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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (8): 2296-2307.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21051

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    下一篇

灌水和施氮对冬小麦根系特征及氮素利用的影响

刘世洁1(), 杨习文1, 马耕1,2, 冯昊翔1, 韩志栋1, 韩潇杰1, 张晓燕1, 贺德先1, 马冬云1,2, 谢迎新1,2, 王丽芳1,2,*(), 王晨阳1,2,*()   

  1. 1 河南农业大学农学院 / 省部共建小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室, 河南郑州 450046
    2 河南省小麦技术创新中心, 河南郑州 450046
  • 收稿日期:2022-09-30 接受日期:2023-02-10 出版日期:2023-08-12 网络出版日期:2023-02-27
  • 通讯作者: 王丽芳,王晨阳
  • 作者简介:E-mail: liushijie9787@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(32001475);河南省科技攻关项目(222102110166);河南省高等学校重点科研项目(21A210025);河南农业大学科技创新基金项目(KJCX2020A01)

Effects of water and nitrogen application on root characteristics and nitrogen utilization in winter wheat

LIU Shi-Jie1(), YANG Xi-Wen1, MA Geng1,2, FENG Hao-Xiang1, HAN Zhi-Dong1, HAN Xiao-Jie1, ZHANG Xiao-Yan1, HE De-Xian1, MA Dong-Yun1,2, XIE Ying-Xin1,2, WANG Li-Fang1,2,*(), WANG Chen-Yang1,2,*()   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
    2 Henan Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
  • Received:2022-09-30 Accepted:2023-02-10 Published:2023-08-12 Published online:2023-02-27
  • Contact: WANG Li-Fang,WANG Chen-Yang
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001475);Key Science and Technology Project of Henan Province(222102110166);Key Scientific Research Project of Henan Province(21A210025);Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Henan Agricultural University(KJCX2020A01)

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摘要：

植株根系的形态和生理特性决定着其获取养分和水分的能力, 分析麦田冬小麦根系形态特征、根系活力对水氮的响应及其与地上干物质积累、产量和氮素利用的关系, 有利于构建合理的冬小麦根群结构, 促进根冠协调生长并提高氮肥利用效率。在麦田定位试验基础上, 采用裂区试验设计, 设置2个灌溉主处理(W0: 全生育期不灌水、W1: 拔节期和开花期各灌水1次)以及3个施氮副处理(N0: 0 kg hm-2、N180: 180 kg hm-2 和N300: 300 kg hm-2)。结果表明: 与W0处理相比, W1抑制根长密度的增加, 但增加根系平均直径, 提高0~20 cm土层根表面积和根干重密度, 显著提高根系活力4.98%~22.7%, 降低根冠比1.47%~11.25%; 2年平均小麦产量、氮素吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高15.50%、13.40%和14.91%。施氮促进根系生长, 与不施氮处理相比, 施氮显著提高根系平均直径、根长密度、根表面积、根干重密度和根系活力, 降低根冠比。其中N180更有利于根系生长, 提高冬小麦根系各形态指标和根系活力, 与N300相比, 2年平均产量提高2.53%, 而氮素吸收效率和氮肥农学效率分别显著提高44.51%和39.37%。相关分析表明, 拔节期至开花期根干重密度与产量、氮利用率呈显著正相关关系; 根冠比与产量呈显著负相关关系, 与氮利用率呈正相关关系。因此, 合理的灌水和施氮能够优化根系形态及分布, 提高根系活力, 协调根冠干物质分配, 提高产量和氮利用率。在冬小麦生产中拔节和开花期各灌水1次结合180 kg hm-2施氮量有利于促进产量和氮素利用效率协同提高。

关键词: 冬小麦, 根系特征, 根冠比, 产量, 氮素利用

Abstract:

The morphological and physiological characteristics of the root system determine the ability of a plant to obtain nutrients and water. In winter wheat, to building a sensible root population structure, coordinating root-shoot growth, and improving the efficiency of N fertilizer utilization, root morphological characteristic and root activity in response to water and nitrogen (N) and their relationships with dry matter accumulation in shoots, yield, and N utilization were analyzed. A field experiment was conducted using split-plot on design two factors. Two main levels of water supply, W0 (no irrigation during the whole growth period) and W1 (irrigation once each at the jointing and flowering stages), and three secondary levels of N application [N0 (0 kg hm-2), N180 (180 kg hm-2), and N300 (300 kg hm-2)] were set. Compared with W0, W1 inhibited the increase of root length density but increased the root average diameter in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers, increased root surface area and root dry weight density in the 0-20 cm soil layer, significantly increased root activity by 4.98%-22.7%, reduced root-shoot ratio by 1.47%-11.25%, and yield, N uptake efficiency, and partial productivity of N fertilizer increased by 15.50%, 13.40%, and 14.91%, respectively. Compared with N0, N application promoted root growth, significantly increased the average root diameter, root length density, root surface area, root dry weight density, and root activity, while decreasing the root-shoot ratio. N180 was more beneficial to root growth than N300, N180 improved root morphological indicators and activity, while increasing yield, N uptake efficiency and agronomic use efficiency of N fertilizer by 2.53%, 44.51%, and 39.37%, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that root dry weight density from jointing stage to flowering stages was positively correlated with the yield and N use efficiency, while the root-shoot ratio was negatively correlated with yield and positively correlated with N use efficiency. Therefore, appropriate levels of irrigation and N application optimized root morphology and distribution, improved root activity, coordinated root and shoot dry matter distribution and improved yield and N utilization. In winter wheat production, W1N180 is beneficial to promote the synergistic improvement of yield and N use efficiency.

Key words: winter wheat, root characteristics, root-shoot ratio, yield, nitrogen use efficiency

图1

2020-2021和2021-2022年冬小麦生长季试验区日均温与降雨量"

表1

试验地播前及收获期0~40 cm土层土壤含水量和全氮含量"

土层
Soil layer (cm)		 处理
Treatment		 土壤含水量Soil water content (%) 全氮含量Total nitrogen (g kg-1)
播前Sowing 收获Maturity 播前Sowing 收获Maturity
0-20 W0N0 16.46 5.19 0.86 0.76
W0N180 16.46 5.73 0.86 0.92
W0N300 16.46 5.29 0.86 0.90
W1N0 16.87 8.47 0.88 0.79
W1N180 16.87 8.19 0.88 0.91
W1N300 16.87 8.24 0.88 0.85
20-40 W0N0 16.09 5.51 0.69 0.41
W0N180 16.09 5.80 0.69 0.37
W0N300 16.09 5.39 0.69 0.48
W1N0 15.98 9.16 0.70 0.42
W1N180 15.98 8.77 0.70 0.52
W1N300 15.98 8.43 0.70 0.59

表2

2020-2022年不同水氮处理下冬小麦产量及其构成因素"

处理
Treatment		 2020-2021 2021-2022
穗数
NS (×104 spikes hm-2)		 穗粒数
GNS		 千粒重
TGW (g)		 产量
GY (kg hm-2)		 穗数
NS (×104 spikes hm-2)		 穗粒数
GNS		 千粒重
TGW (g)		 产量
GY (kg hm-2)
W0 524.7 b 31.0 a 50.1 a 7420 b 461.4 b 32.5 b 50.5 a 7623 b
W1 586.4 a 31.8 a 49.0 b 8766 a 532.5 a 34.6 a 47.8 b 8570 a
N0 500.0 b 29.9 b 53.5 a 7614 b 369.2 c 31.7 b 52.3 a 6323 c
N180 575.4 a 31.2 ab 49.2 b 8253 a 541.7 b 34.1 a 49.4 b 9328 a
N300 591.3 a 33.1 a 45.8 c 8412 a 580.0 a 34.9 a 45.8 c 8638 b
W0N0 490.8 b 29.5 b 54.1 a 6977 a 358.3 b 31.0 b 52.8 a 5901 c
W0N180 535.8 a 30.7 ab 50.3 b 7555 a 507.5 a 32.9 ab 50.7 b 8824 a
W0N300 547.5 a 32.7 a 45.9 c 7727 a 518.3 a 33.7 a 48.0 c 8145 b
W1N0 509.2 b 30.3 b 52.8 a 8251 b 380.0 c 32.3 b 51.8 a 6746 c
W1N180 615.0 a 31.7 ab 48.3 b 8950 a 575.8 b 35.3 a 48.0 b 9832 a
W1N300 635.0 a 33.5 a 45.7 c 9098 a 641.7 a 36.0 a 43.6 c 9132 b
F-value
W 45.51*** 2.22NS 13.00** 76.10*** 44.10*** 14.62** 409.96*** 47.43***
N 37.93*** 10.96** 193.49*** 9.98** 146.67*** 13.29*** 795.35*** 174.79***
W×N 5.69* 0.01NS 2.41NS 0.10NS 7.53** 0.44NS 52.27*** 0.14NS

表3

2020-2022年不同水氮处理下冬小麦氮素利用效率"

处理
Treatment		 2020-2021 (kg kg-1) 2021-2022 (kg kg-1)
氮素利用效率
NUE		 氮素吸收效率
UPE		 氮肥农学效率
NAE		 氮肥偏生产力
PFPF		 氮素利用效率
NUE		 氮素吸收效率
UPE		 氮肥农学效率
NAE		 氮肥偏生产力
PFPF
W0 32.30 b 1.20 b 2.86 a 33.87 b 41.90 b 1.03 b 11.86 b 38.09 b
W1 33.75 a 1.45 a 3.35 a 40.02 a 44.78 a 1.10 a 12.55 a 42.53 a
N0 35.58 a — — — 52.36 a — — —
N180 32.50 b 1.59 a 3.55 a 45.85 a 40.76 b 1.25 a 16.69 a 51.82 a
N300 30.99 c 1.06 b 2.66 a 28.04 b 36.90 c 0.89 b 7.72 b 28.79 b
W0N0 35.54 a — — — 52.44 a — — —
W0N180 31.03 b 1.48 a 3.21 a 41.97 a 39.07 b 1.21 a 16.24 a 49.02 a
W0N300 30.34 b 0.93 b 2.50 a 25.76 b 34.19 c 0.86 b 7.48 b 27.15 b
W1N0 35.63 a — — — 52.28 a — — —
W1N180 33.98 b 1.69 a 3.88 a 49.72 a 42.44 b 1.28 a 17.14 a 54.62 a
W1N300 31.65 c 1.20 b 2.82 b 30.33 b 39.62 c 0.92 b 7.95 b 30.44 b
F-value
W 17.52** 148.79*** 1.12NS 79.52*** 42.18*** 26.20*** 6.81* 40.60***
N 60.90*** 690.27*** 3.56NS 665.01*** 439.42*** 704.57*** 1152.16*** 1089.62***
W×N 5.70* 2.65NS 0.14NS 5.30NS 13.56*** 0.16NS 0.66NS 2.74NS

图2

2020-2021年水氮处理下不同生育时期不同土层冬小麦根系形态指标 处理同表2。同一生育期不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表4

2021-2022年水氮处理下开花期不同土层冬小麦根系形态指标"

处理
Treatment		 根系平均直径
Average root diameter
(mm)		 根长密度
Root length density
(cm cm-3)		 根表面积
Root surface area
(mm2 cm-3)		 根干重密度
Root dry weight density
(g cm-3)
0-20 cm 20-40 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm
W0 0.30 b 0.29 b 5.21 a 1.70 a 49.07 b 15.48 a 406.03 b 122.37 a
W1 0.34 a 0.31 a 4.95 b 1.37 b 53.06 a 13.45 b 446.99 a 110.38 a
N0 0.31 b 0.29 b 3.74 c 1.22 c 36.07 c 11.11 c 354.81 c 104.34 c
N180 0.33 a 0.32 a 6.11 a 1.82 a 63.82 a 18.09 a 478.61 a 130.41 a
N300 0.32 b 0.29 b 5.40 b 1.57 b 53.32 b 14.19 b 446.10 b 114.37 b
W0N0 0.29 e 0.28 cd 3.79 d 1.31 d 34.58 d 11.50 d 345.64 d 110.46 c
W0N180 0.31 d 0.30 b 6.25 a 2.07 a 60.92 b 19.64 a 452.93 a 135.95 a
W0N300 0.30 e 0.28 d 5.59 bc 1.73 b 51.70 c 15.31 b 419.53 c 120.70 b
W1N0 0.32 c 0.30 b 3.69 d 1.13 e 37.56 d 10.73 d 363.98 d 98.22 d
W1N180 0.36 a 0.34 a 5.97 ab 1.57 bc 66.71 a 16.54 b 504.30 a 124.87 b
W1N300 0.34 b 0.29 bc 5.20 c 1.41 cd 54.93 c 13.08 c 472.68 a 108.05 c
F-value
W 226.38*** 41.32*** 4.37NS 62.99*** 9.03* 25.52*** 28.06*** 28.73***
N 33.28*** 27.47*** 130.94*** 69.64*** 148.26*** 100.60*** 91.92*** 46.08***
W×N 1.55NS 2.91NS 0.46NS 4.94NS 0.46NS 2.87NS 2.14NS 0.04NS

表5

水氮处理下不同时期不同土层冬小麦根系活力(2020-2021)"

处理
Treatment		 0-20 cm 20-40 cm
拔节期
Jointing stage		 开花期
Anthesis stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 开花期
Anthesis stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
W0 93.72 b 52.90 b 35.38 b 22.04 b 57.91 b 46.45 b 32.79 b 19.90 a
W1 104.50 a 62.98 a 43.61 a 24.22 a 60.87 a 49.75 a 36.85 a 21.24 a
N0 92.25 b 53.27 c 34.01 c 18.50 b 56.24 b 42.04 b 29.33 c 17.49 b
N180 105.42 a 62.46 a 44.87 a 24.56 a 61.74 a 52.67 a 39.06 a 22.59 a
N300 99.67 a 58.09 b 39.61 b 26.33 a 60.20 ab 49.59 a 36.07 b 21.64 a
W0N0 87.46 c 49.69 c 29.87 e 18.03 c 54.43 c 40.64 d 27.95 c 17.12 c
W0N180 97.55 bc 56.38 b 41.75 bc 22.94 b 59.71 abc 50.90 ab 37.35 a 21.16 b
W0N300 96.16 bc 52.63 bc 34.52 de 25.15 ab 59.59 abc 47.80 bc 33.07 b 21.43 b
W1N0 97.03 bc 56.85 b 38.15 cd 18.97 c 58.04 bc 43.43 cd 30.71 bc 17.86 c
W1N180 113.29 a 68.53 a 48.00 a 26.18 ab 63.77 a 54.44 a 40.76 a 24.01 a
W1N300 103.18 ab 63.56 a 44.69 ab 27.51 a 60.81 ab 51.38 ab 39.07 a 21.84 ab
F-value
W 14.97** 38.84*** 43.40*** 5.09* 4.97* 5.52* 15.25** 4.56 NS
N 7.49** 10.76** 25.20*** 24.03*** 6.07* 20.16*** 30.69*** 25.04***
W×N 0.86NS 0.86NS 0.82NS 0.48NS 0.44NS 0.03NS 0.90NS 1.48NS

表6

不同水氮处理下冬小麦根系、地上部干重及根冠比"

指标
Index		 处理
Treatment		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 开花期
Anthesis stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
根系干重 W0N0 590.4 a 700.4 c 635.1 b 552.0 c
Root dry weight (kg hm-2) W0N180 618.8 a 763.2 b 699.1 ab 599.3 abc
W0N300 586.9 a 727.1 bc 659.5 b 570.9 bc
W1N0 610.0 a 737.1 bc 673.3 ab 594.2 abc
W1N180 634.1 a 833.8 a 758.8 a 655.5 a
W1N300 612.5 a 764.5 b 699.0 ab 630.1 ab
地上部干重 W0N0 6771.0 c 10,609.0 c 12,823.1 c 14,550.4 d
Shoot dry weight (kg hm-2) W0N180 7446.6 ab 12,278.9 b 14,603.7 b 16,828.0 c
W0N300 7588.0 ab 12,656.8 b 14,933.0 b 17,757.2 c
W1N0 7093.7 bc 11,874.8 b 14,239.9 b 16,599.4 c
W1N180 7731.0 ab 14,924.7 a 16,800.4 a 21,055.9 b
W1N300 8007.3 a 15,237.4 a 17,632.8 a 22,499.9 a
根冠比 W0N0 0.087 a 0.066 a 0.050 a 0.038 a
Root-shoot ratio W0N180 0.083 a 0.062 ab 0.048 ab 0.036 ab
W0N300 0.077 a 0.058 abc 0.044 bc 0.032 bc
W1N0 0.086 a 0.062 ab 0.047 ab 0.036 ab
W1N180 0.082 a 0.056 bc 0.045 ab 0.031 bc
W1N300 0.077 a 0.050 c 0.040 c 0.028 c

图3

不同时期冬小麦根干重密度、根冠比与产量及氮利用的相关分析 GY: 产量; JRWD、ARWD、FRWD和MRWD分别代表拔节、开花、灌浆和成熟期根干重密度; JR/S、AR/S、FR/S和MR/S分别代表拔节、开花、灌浆和成熟期根冠比; UPE: 氮素吸收效率; NAE: 氮肥农学效率, PFPE: 氮肥偏生产力; *表示在0.05概率水平差异显著, **表示在0.01概率水平差异显著, ***表示在0.001概率水平差异显著; 红色圆圈表示正相关, 蓝色表示负相关。"

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