水分, 土壤温度, 产量

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to seek an ecologically efficient nitrogen fertilizer management system for the sustainable development of intensive farmland in the northwest irrigation area. To provide a theoretical basis for the regional development of nitrogen-saving and efficient agriculture, we focuses on the analysis and study of soil hydrothermal characteristics and maize yield through multiple cropping green manure combined with nitrogen fertilizer regulation. A field experiment was conducted at the Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Experiment Station from 2020 to 2021 to study the effects of green manure return combined with reduced N application (green manure return combined with reduced N application 0, N100; green manure return combined with reduced N application 10%, N90; green manure return combined with reduced N application 20%, N80; green manure return combined with reduced N application 30%, N70; green manure return combined with reduced N application 40%, N60) on soil hydrothermal characteristics and maize yield in maize fields. The results showed that N80 treatment could increase soil moisture content in 0-110 cm soil layer of corn field, and adjust soil temperature in 0-25 cm soil reasonably. During planting period, the soil temperature and accumulated temperature of N80 treatment increased by 0.6-0.8℃ and 22-32℃ compared with N70 and N60 treatments, which was beneficial to the emergence of maize. From the spinning stage to the filling stage, the soil temperature of N80 treatment was reduced by 0.5-0.8℃ compared with N100 and N90 treatment, and the accumulated soil temperature was reduced by 29-41℃, which effectively avoided the premature senescence of maize roots and leaves. Meanwhile, the variation range of N80 treatment at the warming and cooling stages was smaller than the other treatments, and the temperature stabilization effect was better. Maize grain yield under this condition did not decrease compared with the traditional nitrogen treatment. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between maize grain yield and soil temperature, but there was no significant correlation between maize grain yield and soil moisture. Therefore, multiple cropping green manure after wheat harvest combined with nitrogen reduction 20% can be a reasonable N fertilizer management system for the development of water storage and temperature regulation in the northwest oasis irrigation areas.

Key words: green manure, nitrogen fertilizer, soil moisture, soil temperature, yield

图1

2020-2021年试验区日降雨量和日均温变化"

表1

不同试验处理的施肥制度"

代码
Code		 处理
Treatment		 基肥
Base
fertilizer
(kg hm-2)		 追肥Top application (kg hm-2) 总施氮量
Total N
application rate
(kg hm-2)
大喇叭口期
Flare opening stage		 花后15 d
15 days after flowering
N100 绿肥还田结合减量施氮0
Green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 0		 108 180 72 360
N90 绿肥还田结合减量施氮10%
Green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 10%		 98 162 64 324
N80 绿肥还田结合减量施氮20%
Green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 20%		 86 144 58 288
N70 绿肥还田结合减量施氮30%
Green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 30%		 76 126 50 252
N60 绿肥还田结合减量施氮40%
Green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 40%		 64 108 44 216

图 2

不同处理全生育期含水量动态 N100、N90、N80、N70、N60处理依次为减少常规施氮量(360 kg hm-2)的0、10%、20%、30%、40%; 误差线表示LSD值。"

图 3

不同处理土壤含水量的垂直变化 处理同图2。误差线表示LSD值。"

图 4

不同处理0~25 cm土层平均土壤温度的日变化 处理同图2。误差线表示LSD值。"

图5

不同处理0~25 cm土层平均土壤温度的深度变化 处理同图2。误差线表示LSD值。"

表2

不同处理玉米各生育阶段土壤温度与土壤积温差异"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 播种-拔节期
Sowing-jointing		 拔节-大喇叭口期
Jointing-big flare		 大喇叭口期-吐丝期
Big flare-silking		 吐丝-灌浆末期
Silking-late filling		 灌浆末期-完熟期
Late filling-full-ripe		 全生育期
Whole growth period
ST SAT ST SAT ST SAT ST SAT ST SAT AST TSAT
2020 N100 19.4 a 776 a 22.1 a 862 a 27.1 a 542 a 23.6 a 920 a 16.6 a 349 a 21.8 a 3449 a
N90 19.5 a 780 a 21.8 a 850 a 26.9 a 537 a 23.4 a 913 a 16.5 a 347 a 21.6 a 3426 a
N80 19.2 ab 768 ab 21.3 b 831 b 26.2 b 524 b 22.4 b 874 b 16.3 a 342 a 21.1 b 3339 b
N70 18.6 bc 744 bc 20.8 c 811 c 25.2 c 504 c 22.1 bc 862 bc 15.9 a 334 a 20.5 c 3255 c
N60 18.3 c 732 c 20.4 d 796 d 25.1 c 502 c 21.8 c 850 c 16.1 a 338 a 20.3 c 3218 c
2021 N100 18.2 a 728 a 20.5 a 800 a 26.8 a 536 a 23.3 a 909 a 16.3 a 342 a 21.0 a 3315 a
N90 18.1 a 724 a 20.4 a 796 a 26.5 a 530 a 22.9 b 893 b 16.2 a 340 a 20.8 a 3283 a
N80 17.9 a 716 a 19.7 b 768 b 25.9 b 518 b 22.4 c 874 c 16.1 a 338 a 20.4 b 3214 b
N70 17.4 b 696 b 19.2 c 749 c 25.4 c 508 c 22.1 cd 862 cd 15.9 a 334 a 20.0 c 3149 c
N60 17.2 b 688 b 19.1 c 745 c 25.1 c 502 c 21.8 d 850 d 15.6 a 328 a 19.8 c 3113 c

图6

不同处理下玉米籽粒产量 处理同图2。不同小写字母表示处理间在P < 0.05水平上显著。"

图7

玉米产量构成因素与土壤水热间的相关性 Y表示籽粒产量; X1~X6分别表示玉米地上部生物量、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、土壤水分、土壤积温。"

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